Download or read book Gasoline Fuel Injector Spray Measurement and Characterization written by Gasoline Fuel Injection Standards Committee and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Recommended Practice promotes uniformity in the characterization tests conducted on sprays generated by automotive fuel injectors used in both port fuel injection and gasoline-direct injection engine applications. SAE J2715 contains the detailed background, procedures and data reduction protocols for nearly all fuel spray characterization metrics that are applicable to automotive applications. It is intended to be utilized in conjunction with other SAE J documents that address injector performance metrics. These are SAE J1832 for Port Fuel Injection and the forthcoming SAE J2713 for Gasoline Direct Injectors. The rationale for this document is that fuel spray measurement and characterization continues to become increasingly critical to the automotive industry; whereas no comprehensive, industry-wide set of measurement and reporting procedures has been available. This has led to a situation in which many spray parameters and test procedures have, of necessity, been created and utilized within individual original equipment manufacturer (OEM) companies, and even among third-party testing laboratories and universities. This non-uniformity regarding test and reporting procedures has resulted in a lack of repeatability and traceability for many claimed spray parameters. It has also made it very difficult for any laboratory to check the values of spray-characterization parameters that are reported by another laboratory. The lack of standardization has also resulted in considerable confusion and obfuscation regarding the names and definitions of spray parameters as they apply to port fuel injection and gasoline-direct injection. The current situation regarding the term "cone angle" for these two classes of injectors is a prime example.The use of the uniform and well-defined procedures for test configuration, testing, data reduction and reporting that are contained in this document should significantly enhance the ability of one spray-test laboratory to accurately repeat and verify the results of another. The very detailed procedures and test specifications for all of the spray parameters should also serve to reduce the variation of spray parameter values that are reported, even for the same injector model. This should, in turn, reduce the overall time and overhead for obtaining a proven fuel system for an engine, as OEMs could ultimately conduct one set of spray tests per J2715 as opposed to a separate set of tests for each customer. This document should also supply the industry with a neutral, unbiased test for each defined spray parameter.

Download or read book Low Pressure Gasoline Fuel Injector written by Gasoline Fuel Injection Standards Committee and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Recommended Practice promotes uniformity in the evaluation tests and performance measurements that are conducted on fuel injectors used in low-pressure gasoline engine applications. The scope of this document is limited to electronically actuated fuel injection devices that are utilized in automotive gasoline port fuel injection systems where the fuel supply pressure is normally less than 1000 kPa. Detailed test procedures are provided for determining numerous PFI injector parameters, including, but not limited to, flow curves, leakage, electromechanical performance, fluid compatibility and corrosion susceptibility, durability, the effects of vibration and torsional deflection, thermal cycling effects, and noise. The standardized measurement procedures in this document are all bench tests. Characterization of the fuel spray from a low-pressure gasoline port fuel injector is quite important; however, these spray characterization tests are not addressed in this document, but are covered in a companion publication: SAE J2715.Tests and references to types of low-pressure gasoline injectors that are no longer commonly used in modern production are not included in the main body of this document. Superseded systems such as throttle body injection (TBI), central port injection (CPI), pressure-drop ratio (PDR), bottom-feed injectors, and eight-ring patternation are examples of this older technology. Those fuel system components and diagnostic tests were extensively utilized in prior decades, but find little application in the industry today. The historical detailed measurement procedures that applied to the tests on these types of injectors have been removed from the main sections of the updated SAE J1832; however, the associated overall descriptions of these hardware items that were in previous versions of SAE J1832 have been retained in the appendix for archival purposes. This SAE Recommended Practice will permit the automotive industry to evaluate, characterize, and compare the fuel injector hardware for port fuel injection systems. The use of standardized testing and evaluation procedures for fuel injectors is important to the worldwide automotive community. Standardized test procedures provide both injector manufacturers and end-users with a uniform testing procedure for each of the key injector performance parameters, instead of a specialized test protocol for each of many customers and applications. The use of these procedures for test configurations, testing methods, data reduction, and reporting that are contained in this SAE Recommended Practice will significantly enhance the ability of one test laboratory to accurately repeat and verify the results of another.

Download or read book Automotive Spark Ignited Direct Injection Gasoline Engines written by F. Zhao and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-02-08 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of fuel injection, spray atomization and vaporization, charge cooling, mixture preparation and the control of in-cylinder air motion are all being actively researched and this work is reviewed in detail and analyzed. The new technologies such as high-pressure, common-rail, gasoline injection systems and swirl-atomizing gasoline fuel injections are discussed in detail, as these technologies, along with computer control capabilities, have enabled the current new examination of an old objective; the direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC), gasoline engine. The prior work on DISC engines that is relevant to current GDI engine development is also reviewed and discussed. The fuel economy and emission data for actual engine configurations have been obtained and assembled for all of the available GDI literature, and are reviewed and discussed in detail. The types of GDI engines are arranged in four classifications of decreasing complexity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each class are noted and explained. Emphasis is placed upon consensus trends and conclusions that are evident when taken as a whole; thus the GDI researcher is informed regarding the degree to which engine volumetric efficiency and compression ratio can be increased under optimized conditions, and as to the extent to which unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), NOx and particulate emissions can be minimized for specific combustion strategies. The critical area of GDI fuel injector deposits and the associated effect on spray geometry and engine performance degradation are reviewed, and important system guidelines for minimizing deposition rates and deposit effects are presented. The capabilities and limitations of emission control techniques and after treatment hardware are reviewed in depth, and a compilation and discussion of areas of consensus on attaining European, Japanese and North American emission standards presented. All known research, prototype and production GDI engines worldwide are reviewed as to performance, emissions and fuel economy advantages, and for areas requiring further development. The engine schematics, control diagrams and specifications are compiled, and the emission control strategies are illustrated and discussed. The influence of lean-NOx catalysts on the development of late-injection, stratified-charge GDI engines is reviewed, and the relative merits of lean-burn, homogeneous, direct-injection engines as an option requiring less control complexity are analyzed.

Download or read book Design and Experimental Characterization of Electrostatically Assisted Automotive Fuel Injectors written by Eric Karl Anderson and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2009 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With current automotive fuel injector designs, fuel mass and momentum cannot be independently controlled during engine operation. By introducing electrostatic charge to the fuel as it is injected, a means of altering the injector spray pattern without changing the mass injected is available. A commercially available automotive fuel injector was modified to apply electrostatic charge to the fuel spray. The resulting electrostatically charged sprays were compared to non-charged sprays from the same injector using a Mie scattering technique to image the spray, Fraunhofer diffraction to measure droplet size, and particle image velocimetry to measure droplet velocities. Results showed application of charge results in increased spray penetration during early injection, increased droplet axial velocities, and reduced spray-to-spray variations in droplet size. Measurements of the charge transferred by a spray indicated relatively weak electrostatically induced forces relative to inertial forces, but showed that conductivity enhancers or alcohol blended fuels can substantially increase charge transfer. The effect of charge on the combustion process was investigated by capturing high speed video of charged and non-charged droplets composed of blends of ethanol and isooctane. Substantial changes in droplet morphology depending on the polarity of the charge applied were found. In addition, to test charged sprays in a practical combustion system, an engine test cell was constructed using a spark ignition engine typical of current designs for automotive use. Findings indicate that application of charge to the injector can increase peak cylinder pressure and reduce unburned hydrocarbon emissions a small amount with the trade off of a slight increase in emissions of oxides of nitrogen.

Download or read book CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POST INJECTION BEHAVIOR OF GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION FUEL INJECTORS written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : The characteristics of gasoline sprayed directly into combustion chambers are of critical importance to engine out emissions and combustion system development. The optimization of the spray characteristics to match the in-cylinder flow field, chamber geometry, and spark location are vital tasks during the development of an engine combustion strategy. Furthermore, the presence of liquid fuel during combustion in Spark-Ignition (SI) engines causes increased hydrocarbon (HC) emissions [1]. Euro 6, LEVIII, and US Tier 3 emissions regulations reduce the allowable particulate mass significantly from the previous standards. LEVIII standards reduce the acceptable particulate emission to 1 mg/mile [2]. A good Direct Injection Spark Ignited (DISI) strategy vaporizes the correct amount of fuel at the proper point in the engine cycle with the proper in-cylinder air flow for optimal power output with minimal emissions. The opening and closing phases of DISI injectors is crucial to this task as the spray produces larger droplets during both theses phases. This work focuses on the results from a novel method to investigate fuel behavior upon closing of the fuel injector. A Design of Experiments (DOE) was used to determine the effect of pressure, temperature, and pulse-width of the fuel spray after the closing event. Experiments determined that the primary source of controlling the droplet size and the mass post injector closing for a given injector was the temperature. It was found that the end of injection behavior is a highly dynamic, complex event including, but not limited to, effects from the injector design, deposit concentration, and fuel type.

Download or read book Direct Injection Gasoline Fuel Injector Characterization written by Gasoline Fuel Injection Standards Committee and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Recommended Practice promotes uniformity in the evaluation and qualification tests conducted on GDI fuel injectors used in gasoline engine applications, where fuel pressures are typically well above 1 MPa. The document scope is limited to electrically-actuated fuel injection devices used in automotive GDI systems and is primarily restricted to bench tests. The use of uniform and standardized testing and evaluation procedures for fuel injectors is important to the worldwide automotive community. Standardized test procedures provide both injector manufacturers and end-users with one accepted test for each of the key injector performance parameters, instead of a specialized test protocol for each of many customers and applications. The use of these procedures for test configurations, testing methods, data reduction and reporting that are contained in this document will significantly enhance the ability of one test laboratory to accurately repeat and verify the results of another.Gasoline direct injection (GDI) differs substantially from port fuel injection (PFI), hence the existing PFI recommended practice document (SAE J1832) cannot be employed. The application of GDI has rapidly expanded worldwide. Prior to this document, a recommended practice for GDI injectors was not available. This recommended practice will permit the automotive industry to evaluate, characterize and compare GDI hardware.

Download or read book Atomization and Sprays written by Arthur H. Lefebvre and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this long-time bestseller provides a framework for designing and understanding sprays for a wide array of engineering applications. The text contains correlations and design tools that can be easily understood and used in relating the design of atomizers to the resulting spray behavior. Written to be accessible to readers with a modest technical background, the emphasis is on application rather than in-depth theory. Numerous examples are provided to serve as starting points for using the information in the book. Overall, this is a thoroughly updated edition that still retains the practical focus and readability of the original work by Arthur Lefebvre.

Download or read book Jet Fuel Spray Characterisation Using Optical Methods written by Rami Zakaria and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis was initiated by the need to develop a stable low vibration engine with a high power to weight ratio. A new rotary (Wankel) engine was chosen to meet these requirements. A further operating criterion was that the engine was required to use JP8 (aviation fuel). The difficulty created by the use of JP8 is that its combustion temperature is higher than other conventional fuels, and preheating is necessary, especially in the case of cold start. Thus, the question posed was, could a more appropriate and efficient method of fuel delivery be devised? This thesis presents the design and construction of a fluid spray visualisation system for investigating the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of fuel sprays using low injection pressure up to 10 bar (1 MPa). Laser imaging techniques have been used for data acquisition. The thesis has been divided into several aspects. Firstly, a background study of fluid sprays and fuel injection strategies was carried out. This has centred on the relationship between droplet size and the combustion process. It further investigated what differentiated the fuel delivery approach to Wankle from that to other engines. Secondly, two families of fuel injector were tested and evaluated within the optical engineering laboratory using deionised water (DI) water for safety reasons. The first family involved conventional gasoline injectors with several nozzle arrangements. The second family involved medical nebulisers with several nozzle diameters. The evaluation of the fuel injectors required developing a fluid delivery circuit, and a specific ECU (Electronic Control Unit) for controlling pulse delivery and imaging instrument. The company associated with the project then set up a test cell for performing experiments on JP8 fuel. The initial global visualisation of the jet spray was made using a conventional digital camera. This gave a measurement of the spray angle and penetration length. However, as the study moved to the more precise determination of the fuel spray particulate size, a specialised Nd:YAG laser based diagnostic was created combined with a long range diffraction limited microscope. Microscopic characterisation of the fuel sprays was carried out using a backlight shadowgraph method. The microscopic shadowgraphy method was applied successfully to resolve droplets larger than 4 microns in diameter. The spray development process during an individual fuel injection cycle was investigated, presenting the frequency response effect of electronic fuel injectors (EFI) on the spray characteristics when operating at high injection frequencies (0.25 -- 3.3 kHz). The velocity distribution during the different stages of an injection cycle was investigated using PIV. The influence of the injection pressure on the spray pattern and droplet size was also presented. Novel fluid atomisation systems were investigated for the capability of generating an optimum particulate distribution under low pressure. Finally, it was found that a new electronic medical nebuliser (micro--dispenser) could be used to deliver the fuel supply with the relevant particle size distribution at low flow rate and high injection frequency. However, as yet it has not been possible to apply this approach to the engine; it is hoped that it will yield a more efficient method of cold starting the engine. The characteristics of this atomiser can be applied to provide a controllable fuel supply approach for all rotary engines to improve their fuel efficiency. The second part of this research discusses the droplets--light interaction using Mie scattering for fluid droplets smaller than the microscope visualisation limit (4 microns). Mie scattering theory was implemented into Three--Components Particle Image Velocimetry (3C-- PIV) tests to address a number of problems associated with flow seeding using oil smoke. Mie curves were used to generate the scattering profile of the oil sub--micron droplets, and therefore the scattering efficiency can be calculated at different angles of observation. The results were used in jet flow PIV system for the determination of the optimum position of the two cameras to generate balanced brightness between the images pairs. The brightness balance between images is important for improving the correlation quality in the PIV calculations. The scattering efficiency and the correlation quality were investigated for different seeding materials and using different interrogation window sizes.

Download or read book Droplets and Sprays written by Saptarshi Basu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-11 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on droplets and sprays relevant to combustion and propulsion applications. The book includes fundamental studies on the heating, evaporation and combustion of individual droplets and basic mechanisms of spray formation. The contents also extend to the latest analytical, numerical and experimental techniques for investigating the behavior of sprays in devices like combustion engines and gas turbines. In addition, the book explores several emerging areas like interactions between sprays and flames and the dynamic characteristics of spray combustion systems on the fundamental side, as well as the development of novel fuel injectors for specific devices on the application side. Given its breadth of coverage, the book will benefit researchers and professionals alike.

Download or read book Industrial Combustion Testing written by Jr., Charles E. Baukal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-07-29 with total page 777 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now, anyone conducting industrial combustion tests had to either rely on old methods, go scurrying through the literature to find proven applicable methodologies, or hire top-shelf consultants such as those that work for cutting-edge companies like John Zink. Manufacturers can no longer take industrial combustion for granted. Air and noise po

Download or read book Photographic Characterization of Spark ignition Engine Fuel Injectors written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Characteristics of a Transient Diesel Fuel Spray written by Ja-Ye Koo and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology written by Gautam Kalghatgi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-17 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on gasoline compression ignition (GCI) which offers the prospect of engines with high efficiency and low exhaust emissions at a lower cost. A GCI engine is a compression ignition (CI) engine which is run on gasoline-like fuels (even on low-octane gasoline), making it significantly easier to control particulates and NOx but with high efficiency. The state of the art development to make GCI combustion feasible on practical vehicles is highlighted, e.g., on overcoming problems on cold start, high-pressure rise rates at high loads, transients, and HC and CO emissions. This book will be a useful guide to those in academia and industry.

Download or read book DEVELOPMENT OF BOSCH RATE OF INJECTION MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE AND RESULTS written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Recent developments in internal combustion engine technology have shown that gasoline compression ignition (GCI) combustion modes provide a viable pathway to meet future emission regulations. Lower octane middle distillate gasoline like fuels have also been formulated for GCI combustion applications and have shown similar benefits of improved fuel conversion efficiency and a reduction in particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions. As these gasoline like GCI fuels have not been well studied, characterization of their rate of injection (ROI) will be beneficial to supplement injector spray characterization measurements and the development of computational fluid dynamic simulations. A fuel collection method and data processing technique were defined to develop a measurement procedure for making rate of injection measurements with a Bosch type rate of injection (ROI) rig. The measurement procedure was developed to quantify the ROI for both heavy duty (HD) and light duty (LD) injector applications. The HD studies included ROI measurements using an Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) and a research octane number (RON) 60 gasoline compression ignition (GCI) fuel. Rate of injection measurements for the HD fuels were obtained with an eight-hole high pressure common rail diesel Cummins XPI injector and electronic injection durations were successfully calibrated to provide a desired fuel quantity per injection. Single-hole ROI measurements were also made with a Cummins XPI injector designed to provide one-eighth of the flow of the multi-hole injector. These single-hole ROI measurements were used to supplement injector spray characterization data in an optically accessible combustion vessel. The LD studies characterized ROI measurements of a custom ten-hole Bosch HDEV5 gasoline direct injection (GDI) injector. The LD fuels studied were a premium octane CARB LEV III 10% ethanol (E10) certification gasoline and a RON 70 GCI fuel. These LD studies were conducted to compare the RON 70 GCI fuel's ROI characteristics to those of the premium octane CARB LEV III E10 certification gasoline. Average trends showed higher rates of injection and total mass per injection for the premium octane E10 cert gasoline and was attributed to the higher density of the fuel. Conclusions were also made that the higher viscosity of the E10 cert gasoline provided longer injector opening delays when compared to the RON 70 GCI fuel.

Download or read book Spray Characterization in a Motored Direct injection Spark ignited Engine written by Scott Elmer Parrish and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fuel Systems for IC Engines written by Institution of Mechanical Engineers and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-03-06 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the papers from the latest conference in this successful series on fuel injection systems for internal combustion engines. It is vital for the automotive industry to continue to meet the demands of the modern environmental agenda. In order to excel, manufacturers must research and develop fuel systems that guarantee the best engine performance, ensuring minimal emissions and maximum profit. The papers from this unique conference focus on the latest technology for state-of-the-art system design, characterisation, measurement, and modelling, addressing all technological aspects of diesel and gasoline fuel injection systems. Topics range from fundamental fuel spray theory, component design, to effects on engine performance, fuel economy and emissions. Presents the papers from the IMechE conference on fuel injection systems for internal combustion engines Papers focus on the latest technology for state-of-the-art system design, characterisation, measurement and modelling; addressing all technological aspects of diesel and gasoline fuel injection systems Topics range from fundamental fuel spray theory and component design to effects on engine performance, fuel economy and emissions

Download or read book Automotive Gasoline Direct Injection Engines written by Fuquan Zhao and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2002-05-15 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the latest global technical initiatives in the rapidly progressing area of gasoline direct injection (GDI), spark-ignited gasoline engines and examines the contribution of each process and sub-system to the efficiency of the overall system. Including discussions, data, and figures from many technical papers and proceedings that are not available in the English language, Automotive Gasoline Direct Injection Systems will prove to be an invaluable desk reference for any GDI subject or direct-injection subsystem that is being developed worldwide.