Download or read book Functional Ecology and Evolution of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka Life History in the Dynamic Environments of Aniakchak and Katmai written by Scott Anthony Pavey and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sockeye salmon exhibit great ecological diversity among populations. During the last glacial period, ice covered much of what today are freshwater habitats. As the glaciers retreated, sockeye colonized new freshwater habitats from relatively few glacial refugia. Colonizing populations adapted at a very fine spatial scale among river drainages, tributaries and lakes within rivers, and even divergent habitats within lakes. All of this occurred within the past 15,000 years since the last glacial maximum. This resulted in many thousands of locally adapted populations and a grand display of the process of evolution within a species. In this dissertation, I explore genetic and phenotypic diversity in the dynamic and changing environments of Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve as well as Katmai National Park in southwest Alaska. Recent eruptions at Aniakchak include events 500 and 79 years ago and the caldera presently contains sockeye salmon populations spawning in different habitats. Using genetic tools, I find that ecological divergence occurred in egg size and body depth in less than 500 years or 100 generations. Secondly, sockeye salmon exhibit a broad life history division by rearing habitat; some populations rearing in lakes (lake-type sockeye) and others rearing in rivers (riverine sockeye). I describe differences in juvenile body shape and relate these to differences in foraging strategy and predation. Finally, I apply gene expression technology to understand the life history differences and the molecular trade-offs in sockeye salmon populations. I start with a review of recent technological advances that relate gene expression to ecology, evolution, and the formation and maintenance of new species. I then relate functional, expressed genes in muscle tissue to lake-type and riverine juvenile populations. This provides an ecological context to genes that are normally only described in artificial situations. Taken together, this work furthers the understanding of the interaction of ecology and evolution, from genes to populations to broad life history types.
Download or read book History of the Fishery and Summary Statistics of the Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka Runs to the Chignik Lakes Alaska 1888 1966 written by Michael L. Dahlberg and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of Life History and the Environment in Population Dynamics of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka written by Douglas Clifford James Braun and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Processes linking the environment and life histories are central to our understanding of population dynamics. This thesis combines life history theory and environmental variation to explain recruitment dynamics among populations in Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). I first explore relationships between spawning stream characteristics and spawning densities and show that streams with more cover have higher spawning densities. Next, I use a 21-year time series for three of these populations to explore hypotheses about how maternal life history traits and migration conditions, experienced during upstream migrations to their spawning grounds, influence reproductive investment. Maternal body size is strongly linked to total reproductive investment and both egg mass and fecundity; however, migration difficulty only influences egg mass and not fecundity. Using the same dataset, I show that egg mass and incubation temperatures influence juvenile fitness-related traits including length, mass and emergence timing. The main finding from these analyses, that warmer incubation temperatures result in lighter juveniles that emerge earlier, led to hypotheses about how incubation temperature might select for egg size among populations. I tested these hypotheses by comparing 16 populations and confirmed the prediction that in streams with warmer water, fish would produce heavier eggs. I then asked if these same maternal traits and environmental conditions would relate to adult recruitment dynamics. Populations spawning in streams with deeper water had higher maximum population growth rates and less variable recruitment. In addition, populations in streams with larger gravel exhibited stronger density-dependence. Finally, I develop a novel framework for evaluating how habitat data, combined with the cost of collecting such information, can be used in developing cost-effective surveys. I demonstrate this general framework with a simple example using the relationships between stream characteristics and sockeye densities, considering the costs and effectiveness of stream variables. Overall, this demonstration of the joint role of maternal traits and environmental conditions in recruitment dynamics supports the potential use of such variables as indicators of population dynamics in the absence of long-term demographic data. Furthermore, it supports the development of cost-effective surveys, which is important as human impacts on populations increase, and as monitoring resources decline.
Download or read book Ecological Studies of Sockeye Salmon and Related Limnological and Climatological Investigations Brooks Lane Alaska 1957 written by Theodore R. Merrell and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecological studies on the fresh-water phases of the life history of sockeye salmon and studies on related limnology and climatology were made at Brooks Lake, Alaska, in 1957. Data are presented and interpreted on adult sockeye salmon spawning distributions and behavior, age, sex, length, fecundity, and bear predation; on juvenile sockeye salmon ages, food, growth, migration from the lake, relative abundance, and distribution in the lake; and on climatological and limnological factors that may influence sockeye salmon behavior and abundance.
Download or read book Salmon Life Histories and Fisheries Management written by Lukas B. DeFilippo and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the life histories of exploited aquatic taxa is important to sustainable fisheries management. Life history diversity has been shown to stabilize population dynamics through 'portfolio effects' which can maintain robust fishery yields despite environmental variability. Moreover, the reproductive life histories of fishes can be important to shaping management-relevant properties such as the steepness of the stock-recruit relationship, genetic diversity, age and size structure, and stock rebuilding potential. Despite the importance of life history information to conservation and management, achieving a practical understanding of the evolutionary and ecological factors that maintain particular life histories can be challenging. This difficulty is exemplified by widespread declines in size-and-age-at-maturity of many commercially valuable fish stocks, the causes of which are seldom be reliably discerned. In this dissertation, I seek to better understand the factors that control the frequencies of alternative maturation and reproductive life histories in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations. In chapter 1, I used Bayesian hierarchical modelling to identify the basis of variation in early maturation rates among sockeye salmon populations in Bristol Bay, Alaska. In my second chapter, I developed an age-structured Bayesian state space model to assess the causes of elevated early maturation rates in Kodiak sockeye salmon. Finally, in my third chapter I developed an individual-based population dynamics framework to explore the ecological and evolutionary factors that regulate frequencies of alternative maturation and reproductive life histories in age-structured populations. Collectively, my results demonstrate that the maintenance of alternative life histories within populations may be more complex than existing evolutionary frameworks suggest, and reveal a novel role of population dynamics in the evolution and maintenance of complex mating systems.
Download or read book Sockeye Salmon Evolution Ecology and Management written by Carol Ann Woody and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Life History and Ecology of Riverine Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka in a Large Floodplain River written by Tyler Huntley Tappenbeck and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The productivity and life history diversity of salmonids is linked to the complexity of habitat in large floodplain rivers. Dynamic floodplain processes are driven by flow, sediment transport, cut and fill alluviation, woody plant succession, and ecosystem engineers, notably beavers, that create dynamic and biophysically complex off-channel rearing and spawning habitats. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) display some of the most variable life history traits of all Pacific salmon, using lake and river rearing strategies throughout rivers of the northern Pacific Rim. However, sockeye management has primarily focused on the lake-type life history with minimal regard to the importance of the riverine form. In the Kwethluk River, Alaska, we identified both the lake (lake-type) and river (riverine) driven life histories. To elucidate the importance of lateral floodplain habitats to this species, we compared lake and riverine spawning habitat attributes, determined the densities, seasonal changes in length and weight, and diet of juveniles. We also quantified the amount of off-channel habitats that were available for spawning and rearing. We found that floodplain and lake spawning habitats had similar hydrological, physical, water chemistry attributes. Lake-type spawning occurred along the alluvial fans of the lake shoreline and in the outlet channel, whereas, riverine sockeye spawned exclusively in off-channel spring brooks and side channels. But, all spawning was located in areas dominated by upwelling ground water. We found that juvenile sockeye reared in spring brooks, beaver ponds, and backwaters of the river flood plain and that these habitats types made up over 70% of the available off-channel habitat. The average density of floodplain rearing juveniles in the fall was between .02 to .54 fish · m−2 and a total of 165, 711 juvenile sockeye were rearing in the floodplain study reach. The mean length of flood plain rearing juveniles in the fall of 2006 ranged from 57 to 66 mm and was similar to the mean length of ocean migrating smolts (68 mm) the following spring. The diet of juveniles rearing in off-channel habitats was dominated by zooplankton, but juveniles fed on a variety of invertebrate prey, while the diet of lake-type juveniles was dominated by zooplankton. We concluded that riverine sockeye take advantage of the complexity of large river systems and that floodplain habitats are key spawning and rearing habitats for this species. The riverine life history type may be an important part of large river systems throughout the Pacific Rim.
Download or read book Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka written by Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans and published by Fisheries and Oceans, Information and Publications Branch. This book was released on 1987 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A three-day symposium was organized by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and convened at Nanaimo, British Columbia in November 1985. Advice on subject matter and participation came from an external committee of senior scientists and administrators in contributing agencies in Canada, Japan, the United States, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The papers included in the proceedings deal with sockeye biology and stock management. Papers on sockeye biology are divided into those concerned primarily with life history strategies and enhancement and development. Papers dealing with management are divided into the tools of management and management of some principal stocks.
Download or read book Contributions to the Life history of the Sockeye Salmon written by and published by . This book was released on 1914 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pacific Salmon Life Histories written by Cornelis Groot and published by UBC Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific salmon are an important biological and economic resource of countries of the North Pacific rim. They are also a unique group of fish possessing unusually complex life histories. There are seven species of Pacific salmon, five occurring on both the North American and Asian continents (sockeye, pink, chum, chinook, and coho) and two (masu and amago) only in Asia. The life cycle of the Pacific salmon begins in the autumn when the adult female deposits eggs that are fertilized in gravel beds in rivers or lakes. The young emerge from the gravel the following spring and will either migrate immediately to salt water or spend one or more years in a river or lake before migrating. Migrations in the ocean are extensive during the feeding and growing phase, covering thousands of kilometres. After one or more years the maturing adults find their way back to their home river, returning to their ancestral breeding grounds to spawn. They die after spawning and the eggs in the gravel signify a new cycle. Upon this theme Pacific salmon have developed many variations, both between as well as within species. Pacific Salmon Life Histories provides detailed descriptions of the different life phases through which each of the seven species passes. Each chapter is written by a scientist who has spent years studying and observing a particular species of salmon. Some of the topics covered are geographic distribution, transplants, freshwater life, ocean life, development, growth, feeding, diet, migration, and spawning behaviour. The text is richly supplemented by numerous maps, illustrations, colour plates, and tables and there is a detailed general index, as well as a useful geographical index.
Download or read book Genetic Morphometric and Life History Characteristics of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka in the Wood River Lake System Alaska written by Lisa Anne Wetzel and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Life History Reconstruction and Stock Identification of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka Using Otolith Trace Element Chemistry written by Zachary Penney and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in otolith microchemistry have established that trace element composition can be used to chemically reconstruct fish life history and serve as a stock identification tool. In modern fisheries practices, these two applications are especially pertinent to wild salmon populations, which are difficult to track over large spatial scales and nearly impossible to identify in mixed populations. This project has applied a novel method using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) otoliths from four separate watersheds in Sitka, Alaska. Spatial distributions of Li, Mg, Mn, Zn, Sr, and Ba were determined via continuous lateral ablation scans across the diameter of transversely sectioned sagittal otoliths. Time-series data generated from line scan analysis were used to chemically reconstruct sockeye life history, and examine elemental signatures in the core, freshwater, and marine growth regions of otoliths for stock identification purposes. Chemical profiles of life history showed that Sr, Ba, and to a lesser degree Mg, reflected ambient chemistry, and were effective for tracking sockeye migration from fresh to marine water. Manganese was also effective for determining migration to fresh and marine water; however, it is believed that diet more than ambient chemistry is the factor controlling uptake. Elements such as Zn and Li provided information related to fish physiology, such as growth and changes in osmoregulation during transitions from low to high salinity environments. Results also showed that several elements were either enriched or depleted in the core of sockeye otoliths. Maternal investments and spatial differences in crystal structure are believed to significantly affect element uptake in otoliths during incubation and early development. Elemental signatures in the otolith core may therefore be inaccurate as an indicator of stock origin. This problem was investigated by isolating core, freshwater, and marine signatures and evaluating individually their ability to correctly classify sockeye otoliths to their natal watersheds using step-wise discriminant function analysis. This demonstrated that freshwater signatures provided the greatest accuracy (91%) for stock ID. Core signatures, which have been used in past stock ID studies, showed poor classification results (68%) for sockeye salmon otoliths. Trace element signatures from the marine growth regions of sockeye otoliths displayed the poorest classification accuracy (52.5%) of the three growth regions. Thus, freshwater signatures are the most effective tool for identifying the origin of wild salmon, even when they far removed from their natal watersheds.
Download or read book Some Aspects of the Comparative Ecology of Fishes Associated with Juvenile Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka Walbaum in the Lakes of the Naknek River System Alaska written by Richard L. Wallace and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the distribution, relative abundance and diet of fishes sympatric with juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), within the freshwater nursery areas of the Naknek River system was undertaken from 1961 to 1963. The study was part of an extensive investigation to determine what factors in the freshwater environment were limiting the size of the populations of sockeye salmon returning to the rivers of Bristol Bay, Alaska. The speties found associated with juvenile salmon in the limnetic zones of the Naknek system were the pond smelt, Hypomesus olidus (Pallas); the least cisco, Coregonus sardinella Valenciennes; the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus; and the ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus). Life history information was collected for these sympatric species. Tow nets were used to capture samples of fish from the limnetic portions of the nursery areas. Some samples were collected by beach seines, lake traps and otter trawls. Plankton samples were collected and compared to the diets of the limnetic fishes. Although some confusion has existed in the literature, I concluded that pond smelt of the Naknek system belong to Hypomesus olidus (Pallas). The populations of smelt were comprised of six age-groups in the late summer, but most specimens belonged to three age-groups. Most members of the species spawn in the spring of the fourth year of life. The estimated fecundity ranged from 900 to 4,300 eggs per female. Seven age-groups of least ciscoes were present in the populations of the Naknek system. The species in the Naknek system probably spawned for the first time in the fall of their fourth year. The estimated fecundity of two specimens was 4,006 and 14,380 eggs. Populations of three spine stickleback were comprised of three age-groups of fish. I was unable to assign ages to ninespine stickleback. Estimates of the fecundity of the species ranged from 116 to 456 eggs per female. All species studied were distributed throughout the Naknek system. The relative abundance of the fishes studied was variable between and within nursery areas and from year to year. The population densities of pond smelt and threespine stickleback were larger in the surface waters compared to the deep waters. The relative abundance of sockeye fry, yearlings and ninespine stickleback was greater in the surface stratum rather than the deep stratum in most nursery areas. The five main food items utilized by these limnetic species were cladocerans (Bosmina sp. and Daphnia sp.); copepods (cyclopoid copepods and Diaptomus sp.); and Dipteran insects. Analysis of the similarity of diets indicated that the diets of sockeye fry and pond smelt were more similar than were the diets of sockeye fry or yearlings and any other sympatric species. The diet of sockeye fry was more similar to that of either species of stickleback than was the diet of sockeye yearlings. An analysis of the food of various sizes of each species of fish indicated the diets of three age-groups of smelt were more similar than the diets of various age-groups of any other fish. The food composition of three age-groups of ciscoes and two size groups of both species of stickleback showed a strong positive correlation. The diets of sockeye fry and yearlings showed the weakest positive correlation of the species studied. All species of fish studied selectively fed on one or more components of the zooplankton. Daphnia sp. and cyclopoid copepods were strongly selected in Lake Coville. Cyclopoids were selected in South Bay. Bosmina sp. was selected from the waters of West End. In Lake Coville, the greatest potential competition for food probably existed between the large populations of pond smelt and sockeye fry. In the West End nursery area, potential competition between juvenile salmon and both species of stickleback may not be severe, depending on the age composition of the salmon population present in the nursery area. The possibility exists that the relatively low numbers of adult sockeye salmon returning to the comparatively rich lakes of the Naknek River system is due to the presence of large populations of sympatric species of fish. Each of these sympatric species feed on the same general types of food organisms as do the juvenile salmon and may affect the numbers of young salmon that leave the lake, and subsequently return from the ocean.
Download or read book Life History Reconstruction and Stock Identification of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka Using Otolith Trace Element Chemistry written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in otolith microchemistry have established that trace element composition can be used to chemically reconstruct fish life history and serve as a stock identification tool. In modern fisheries practices, these two applications are especially pertinent to wild salmon populations, which are difficult to track over large spatial scales and nearly impossible to identify in mixed populations. This project has applied a novel method using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) otoliths from four separate watersheds in Sitka, Alaska. Spatial distributions of Li, Mg, Mn, Zn, Sr, and Ba were determined via continuous lateral ablation scans across the diameter of transversely sectioned sagittal otoliths. Time-series data generated from line scan analysis were used to chemically reconstruct sockeye life history, and examine elemental signatures in the core, freshwater, and marine growth regions of otoliths for stock identification purposes. Chemical profiles of life history showed that Sr, Ba, and to a lesser degree Mg, reflected ambient chemistry, and were effective for tracking sockeye migration from fresh to marine water. Manganese was also effective for determining migration to fresh and marine water; however, it is believed that diet more than ambient chemistry is the factor controlling uptake. Elements such as Zn and Li provided information related to fish physiology, such as growth and changes in osmoregulation during transitions from low to high salinity environments. Results also showed that several elements were either enriched or depleted in the core of sockeye otoliths. Maternal investments and spatial differences in crystal structure are believed to significantly affect element uptake in otoliths during incubation and early development. Elemental signatures in the otolith core may therefore be inaccurate as an indicator of stock origin. This problem was investigated b.
Download or read book Variation in the Early Life History of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka written by Caryn A. Abrey and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Genetic Relationships of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka at Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve Alaska written by Scott A. Pavey and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Comparison of the Growth Histories of Pre and Post decline Brood Years of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka from Rivers Inlet Based on Otolith Analysis and in Relation to Environmental Conditions written by Claire Anne Li Loong and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The widths of growth zones recorded on otoliths of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Rivers Inlet were measured to assess the impacts of environmental conditions on growth at different life history stages. Otoliths from the pre-decline (1984-1987) and post-decline brood years (1997-2005) were compared. Post-decline juveniles were significantly larger than pre-decline individuals during the migration to sea, but grew less in the first marine year. Final size was not significantly different between time periods. Functional regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between otolith growth and sea surface salinity at McInnes Island. Otolith growth was positively correlated with salinity during September and October. Decreased salinity under a 30 ppt threshold appears to have signalled recent unfavourable oceanic conditions for growth and possibly survival.
