Download or read book General Equilibrium Effects of Agricultural Price Distortions written by Kym Anderson and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Distributional Effects of Agricultural Price Distortions written by Kym Anderson and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Measuring the Impact of Distortions in Agricultural Trade in Partial and General Equilibrium written by Mr.Stephen Tokarick and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2003-05-01 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides quantitative estimates of the impact of removing agricultural support (both tariffs and subsidies) in partial- and general-equilibrium frameworks. The results show that agricultural support in industrial countries is highly distortionary and tariffs have a larger distortionary impact than subsidies. Removal of agricultural support would likely raise the international prices of food, resulting in an increase in the cost of food for many net-food- importing countries, although the increase is generally small. The results also show that most of the benefits from removing agricultural support accrue to the countries that liberalize.

Download or read book General Equilibrium Effects of Price Distortions on Global Markets Farm Incomes and Welfare written by Ernesto Valenzuela and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earnings from farming in many developing countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies, which reduce national and global economic welfare and contribute to global inequality and poverty, have been undergoing reform since the 1980s. Using the linkage model of the global economy and modifications to the pre-release of version 7 of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) protection database for 2004, this paper seeks to compare the effect of those reforms to date with those that would come from removing remaining agricultural and trade policies. Two sets of results are thus presented: one showing the effects of policy reforms between 1980-84 and 2004, the other showing what the removal of remaining distortions as of 2004 could be. Both sets of results indicate improvements in the real value of agricultural output and exports, the real returns to farm land and unskilled labor, and real net farm incomes in most developing country regions despite the adverse effect on the international terms of trade for some developing countries that are net food importers or are enjoying preferential access to agricultural markets of high-income countries. Landowners in those high-income countries still offering their farmers price supports could readily afford to compensate them from the benefits of removing remaining agricultural protectionism.

Download or read book Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives Revisited written by Kym Anderson and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Notwithstanding the tariffication component of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, import tariffs on farm products continue to provide an incomplete indication of the extent to which agricultural producer and consumer incentives are distorted in national markets. Especially in developing countries, non-agricultural policies indirectly impact agricultural and food markets. Empirical analysis aimed at monitoring distortions to agricultural incentives thus need to examine both agricultural and non-agricultural policy measures including import or export taxes, subsidies and quantitative restrictions, plus domestic taxes or subsidies on farm outputs or inputs and consumer subsidies for food staples. This paper addresses the practical methodological issues that need to be faced when attempting to undertake such a measurement task in developing countries. The approach is illustrated in two ways: by presenting estimates of nominal and relative rates of assistance to farmers in China for the period 1981 to 2005; and by summarizing estimates from an economy-wide computable general equilibrium model of the effects on agricultural versus non-agricultural markets of the project's measured distortions globally as of 2004.

Download or read book Agricultural Price Distortions Inequality and Poverty written by Kym Anderson and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-03-17 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prices of farm products are crucial determinants of the extent of poverty and inequality in the world. The vast majority of the world s poorest households depend to a considerable extent on farming for their incomes, while food represents a large component of the consumption of all poor households. For generations, food prices have been heavily distorted by government policies in high-income and developing countries. Many countries began to reform their agricultural price and trade policies in the 1980s, but government policy intervention is still considerable and still favors farmers in high-income countries at the expense of many farmers in developing countries. What would be the poverty and inequality consequences of the removal of the remaining distortions to agricultural incentives? This question is of great relevance to governments in evaluating ways to engage in multilateral and regional trade negotiations or to improve their own policies unilaterally. 'Agricultural Price Distortions, Inequality, and Poverty' analyzes the effects of agricultural and trade policies around the world on national and regional economic welfare, on income inequality among and within countries, and on the level and incidence of poverty in developing countries. The studies include economy-wide analyses of the inequality and poverty effects of own-country policies compared with rest-of-the-world policies for 10 individual developing countries in three continents. This book also includes three chapters that each use a separate global economic model to examine the effects of policies on aggregate poverty and the distribution of poverty across many identified developing countries. This study is motivated by two policy issues: first, the World Trade Organization s struggle to conclude the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, in which agricultural policy reform is, again, one of the most contentious topics in the talks and, second, the struggle of the developing countries to achieve their Millennium Development Goals by 2015 notably the alleviation of hunger and poverty which depends crucially on policies that affect agricultural incentives.

Download or read book A General Equilibrium Analysis of the Effects of the Removal of Agricultural and Other Price Distortions written by Yakubu Bila and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mexican Agriculture written by José Romero and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Uruguay Round and Welfare in Some Distorted Agricultural Economies written by James E. Anderson and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is widespread concern that the Uruguay Round may reduce the welfare of developing countries through its effect on world agricultural prices. Reduced agricultural price distortions among major supplying nations are predicted to increase basic food prices and decrease some important export prices such as those for coffee and cotton. It appears that raising food prices paid by food importers must be bad for them, while reducing world coffee and cotton prices appears bad for exporters of those products. Appearances may be deceiving, however, since theory shows that a distortion effect operates alongside the standard terms of trade effect. I report here distortion effects which are many times larger" than terms of trade effects in an analysis of the Uruguay Round's impact on 9 agricultural economies. I deploy a simple Computable General Equilibrium model. The 9 developing economies are distorted by domestic agricultural distortions in 15 markets, along with hundreds of 4 digit nonagricultural tariffs and quotas. In 3 of 9 countries, the distortion effect reverses the impact of the terms of trade effect. In 2 other countries the distortion effect raises a trivial terms of trade effect up to around 1% of national income.

Download or read book Distortions Producer Dynamics and Aggregate Productivity written by Stephen Ayerst and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book General Equilibrium Impacts in Imperfect Agricultural Markets written by Anubhab Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation evaluates the general equilibrium effects of agricultural market structures by examining how market power and capacity constraints of downstream intermediaries shape the economy-wide impacts of agricultural program interventions. I construct an integrated general equilibrium model of agricultural market structure and calibrate the model using original household-level survey- and industry-data from the Tanzanian cotton industry to estimate the direct and spillover effects of technological improvements in cotton production when the downstream cotton ginners have market power in purchasing cotton from farmers. Chapter 2 of my dissertation reviews the three strands of economic literature into which this work fits and contributes: demand-side constraints in agricultural markets, in particular, limited capacities and imperfect competition among downstream intermediaries, welfare distribution of downstream market structure in agriculture, and general equilibrium effects of policy interventions in local economies. In Chapter 3, I develop the integrated general equilibrium model of market structure by explicitly allowing for intermediary market power and their capacity constraints, and capturing local-economy general equilibrium effects. Chapter 4 presents the original household-level data from the Western Cotton Growing Area of Tanzanian and the ginners’ industry-level data, and explores the existing coalitions of cotton ginners, their contractual agreements with cotton farmers, spatial and temporal dimensions of cotton purchase, and the costs of producing lint. In Chapter 5, I discuss the empirical strategy of econometric estimations of inputs needed to parameterize the integrated model. Using ginners’ cost data on processing inputs, I non-parametrically estimate their market power to be 0.28 in cotton purchase, which is akin to a scenario as if the ginners are playing a three-four firm Cournot game. Chapter 6 presents the direct and indirect (spillover) effects of ginners’ market power, and estimates the income and production impacts of higher cotton productivity experiment with imperfectly competitive ginners and compares that to the synthetic case of perfect competition. I find that the total real income of the Western Cotton Growing Area reduces by 3.1 percent due to ginners’ market power with heterogeneous welfare impacts for the different cotton and non-cotton producing households. The income (inflation-adjusted) gains in the entire local economy are reduced from 5.9 to 2.4 percent due to ginners’ market power upon the 25 percent cotton productivity increase. The direct income increases of technology improvement for the cotton producers are reduced by 2.2 to 5.6 percentage points, and the indirect income increases for the non-cotton producing households are reduced by 0.5 to 0.8 percentage points. The methodology presented in my dissertation applies to both developed and developing country agricultural settings. The findings from this dissertation have important implications for agricultural program evaluations to consider the negative effects of market power and to assess the impacts through a local economy angle. Evaluations based on a partial equilibrium analysis typically overlook the agricultural spillovers. I also highlight the importance of intermediary capacities in agriculture in determining the welfare of upstream farmers and their local economy. When intermediaries operate at their maximum processing capacities, direct welfare gains and income spillovers of technological improvements in agricultural production are unambiguously negative for the farmers, and all the benefits of innovation are transmitted to the intermediaries. A realistic analysis of policies aimed at raising welfare in rural economies must consider effects of market power and downstream capacity constraints. Taking these effects into account opens up new policy considerations and opportunities, including the benefits of laws limiting or proscribing anticompetitive behavior to prevent formation of mergers and coalitions downstream from farms. Introducing interventions to ensure a more elastic demand for farm products when intermediaries are capacity constrained could complement other welfare-enhancing programs that governments undertake in potent and dynamic – yet easily overlooked – ways.

Download or read book Perverse General Equilibrium Effects of Price Controls written by Katherine Baylis and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book An Empirical Analysis of Global Agricultural Price Distorting Policies written by Johanna L. Croser and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economists have long been interested in measuring the extent, effects and causes of agricultural price and trade policies. The topic has drawn attention because agricultural trade between countries has almost never been free, and yet it is widely accepted that trade policy distortions affect the incentives of producers and consumers and cause a redistribution of resource use in the economy. Traditional aggregations of agricultural price and trade distortions can be poor guides to the economic effects of agricultural price and trade policies. Measures without theoretical foundation - such as simple- or trade-weighted average price distortions - may introduce biases in analysis. Recent decades have seen improvements in aggregation theory in the form of scalar index numbers of the trade- and welfare-reducing effects of price and trade policies. Despite the new theory, however, analysts have continued to use less satisfactory measures in practice. This thesis calculates partial-equilibrium versions of trade restrictiveness indices from the Anderson-Neary family of indices for agricultural policy distortions in 75 developed and developing countries over a period 1960 to 2007. The data for the empirical work are from the recently released World Bank Distortions to Agricultural Incentives database. The thesis calculates indices at the country level for the sample countries. Two partial-equilibrium indices are calculated - a Trade Reduction Index (TRI) and a Welfare Reduction Index (WRI). The TRI (WRI) is the uniform trade tax that yields the same loss in trade volume (welfare) as the structure of disaggregated distortions. The results of the country-level estimates show that standard weighted averages of price distortions understate the extent of global distortion from agricultural policies. One manuscript of the thesis focuses in particular on the trade restrictiveness of agricultural policy in Sub-Sahara Africa, and finds that weighted averages greatly understate the extent of regional distortion from agricultural policy by netting out offsetting distortions in exportable and import-competing sectors. The thesis also calculates indices of agricultural policy distortions for individual commodity markets. Whereas all previous work within the trade restrictiveness indices literature has focused on constructing index numbers of distortions from the perspective of a single country, this thesis proposes taking a global view instead for individual commodity markets. Indices are estimated for 28 key agricultural commodities. Generally, the indices are well above weighted-averages of price distortions. The most distorted global markets are the milk, sugar and rice markets. The thesis also employs the Anderson-Neary framework to consider the trade- and welfare-reducing effect of individual policy instruments. The aim of the work is to determine the relative contributions of different policy instruments to reductions in global trade and welfare over time and across countries. The most significant result empirically is the importance of export taxes pre-1990s and their substantial contribution to the fall in global trade- and welfare-restrictiveness of agricultural policy over the past two decades. Finally, the thesis examines the extent to which the Protection for Sale Model (PFS) of Grossman and Helpman (1994) holds for agricultural sectors at different stages of development. The test uses a new methodology proposed by Imai, Katayama and Krishna (2008). The Distortions to Agricultural Incentives dataset is used for the analysis. The PFS model is estimated in a cross-country setting, which allows for examination of the role of different government institutional factors in PFS framework.

Download or read book Distortions to Agricultural Incentives written by Kym Anderson and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2009 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume in the 'Distortions to Agricultural Incentives' series focus on distortions to agricultural incentives from a global perspective.

Download or read book The Political Economy of Agricultural Price Distortions written by Kym Anderson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-08-30 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite numerous policy reforms since the 1980s, farm product prices remain heavily distorted in both high-income and developing countries. This book seeks to improve our understanding of why societies adopted these policies, and why some but not other countries have undertaken reforms. Drawing on recent developments in political economy theories and in the generation of empirical measures of the extent of price distortions, the present volume provides both analytical narratives of the historical origins of agricultural protectionism in various parts of the world and a set of political econometric analyses aimed at explaining the patterns of distortions that have emerged over the past five decades. These new studies shed much light on the forces affecting incentives and those facing farmers in the course of national and global economic and political development. They also show how those distortions might change in the future.

Download or read book Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Asia written by Kym Anderson and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2009-02-04 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vast majority of the world's poorest households depend on farming for their livelihoods. During the 1960s and 1970s, most developing countries imposed pro-urban and anti-agricultural policies, while many high-income countries restricted agricultural imports and subsidized their farmers. Both sets of policies inhibited economic growth and poverty alleviation in developing countries. Although progress has been made over the past two decades to reduce those policy biases, many trade- and welfare-reducing price distortions remain between agriculture and other sectors and within the agricultural sector of both rich and poor countries. Comprehensive empirical studies of the disarray in world agricultural markets appeared approximately 20 years ago. Since then, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development had provided estimates each year of market distortions in high-income countries, but there have been no comparable estimates for the world's developing countries. This volume is the third in a series (other volumes cover Africa, Europe's transition economices, and Latin America and the Caribbean) that not only fills that void for recent years but extends the estimates in a consistent and comparable way back in time and provides analytical narratives for scores of countries that shed light on the evolving nature and extent of policy interventions over the past half-century. 'Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Asia' provides an overview of the evolution of distortions to agricultural incentives caused by price and trade policies in the 12 largest economies of East and South Asia. Together these countries constitute more than 95 percent of the region's population, agricultural output, and overall GDP. Sectoral, trade, and exchange rate policies in the region have changed greatly since the 1950s, and there have been substantial reforms since the 1980s, most notably in China and India. Nonetheless, numerous price distortions in this region remain and others have added in recent years. The new empirical indicators in these country studies provide a strong evidence-based foundation for assessing the successes and failures of the past and for evaluating policy options for the years ahead.

Download or read book Introduction to Computable General Equilibrium Models written by Mary E. Burfisher and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a hands-on introduction to computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, written at an accessible, undergraduate level.