Download or read book Function and Signaling Specificity of the Hog1 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase in the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Jesse Christopher Patterson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) enable eukaryotic cells to evoke an appropriate response when presented with a particular stimulus. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, MAPK Hog1 is activated by osmosensors in the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway during hyperosmotic stress, MAPK Fus3 is activated by pheromone-binding receptors in the mating pathway, and MAPK Kss1 is activated by mucins in the filamentous growth (FG) pathway during nutrient limitation. These pathways provide an excellent model for studying mechanisms and principles of signal transduction in a genetically and biochemically tractable organism because these conserved pathways have served countless species in their struggle to adapt to change throughout evolution. Upon hyperosmotic shock, yeast cells accumulate intracellular glycerol to balance the osmotic gradient. It had been accepted that Hog1 elevates glycerol production by inducing the transcription of enzymes necessary for glycerol synthesis. Using global microarray analysis, I found that Hog1-dependent transcription is not necessary for hyperosmotic shock survival. Instead, Hog1 increases glycerol production by directly regulating metabolism and work presented in this thesis describes progress made towards understanding how this control is exerted. The HOG, mating and FG pathways share common upstream activators, including Ste50 (adapter protein), Ste20 [p21-activated protein kinase (PAK)], Ste11 [MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK)] and Cdc42 [guanosine tri-phosphatase (GTPase)]. Activation of Ste11 within the HOG pathway does not result in Ste11-mediated activation of the mating or FG pathways. Tellingly, if Hog1 function is absent, hyperosmotic stress does result in Ste11-mediated activation of these other MAPK pathways, a situation called crosstalk. Therefore, a mechanism of Hog1-enforced crosstalk prevention exists. Using single-cell analysis of both HOG and mating pathway activation, I found that crosstalk is prevented by insulation of the HOG pathway from other MAPK pathways, over-turning a previously established erroneous model of cross-inhibition. Through a genetic selection, I found that Rga1 [a Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein (GAP)] is required for HOG pathway insulation, that Rga1 is a substrate of Hog1, that it contributes to negative feedback regulation of the HOG pathway, and that Rga1 presumably helps prevent crosstalk by limiting the extent and duration of Cdc42 activation.

Download or read book Function and Regulation of Mitogen activated Protein Kinases in the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Raymond Eric Chen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Signaling Specificity in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Mating and Filamentous Growth MAPK Pathways written by Monica A. Schwartz and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nematode Trapping Fungi written by Ke-Qin Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business. This book was released on 2014-04-22 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These chapters provide up-to-date information on nematophagous fungi, particularly those of the Orbiliaceae in Ascomycota, whose asexual states produce nematode-trapping devices. The authors consider fungal-nematode interactions, fossil fungi, the biodiversity, ecology and geographical distribution of nematode-trapping fungi, and their potential use in biocontrol of nematodes, all in detail. Nematode-trapping fungi with adhesive or mechanical hyphal traps are the main focus of this book which begins with an overview of the data on nematode-trapping fungi, including their taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution. Subsequent chapters expand upon the methods and techniques used to study these fascinating fungi. Keys for genera of Arthrobotrys, Drechslerella and Dactylellina, which include all reported species of predatory orbiliaceous fungi are presented and numerous species from these genera are morphologically described and illustrated. The ecology of nematode-trapping fungi is expertly presented: their occurrence and habitats, their geographical and seasonal distribution and the effects of soil conditions and nematode density on their distribution all feature amongst the relevant themes. Further chapters examine the use of nematode-trapping fungi in biological control and the authors consider nematicidal activities in detail, exploring the many compounds from fungi that feature in nematicidal activities and of course useful paths for further study on this topic. This is a highly informative and carefully presented book, providing scientific insight for scholars with an interest in fungi and in biological control of nematodes.

Download or read book Stress Activated Protein Kinases written by Francesc Posas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-24 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book leading researchers in the field discuss the state-of-the-art of many aspects of SAPK signaling in various systems from yeast to mammals. These include various chapters on regulatory mechanisms as well as the contribution of the SAPK signaling pathways to processes such as gene expression, metabolism, cell cycle regulation, immune responses and tumorigenesis. Written by international experts, the book will appeal to cell biologists and biochemists.

Download or read book Yeast MAP Kinase Pathways with Overlapping Components Achieve Specificity in Part Via a Scaffold and Docking Sites written by Kandarp Harshadray Shah and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in eukaryotic cells act in multiple pathways that share signaling components. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the budding yeast, is an ideal model to study MAPK signaling specificity because its mating and invasive growth pathways share an entire cascade yet maintain specificity. The cascade contains the MAPK kinase kinase Ste11, MAPK kinase Ste7 and the MAPK Kss1. In addition there is another MAPK Fus3 that acts in mating. It has been proposed that Ste5, the scaffold for MAPK cascade, and Ste7 docking sites for Fus3 and Kss1 may promote specificity. Here the role of Ste7 docking sites in combination with Ste5 scaffolding of Ste7 was analyzed to understand signal transduction in both pathways. Results indicate that the two previously identified docking sites on Ste7 function in signal transduction for both mating and invasive growth. Fus3 can be phosphorylated in the absence of docking sites but requires the sites for full activation. Kss1 is entirely dependent on docking sites for its activation. In contrast, Ste5 scaffolding of Ste7 is required for mating but not for invasive growth. In absence of scaffolding, phosphorylation of Fus3 is reduced dramatically and level of Kss1 activation is reduced moderately. Interestingly, this moderate Kss1 activation by mating pheromone leads to a low-level induction of invasive growth genes but not mating genes, indicating that mating genes have a higher threshold for activation by Kss1. The low-level induction suggests that amount of active Kss1 is important for invasive growth and further indicates that Fus3-mediated negative feedback that controls Kss1 activation is critical in promoting mating specificity. The conclusion from these results is that Ste5 contributes to mating and invasive growth but it is only crucial for mating. The docking sites on Ste7 are crucial for both mating and invasive growth.

Download or read book The Role of the Dual specificity Protein Kinase Mck1 in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Derrick Tremaine Brazill and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Functions of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in S Cerevisiae Signal Transduction written by Xiaoli Zhan and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Control of the M G1 and G1 S Phase Transitions in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Lorrie Boucher and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades convey signals in eukaryotic cells through the sequential phosphorylation and activation of three protein kinases. In yeast, mating and filamentous growth share multiple components of a single MAPK cascade. These kinases are the MAPKKK Ste 11, the MAPKK Ste7 and two MAPKs, Fus3 and Kss1. The transcription factor Ste 12 is the target of both developmental pathways. The first part of this thesis addressed the mechanisms that ensure signal fidelity between the two signal outputs. This work challenges the model that the MAPK Fus3 ensures specificity in the mating response by physically occluding the MAPK Kss1 from the active Ste5 complex. I demonstrated that deletion of either individual MAPK had little affect on the genome-wide transcriptional response to pheromone. Further, catalytically inactive versions of Fus3 largely failed to attenuate the transcriptional response to pheromone in fus3Delta cells, and the exposure to mating pheromone stimulated the kinase activity of both MAPKs. I thus propose that both Fus3 and Kss1 are bona fide components of the mating program. To define the role of distal MAPK components in invasive growth and the presence of an associated transcriptional program, I performed genome-wide transcriptional analysis on combinatorial deletion strains of FUS3, KSS1, RST1 and RST2. This analysis revealed that Rst1 and Fus3 are the dominant inhibitors of invasive growth. By comparing transcriptional profiles of invasive versus non-invasive strains, I demonstrated that there is no concrete transcriptional program associated with invasive growth. Thus, invasive growth can be viewed as a component of the pheromone response. The second part of this thesis focuses on the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN), a signaling cascade that is activated at the end of mitosis to shut down cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. To identify novel MEN regulators, I used a high-throughput genetic approach to identify synthetic lethal interactions with nine men mutants. In total, 84 genes were identified that I named MEN Interactors (MNIs). The confirmed genetic interactions have provided connections to pathways with previously uncharacterized roles in mitotic exit. Furthermore, this study reveals that the PKC/MAPK pathway may not function in a linear manner with respect to MEN.

Download or read book Chemical Genetic Analysis of Signaling by the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Mitotic Kinases Cdc15 Dbf2 and Cdc5 written by Jennifer L. Paulson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism for cellular signal propagation, and the complexity of signaling networks presents a challenge to protein kinase substrate identification. Chemical genetic control of kinase function provides a handle for kinase pathway analysis. Here, we apply this approach to three kinases that function in a signaling network that regulates exit from mitosis in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These include the mitogen-activating protein kinase, Cdc15, the nuclear Dbf2-related kinase, Dbf2, and the Polo-like kinase, Cdc5. Each kinase was successfully engineered for selective chemical inhibition in vivo. We found that monospecific pharmacological inhibition of Cdc5 delays anaphase nucleus migration into the bud, revealing a novel Cdc5 function. Additionally, chemical genetic, bioinformatic, and yeast proteomic tools were combined for Cdc5 substrate identification. Systematically chosen candidate Cdc5 substrates were examined for loss of phosphorylation upon cellular Cdc5 inhibition. The identified Cdc5 targets include Spc72, a spindle pole body (SPB) component and microtubule anchor required for nuclear positioning. Spc72 binds Cdc5 in a cell cycle specific manner, and in vivo Cdc5 inhibition prevents mitotic Spc72 phosphorylation. Studies in vitro demonstrate direct Spc72 phosphorylation by Cdc5. Finally, we expanded our knowledge of Cdc5 function at the SPB by examining SPB-localized proteins for presence in a Cdc5 complex. In summary, a chemical genetic approach was used to inhibit three protein kinases from diverse families, which led to a greater understanding of Cdc5 cellular function.

Download or read book Metabolism and Molecular Physiology of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by J. Richard Dickinson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-04-27 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of the best-selling first edition, much has been discovered about Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the single-celled fungus commonly known as baker's yeast or brewer's yeast that is the basis for much of our understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of eukaryotes. This wealth of new research data demands our attention and r

Download or read book Mechanisms of Signal Transmission and Specificity in Yeast Mitogen activated Protein Kinase Cascades written by Laura Julie Flatauer and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Isolation and Characterization of Novel Yeast and Human High Copy Suppressors of G Protein mitogen activated Protein Kinase Signaling written by Brian H. Spain and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Regulation of Mitogen activated Protein Kinase Signaling by the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Ptp2 and Ptp3 in the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Christopher P. Mattison and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Cell Signaling written by Ralph A. Bradshaw and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-11-03 with total page 3188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Cell Signaling, Three-Volume Set, 2e, is a comprehensive work covering all aspects of intracellular signal processing, including extra/intracellular membrane receptors, signal transduction, gene expression/translation, and cellular/organotypic signal responses. The second edition is an up-to-date, expanded reference with each section edited by a recognized expert in the field. Tabular and well illustrated, the Handbook will serve as an in-depth reference for this complex and evolving field. Handbook of Cell Signaling, 2/e will appeal to a broad, cross-disciplinary audience interested in the structure, biochemistry, molecular biology and pathology of cellular effectors. - Contains over 350 chapters of comprehensive coverage on cell signaling - Includes discussion on topics from ligand/receptor interactions to organ/organism responses - Provides user-friendly, well-illustrated, reputable content by experts in the field

Download or read book Dual Specificity Phosphatases written by Rafael Pulido and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) constitute a heterogeneous group of protein tyrosine phosphatases with the ability to dephosphorylate Ser/Thr and Tyr residues from proteins, as well as from other non-proteinaceous substrates including signaling lipids. DUSPs include, among others, MAP kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) and small-size atypical DUSPs. MKPs are enzymes specialized in regulating the activity and subcellular location of MAPKs, whereas the function of small-size atypical DUSPs seems to be more diverse. DUSPs have emerged as key players in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, stress response, and apoptosis. DUSPs regulate essential physiological processes, including immunity, neurobiology and metabolic homeostasis, and have been implicated in tumorigenesis, pathological inflammation and metabolic disorders. Accordingly, alterations in the expression or function of MKPs and small-size atypical DUSPs have consequences essential to human disease, making these enzymes potential biological markers and therapeutic targets. This Special Issue covers recent advances in the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of MKPs and small-size atypical DUSPs, and their relevance in human disease.

Download or read book Mitogen activated Protein Kinase Regulation of Ty1 Retrotransposition in the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Darryl Conte (Jr.) and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: