Download or read book Gender Pay Differences written by U.s. Government Accountability Office and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-08-10 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women represent an increasingly larger share of the total workforce in the United Statesconstituting nearly half of the total workforce. In addition, an increasing proportion of women in the workforce are more educated. However, research by GAO and others has shown that womens average pay has been and remains lower than that of men. Questions have been raised about the extent to which less-advantaged womenthat is, those who are low wage or less educatedexperience lower wages than less-advantaged men.GAO was asked to examine the differences in representation, key characteristics, and pay among women and men (1) with less education and (2) with low wages. GAO defined less-educated workers as those having a high school degree or less and low-wage workers as those earning an hourly wage rate in the bottom quintileor 20 percentof wages across the workforce. GAO analyzed data from the Department of Labors Current Population Survey (CPS); reviewed other work on similar topics; and interviewed agency officials, representatives of womens groups, and other researchers.
Download or read book Gender Pay Differences written by United States Government Accountability Office and published by . This book was released on 2011-10-31 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women in general have surpassed men in obtaining education over the last three decades, but on average, women with a high school degree or less earned lower hourly wages than men with the same level of education. Among these less-educated workers, women tended to work in industries and occupations, such as health care and social assistance, that had lower wages than those in which men worked. Even when less-educated women and men were in the same broad industry or occupation category, these women's average hourly wage was lower than men's. GAO estimated that in 2010, less-educated women earned 86 cents-compared with 81 cents in 2000-for every dollar men earned, after adjusting for available factors that may affect pay. The annual household income of less-educated workers varied based on marital status and the presence of children, but in all cases, women, on average, had lower personal earnings than men. Less-educated single women households with children had among the lowest total annual income of all households, averaging about $37,000. Women have made progress in earning higher wages over the last three decades, but they remain overrepresented among workers who earn low wages. Women made up an estimated 49 percent of the overall workforce in 2010, but constituted 59 percent of the low-wage workforce. Low-wage women and men earned a similar hourly wage, but women as a group earned less in a typical week-in part, because they were more likely to work part-time. While hourly wages for low-wage men and women did not vary much, annual household income did vary, largely based on marital status and the presence of children in the household. Single women with children in the household had the lowest annual household income, averaging about $27,000.
Download or read book Gender Pay Differences written by U S Government Accountability Office (G and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-06 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) is an independent agency that works for Congress. The GAO watches over Congress, and investigates how the federal government spends taxpayers dollars. The Comptroller General of the United States is the leader of the GAO, and is appointed to a 15-year term by the U.S. President. The GAO wants to support Congress, while at the same time doing right by the citizens of the United States. They audit, investigate, perform analyses, issue legal decisions and report anything that the government is doing. This is one of their reports.
Download or read book Gender Pay Differences Progress Made But Women Remain Overrepresented Among Low Wage Workers written by United States Government Accountability Office and published by . This book was released on 2012-06-02 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research by GAO and others has shown that women's average pay has been and remains lower than that of men. GAO was asked to examine the differences in representation, key characteristics, and pay among women and men (1) with less education and (2) with low wages. GAO defined less-educated workers as those having a high school degree or less and low-wage workers as those earning an hourly wage rate in the bottom quintile--or 20 percent--of wages across the workforce. GAO analyzed data from the Department of Labor's Current Population Survey (CPS); reviewed other work on similar topics; and interviewed agency officials, representatives of women's groups, and other researchers.
Download or read book Gender pay differences written by United States. Government Accountability Office and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Global Wage Report 2018 19 written by International Labour Office and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-26 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2018/19 edition analyses the gender pay gap. The report focuses on two main challenges: how to find the most useful means for measurement, and how to break down the gender pay gap in ways that best inform policy-makers and social partners of the factors that underlie it. The report also includes a review of key policy issues regarding wages and the reduction of gender pay gaps in different national circumstances.
Download or read book Gender Inequality and Wages written by Francine D. Blau and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-09-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In all Western societies women earn lower wages on average than men. The gender wage gap has existed for years, although there have been some important changes over time. This collection of revised papers contains extensive research on progress made by women in the labor market and the characteristics and causes of remaining gender inequalities.
Download or read book Gender Inequality and Wages written by Francine D. Blau and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In all Western societies women earn lower wages on average than men. The gender wage gap has existed for many years, although there have been some important changes over time. This volume of collected papers contains extensive research on progress made by women in the labor market, and the characteristics and causes of remaining gender inequalities. It also covers other dimensions of inequality and their interplay with gender, such as family formation, wellbeing, race, and immigrant status. The author was awarded the 2010 IZA Prize in Labor Economics for this research. Part I comprises an Introduction by the Editors. Part II probes and quantifies the explanations for the gender wage gap, including differential choices made in the labor market by men and women as well as labor market discrimination and employment segregation. It also delineates how the gender wage gap has decreased over time in the United States and suggests explanations for this narrowing of the gap and the more recent slowdown in wage convergence. Part III considers international differences in the gender wage gap and wage inequality and the relationship between the two. Part IV considers a variety of indicators of gender inequality and how they have changed over time in the United States, painting a picture of significant gains in women's relative status across a number of dimensions. It also considers the trends in female labor supply and what they indicate about changing gender roles in the United States and considers a successful intervention designed to increase the relative success of academic women. Part V focuses on inequality by race and immigrant status. It considers not only race difference in wages and the differential progress made by African-American women and men in reducing the race wage gap, but also race differences in wealth which are considerably larger than differences in wages. It also examines immigrant-native differences in the use of transfer payments, and the impact of gender roles in immigrant source countries on immigrant women's labor market assimilation in the U.S. labor market."--Publisher.
Download or read book Working and Poor written by Rebecca M. Blank and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2008-10-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last three decades, large-scale economic developments, such as technological change, the decline in unionization, and changing skill requirements, have exacted their biggest toll on low-wage workers. These workers often possess few marketable skills and few resources with which to support themselves during periods of economic transition. In Working and Poor, a distinguished group of economists and policy experts, headlined by editors Rebecca Blank, Sheldon Danziger, and Robert Schoeni, examine how economic and policy changes over the last twenty-five years have affected the well-being of low-wage workers and their families. Working and Poor examines every facet of the economic well-being of less-skilled workers, from employment and earnings opportunities to consumption behavior and social assistance policies. Rebecca Blank and Heidi Schierholz document the different trends in work and wages among less-skilled women and men. Between 1979 and 2003, labor force participation rose rapidly for these women, along with more modest increases in wages, while among the men both employment and wages fell. David Card and John DiNardo review the evidence on how technological changes have affected less-skilled workers and conclude that the effect has been smaller than many observers claim. Philip Levine examines the effectiveness of the Unemployment Insurance program during recessions. He finds that the program's eligibility rules, which deny benefits to workers who have not met minimum earnings requirements, exclude the very people who require help most and should be adjusted to provide for those with the highest need. On the other hand, Therese J. McGuire and David F. Merriman show that government help remains a valuable source of support during economic downturns. They find that during the most recent recession in 2001, when state budgets were stretched thin, legislatures resisted political pressure to cut spending for the poor. Working and Poor provides a valuable analysis of the role that public policy changes can play in improving the plight of the working poor. A comprehensive analysis of trends over the last twenty-five years, this book provides an invaluable reference for the public discussion of work and poverty in America. A Volume in the National Poverty Center Series on Poverty and Public Policy
Download or read book Graduating to a Pay Gap written by Christianne Corbett and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women are paid significantly less than men are in nearly every occupation. Because pay equity affects women and their families in all walks of life, it is not surprising that many women consider the issue important. For more than 130 years, the American Association of University Women (aauw) has advocated for gender equity in education and the workplace. During this time, women have gone from a small minority on college campuses to a majority of the student body. Today, women make up half the workforce, but they continue to earn less than men do throughout their careers. Why does this gender pay gap persist? This question is a focal point of AAUW's research and advocacy work. This report finds that women working full time already earn less than their male counterparts do just one year after college graduation. Taking a closer look at the data, the authors find that women's choices--college major, occupation, hours at work--do account for part of the pay gap. But about one-third of the gap remains unexplained, suggesting that bias and discrimination are still problems in the workplace. A bibliography is included. (Contains 13 figures and 8 footnotes.).
Download or read book Nine to Five written by Joanna L. Grossman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-03 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rich in case studies, this collection of essays illustrates how gender continues to define every aspect of Americans' work experience.
Download or read book Social Injustice and Public Health written by Barry S. Levy and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-07-03 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An invaluable primer on how inequity breeds ill health" -New England Journal of Medicine AN ESSENTIAL WORK ON SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, NOW UPDATED AND EXPANDED This newly revised edition of the classic text is a comprehensive, up-to-date resource for understanding and addressing the profound impacts of social injustice on public health. Across chapters from experts in health and medicine, readers learn to recognize both the threads of inequity and the health impacts they produce. The result is illuminating and essential reading for students and professionals in public health. Enriched with photographs and case examples and featuring contributions from the luminaries whose work helped define the field, Social Injustice and Public Health is a foundational text for understanding and addressing today's biggest challenges in health.
Download or read book A Social Justice Approach to Survey Design and Analysis written by Llewellyn Joseph Cornelius and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a framework of researchers to both engage in social justice research as well as to evolve as social justice practioners. -- back cover.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
Download or read book World Development Report 1978 written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1978 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first report deals with some of the major development issues confronting the developing countries and explores the relationship of the major trends in the international economy to them. It is designed to help clarify some of the linkages between the international economy and domestic strategies in the developing countries against the background of growing interdependence and increasing complexity in the world economy. It assesses the prospects for progress in accelerating growth and alleviating poverty, and identifies some of the major policy issues which will affect these prospects.
Download or read book The Gender Pay Gap in Europe from a Legal Perspective written by Petra Foubert and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sammenligning af ligelønslovgivningen i 33 europæiske lande
Download or read book The SAGE Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society written by Robert W. Kolb and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2018-03-27 with total page 4074 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spans the relationships among business, ethics, and society by including numerous entries that feature broad coverage of corporate social responsibility, the obligation of companies to various stakeholder groups, the contribution of business to society and culture, and the relationship between organizations and the quality of the environment.
