Download or read book Fuel Flexible Low Emission Catalytic Combustor for Opportunity Fuel Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Limited fuel resources, increasing energy demand and stringent emission regulations are drivers to evaluate process off-gases or process waste streams as fuels for power generation. Often these process waste streams have low energy content and/or highly reactive components. Operability of low energy content fuels in gas turbines leads to issues such as unstable and incomplete combustion. On the other hand, fuels containing higher-order hydrocarbons lead to flashback and auto-ignition issues. Due to above reasons, these fuels cannot be used directly without modifications or efficiency penalties in gas turbine engines. To enable the use of these wide variety of fuels in gas turbine engines a rich catalytic lean burn (RCL®) combustion system was developed and tested in a subscale high pressure (10 atm.) rig. The RCL® injector provided stability and extended turndown to low Btu fuels due to catalytic pre-reaction. Previous work has shown promise with fuels such as blast furnace gas (BFG) with LHV of 85 Btu/ft3 successfully combusted. This program extends on this work by further modifying the combustor to achieve greater catalytic stability enhancement. Fuels containing low energy content such as weak natural gas with a Lower Heating Value (LHV) of 6.5 MJ/m3 (180 Btu/ft3 to natural gas fuels containing higher hydrocarbon (e.g ethane) with LHV of 37.6 MJ/m3 (1010 Btu/ft3) were demonstrated with improved combustion stability; an extended turndown (defined as the difference between catalytic and non-catalytic lean blow out) of greater than 250oF was achieved with CO and NOx emissions lower than 5 ppm corrected to 15% O2. In addition, for highly reactive fuels the catalytic region preferentially pre-reacted the higher order hydrocarbons with no events of flashback or auto-ignition allowing a stable and safe operation with low NOx and CO emissions.
Download or read book Fuel Flexible Low Emissions Catalytic Combustor for Opportunity Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Precision Combustion, Inc. will develop a unique, fuel-flexible Rich Catalytic Lean-Burn (RCL®) injector with catalytic combustor capable of enabling ultralow-emission, lean premixed combustion of a wide range of gaseous opportunity fuels. This will broaden the range of opportunity fuels that can be utilized to include low- and ultralow-Btu gases, such as digester and blast furnace gases, and fuels containing reactive species, such as refinery, wellhead, and industrial byproduct gases.
Download or read book Fuel Flexible Combustion System for Co production Plant Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Future high-efficiency, low-emission generation plants that produce electric power, transportation fuels, and/or chemicals from fossil fuel feed stocks require a new class of fuel-flexible combustors. In this program, a validated combustor approach was developed which enables single-digit NO(subscript x) operation for a future generation plants with low-Btu off gas and allows the flexibility of process-independent backup with natural gas. This combustion technology overcomes the limitations of current syngas gas turbine combustion systems, which are designed on a site-by-site basis, and enable improved future co-generation plant designs. In this capacity, the fuel-flexible combustor enhances the efficiency and productivity of future co-production plants. In task 2, a summary of market requested fuel gas compositions was created and the syngas fuel space was characterized. Additionally, a technology matrix and chemical kinetic models were used to evaluate various combustion technologies and to select two combustor concepts. In task 4 systems analysis of a co-production plant in conjunction with chemical kinetic analysis was performed to determine the desired combustor operating conditions for the burner concepts. Task 5 discusses the experimental evaluation of three syngas capable combustor designs. The hybrid combustor, Prototype-1 utilized a diffusion flame approach for syngas fuels with a lean premixed swirl concept for natural gas fuels for both syngas and natural gas fuels at FA+e gas turbine conditions. The hybrid nozzle was sized to accommodate syngas fuels ranging from (almost equal to)100 to 280 btu/scf and with a diffusion tip geometry optimized for Early Entry Co-generation Plant (EECP) fuel compositions. The swozzle concept utilized existing GE DLN design methodologies to eliminate flow separation and enhance fuel-air mixing. With changing business priorities, a fully premixed natural gas & syngas nozzle, Protoytpe-1N, was also developed later in the program. It did not have the diluent requirements of Prototype-1 and was demonstrated at targeted gas turbine conditions. The TVC combustor, Prototype-2, premixes the syngas with air for low emission performance. The combustor was designed for operation with syngas and no additional diluents. The combustor was successfully operated at targeted gas turbine conditions. Another goal of the program was to advance the status of development tools for syngas systems. In Task 3 a syngas flame evaluation facility was developed. Fundamental data on syngas flame speeds and flame strain were obtained at pressure for a wide range of syngas fuels with preheated air. Several promising reduced order kinetic mechanisms were compared with the results from the evaluation facility. The mechanism with the best agreement was selected for application to syngas combustor modeling studies in Task 6. Prototype-1 was modeled using an advanced LES combustion code. The tools and combustor technology development culminate in a full-scale demonstration of the most promising technology in Task 8. The combustor was operated at engine conditions and evaluated against the various engine performance requirements.
Download or read book Fuel Flexible Energy Generation written by John Oakey and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2015-12-08 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fuel Flexible Energy Generation: Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels provides updated information on flexible fuel energy generation, the process by which one or more fuels can be combusted in the same boiler or turbine to generate power. By adapting or building boilers and turbines to accept multiple fuel sources, they can be co-fired with biomass and waste derived fuels, allowing a reduction in carbon output, thus providing cleaner energy. Fuel flexibility is becoming more important in a world of diminishing fossil fuel stocks. Many countries are investing in the development of more efficient fuel flexible boilers and turbines, and their use is becoming more prevalent in industry as well. This book provides comprehensive coverage of flexible fuel energy generation across all potential fuel types, and was written by a selection of experts in the field who discuss the types of fuels which can be used in fuel flexible energy generation, from solid fuels to biomass fuels, the preparation of fuels to be used in fuel flexible operations, that includes their handling and transport, and combustion and conversion technologies with chapters ranging from large-scale coal gasification to technology options and plant design issues. Focuses on fuel flexibility across all potential fuel types Includes thorough treatment of the technology being developed to allow for fuel flexibility Written by leading experts in the field Provides an essential text for R&D managers in firms which produce boilers or turbines, those who work in the fuel industry, and academics working in engineering departments on energy generation
Download or read book Fuels of Opportunity Characteristics and Uses In Combustion Systems written by David Tillman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-01-20 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As electricity generators and process industries are increasingly seeking less expensive fuels for the generation of electricity and process heat, there is an ever-increasing industry-led emphasise on exploring the possibility of utilising opportunity fuels. Fuels of Opportunity: Characteristics and Uses In Combustion Systems considers a diverse range of opportunity fuels and their application by addressing the following fundamental issues: What are the specific fuel properties of these opportunity fuels? What are the combustion/conversion characteristics of these fuels fired alone or in combination with conventional fossil fuels? How are they best applied in energy settings? What are the technical and environmental consequences of their use? In considering these fuels the book presents detailed updated information on fuel characterization approaches and fuel utilization technologies. Explores environmental considerations associated with opportunity fuels, such as, how their utilisation of opportunity fuels can reduce airborne emissions Provides professionals in energy generation/energy use industries, a clear definition of fuels of opportunity, evaluates their composition, highlights the modern characteristics, and considers the technologies appropriate for their utilisation in energy applications Offers in-depth analysis of opportunity fuel usage, with a strong concentration on the relationship between the combustion processes and subsequent consequences to the structure, reactivity, and related properties of opportunity fuels
Download or read book Advanced Low Emissions Catalytic Combustor Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Task I of the Phase I program, six catalytic combustor concepts were defined. Analysis and evaluation of these six concepts were made under Task II. Major design considerations included low emissions, performance, safety, durability, installations, operations and development. On the basis of these considerations the two most promising concepts were selected. Refined analysis and preliminary design work was conducted on these two most promising concepts in Task III. The selected concepts were required to fit within the combustor chamber dimensions of the reference engine. This is achieved by using a dump diffuser discharging into a plenum chamber between the compressor discharge and the turbine inlet, with the combustors overlaying the prediffuser and the rear of the compressor. To enhance maintainability, the outer combustor case for each concept is designed to translate forward for accessibility to the catalytic reactor, liners and high pressure turbine area. The catalytic reactor is self-contained with air-cooled canning on a resilient mounting. Both selected concepts employed integrated engine-starting approaches to raise the catalytic reactor up to operating conditions. Advanced liner schemes are used to minimize required cooling air. The two selected concepts respectively employ fuel-rich initial thermal reaction followed by rapid quench and subsequent fuel-lean catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide, and, fuel-lean thermal reaction of some fuel in a continuously operating pilot combustor with fuel-lean catalytic reaction of remaining fuel in a radially-staged main combustor.
Download or read book United States Forest Service Department of Energy written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Department of the Interior and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1074 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Aerothermodynamics of Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy written by D. Yogi Goswami and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-05-07 with total page 1568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brought to you by the creator of numerous bestselling handbooks, the Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy provides a thorough grounding in the analytic techniques and technological developments that underpin renewable energy use and environmental protection. The handbook emphasizes the engineering aspects of energy conservation and renewable energy. Taking a world view, the editors discuss key topics underpinning energy efficiency and renewable energy systems. They provide content at the forefront of the contemporary debate about energy and environmental futures. This is vital information for planning a secure energy future. Practical in approach, the book covers technologies currently available or expected to be ready for implementation in the near future. It sets the stage with a survey of current and future world-wide energy issues, then explores energy policies and incentives for conservation and renewable energy, covers economic assessment methods for conservation and generation technologies, and discusses the environmental costs of various energy generation technologies. The book goes on to examine distributed generation and demand side management procedures and gives a perspective on the efficiencies, economics, and environmental costs of fossil and nuclear technologies. Highlighting energy conservation as the cornerstone of a successful national energy strategy, the book covers energy management strategies for industry and buildings, HVAC controls, co-generation, and advances in specific technologies such as motors, lighting, appliances, and heat pumps. It explores energy storage and generation from renewable sources and underlines the role of infrastructure security and risk analysis in planning future energy transmission and storage systems. These features and more make the Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy the tool for designing the energy sources of the future.
Download or read book The Revival of the 2 stroke Engine and Studying Flex Fuel Engines written by Jay Meldrum and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2017-02-01 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection is a resource for studying the history of the evolving technologies that have contributed to snowmobiles becoming cleaner and quieter machines. Papers address design for a snowmobile using the EPA test procedure and standard for off-road vehicles. Innovative technology solutions include: • Engine Design: improving the two-stroke, gas direct injection (GDI) engine • Applications of new muffler designs and a catalytic converter • Solving flex-fuel design and engine power problems The SAE International Clean Snowmobile Challenge (CSC) program is an engineering design competition. The program provides undergraduate and graduate students the opportunity to enhance their engineering design and project management skills by reengineering a snowmobile to reduce emissions and noise. The competition includes internal combustion engine categories that address both gasoline and diesel, as well as the zero emissions category in which range and draw bar performance are measured. The goal of the competition is designing a cleaner and quieter snowmobile. The competitors’ modified snowmobiles are also expected to be cost-effective and comfortable for the operator to drive.
Download or read book Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines written by Zhiyu Han and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2021-12-28 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines provides the fundamentals and up-to-date progress in multidimensional simulation and optimization of internal combustion engines. While it is impossible to include all the models in a single book, this book intends to introduce the pioneer and/or the often-used models and the physics behind them providing readers with ready-to-use knowledge. Key issues, useful modeling methodology and techniques, as well as instructive results, are discussed through examples. Readers will understand the fundamentals of these examples and be inspired to explore new ideas and means for better solutions in their studies and work. Topics include combustion basis of IC engines, mathematical descriptions of reactive flow with sprays, engine in-cylinder turbulence, fuel sprays, combustions and pollutant emissions, optimization of direct-injection gasoline engines, and optimization of diesel and alternative fuel engines.
Download or read book Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2005 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Department of the Interior and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tribochemistry of Lubricating Oils written by Zenon Pawlak and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-12-02 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: KEY FEATURES: Assists scientists, engineers and researchers in the development of a new high performance lubricant· An essential review of the state of knowledge in tribochemistry. The first book published related to tribochemistry oils DESCRIPTION: This latest title takes a new and unconventional look at engine oil as a micellar system. It is the first book of its kind to focus on the tribochemistry of oils and is thus an essential resource to practicing scientists and engineers in the petroleum industry and to all interested in the development of a superior high performance lubricant. Guaranteeing its broad appeal the book gives an invaluable review of the state of knowledge in the rapidly growing area of tribochemistry. The concept of miscelles is clearly explained along their application to stimulate the quality of engine oil, improve fuel efficiency and maintain adequate wear protection formulation. This represents a fresh approach to the formation of anti-wear tribofilms. A new look at engine design trends is given further assisting engineers in the development of a superior lubricant
Download or read book Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2005 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Dept. of the Interior and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1074 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2005 Justification of the budget estimates United States Forest Service Department of Energy written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Department of the Interior and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1080 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Current Environmental Engineering Summaries written by Engineering Information, Inc and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
