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Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders  Volume 9

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders Volume 9 written by Atta-ur-Rahman and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2021-10-15 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. The ninth volume of this series features reviews that cover the following topics related to the treatment of a different CNS disorders, related diseases and basic neuropharmacology research: - Integrating imaging and microdialysis into systems neuropharmacology - Depression heterogeneity and the potential of a transdiagnostic and dimensional approach to identify biologically relevant phenotypes - CAR-T cells in brain tumors and autoimmune diseases – from basics to the clinic - Revaluation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its mimetics as candidates for treating a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders - Natural BACE1 inhibitors: promising drugs for the management of Alzheimer’s disease - The possibilities of safe lithium therapy in the treatment of neurological and psychoemotional disorders - Pharmacotherapy of multiple sclerosis and treatment strategies

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders  Volume 8

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders Volume 8 written by Atta-ur-Rahman and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2020-11-03 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. The eighth volume of this series features reviews that cover the following topics related to the treatment of a variety of CNS disorders, related diseases and basic research: - Emerging Innovative Therapies of Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Current Knowledge and Perspectives - Obesity Induced by The Neurological Drugs - Molecular Mechanism of Nervous System Disorders and Implications for New Therapeutic Targets - Glioma Imaging and Novel Agents - Screening Models for Neuroleptic Drug-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: A Mini-Review.

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders  Volume 12

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders Volume 12 written by Zareen Amtul and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2024-03-11 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in neurology and allied disciplines. The twelfth volume of this series features these reviews: Chapter 1: Recent Drugs Tested in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases Treatment: Current Approaches in Tracking New Drugs Chapter 2: Neurobiology of Placebo: Interpreting Its Evolutionary Origin, Meaning, Mechanisms, Monitoring, and Implications in Therapeutics Chapter 3: Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroinflammation and Neurological Disorders Chapter 4: The Role of Age in Pediatric Tumors of the Central Nervous System Chapter 5: Drug Repurposing in CNS and Clinical Trials: Recent Achievements and Perspectives Focusing on Epilepsy and Related Comorbidities Chapter 6: Progress on the Development of Oxime Derivatives as a Potential Antidote for Organophosphorus Poisoning Readership Pharmaceutical scientists, clinical researchers, medical consultants and allied healthcare professionals interested in neuropharmacology and neurology

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders  Volume 7

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders Volume 7 written by Zareen Amtul and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2020-08-07 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. The seventh volume of this series features reviews that cover the following topics related to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy and stroke: -Fatty Acid Amides as a New Potential Therapeutic Agent in Multiple Sclerosis -Epileptic Seizures Detection Based on Non-Linear Characteristics Coupled with Machine Learning Techniques -Hampering Essential Tremor Neurodegeneration in Essential Tremor: Present and Future Directions -The Potential Therapeutic Role of the Melatoninergic System in Treatment of Epilepsy and Comorbid Depression -Modeling Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Transgenic Model of Drosophila -Genetic Basis in Stroke Treatment: Targets of Potent Inhibitors

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders  Volume 10

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders Volume 10 written by Atta-ur-Rahman and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2022-04-07 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. Volume 10 of the series continues to present novel information about new and interesting approaches to treat common neurological disorders, with a focus on neurodegeneration and pain medicine. The volume presents 7 detailed reviews in total. - Neurodegenerative disease: prevention and treatment through plant extracts therapy - Emerging novel approaches and recent advances in Parkinson’s disease treatment and diagnosis - Neurotrophic factors to combat neurodegeneration - Neural bases of executive function in ADHD children as assessed using FNIRS - Modulation of mesenchymal stem cells, glial cells and the immune system by oligodeoxynucleotides as a novel multi-target therapeutic approach against chronic pain - Chronic pain: focus on anticonvulsants - A review of the impact of testosterone on brain and aging-related decline in brain behavioural function

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders written by Atta-ur-Rahman and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013-09-06 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is an eBook series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the eBook series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. The first volume of the series features 9 chapters that cover a variety of therapeutic areas such as: -advances in the treatment of cerebral gliomas, multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia, -different uses for antidepressants in treating drug users and adolescents suffering from depression, -research on epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder therapy -advances in the treatment of cerebral gliomas, multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia, -different uses for antidepressants in treating drug users and adolescents suffering from depression, -research on epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder therapy.

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders  Volume 11

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders Volume 11 written by Zareen Amtul and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2023-05-02 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. The eleventh volume of this series features reviews that cover the following topics related to the treatment of a variety of CNS disorders, related diseases, and basic research: - The Multi-target Directed Ligands candidate (MTDLs) prototypes for neurodegenerative diseases - Drugs for relapse prevention in addiction - Neuroprotective activities of cinnamic acids and their derivatives in neurodegenerative disorders - Phytosome for targeted delivery of natural compounds in treating alzheimer's disease - Physical activity as a non-pharmacologic method for treatment of alzheimer’s disease

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research written by Atta-ur Rahman and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders" is an ebook series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the ebook series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. "Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders" is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. The first volume of the series features 9 chapters that cover a variety of therapeutic areas such as: -advances in the treatment of cerebral gliomas, multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia -different uses for antidepressants in treating drug users and adolescents suffering from depression -research on epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder therapy.

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders written by Atta Ur-Rahman and published by Frontiers in Clinical Drug Res. This book was released on 2018-09-14 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. The sixth volume of this series features reviews that cover the following topics: -Depression, Insomnia and Atypical Antidepressants -Combination Therapy of Hypothermia for Hypoxic Encephalopathy in Neonates -Development of a

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders written by Zareen Amtul and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2024-03-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the book series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in neurology and allied disciplines. The twelfth volume of this series features these reviews: Chapter 1: Recent Drugs Tested in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases Treatment: Current Approaches in Tracking New Drugs Chapter 2: Neurobiology of Placebo: Interpreting Its Evolutionary Origin, Meaning, Mechanisms, Monitoring, and Implications in Therapeutics Chapter 3: Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroinflammation and Neurological Disorders Chapter 4: The Role of Age in Pediatric Tumors of the Central Nervous System Chapter 5: Drug Repurposing in CNS and Clinical Trials: Recent Achievements and Perspectives Focusing on Epilepsy and Related Comorbidities Chapter 6: Progress on the Development of Oxime Derivatives as a Potential Antidote for Organophosphorus Poisoning.

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research written by Atta-ur-Rahman and published by . This book was released on 2016-05-31 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is an eBook series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the eBook series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. The fourth volume of this series features reviews that cover a variety of topics including: -Multiple sclerosis drug therapy -Treatment of diabetic neuropathy -Migraine treatments -Ischemic stroke treatments -Alzheimer's disease biomarkers

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research  Central Nervous System

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Central Nervous System written by Atta-ur-Rahman and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2016-12-16 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research – Central Nervous System presents the latest researches and clinical studies on the central nervous system (CNS). It covers a range of topics such as the development and pathophysiology of the brain and spinal cord, physiological sites of drug action in the CNS and clinical findings on drugs used to treat CNS defects due to injury or impaired development. In addition to clinical research on humans, the book also highlights other avenues of CNS medicine and research such as pain medicine, stem cell research, pharmacology, toxicology and translational models in animals. The second volume of the series features chapters on the following topics: - Nucleic acids as drugs for neurodegenerative diseases - Cellular Cysteine Network (CYSTEINET): - Non-motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease and drug therapies - Multi-modal pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   CNS and Neurological Disorders

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research CNS and Neurological Disorders written by Atta Ur Rahman and published by Frontiers in Clinical Drug Res. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a book series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) and other nerve disorders. The scope of the eBook series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology and biochemistry of contemporary molecular targets involved in neurological and CNS disorders. Reviews presented in the series are mainly focused on clinical and therapeutic aspects of novel drugs intended for these targets. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in the field of neurology. The fifth volume of this series features reviews that cover the following topics: -drug treatment for spinal cord injury -action tremors -natural products for Alzheimer's disease treatment -non pharmacological approaches towards pain management -biosensors for detecting neurodegenerative diseases -NMDA receptor targeting -alkaloid antidepressants

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research  Central Nervous System

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Central Nervous System written by Atta-ur-Rahman and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013-10-08 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research – Central Nervous System presents the latest research and clinical studies on the central nervous system (CNS). It covers a range of topics such as the development and pathophysiology of the brain and spinal cord, physiological sites of drug action in the CNS and clinical findings on drugs used to treat CNS defects due to injury or impaired development. In addition to clinical research on humans, the book also highlights other avenues of CNS medicine and research such as pain medicine, stem cell research, pharmacology, toxicology and translational models in animals. The first volume of the series features chapters on the following topics: -Nerve targets in pain medicine -Spinal cord injury -Research on neurotoxins targeting voltage gated ion channels -G protein coupled receptor agonists and modulators -Drug research on mediating hypoxia in developing white matter

Book Animal and Translational Models for CNS Drug Discovery  Neurological Disorders

Download or read book Animal and Translational Models for CNS Drug Discovery Neurological Disorders written by Robert A. McArthur and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2008-10-20 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurological Disorders is written for researchers in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry who use animal models in research and development of drugs for neurological disorders such as neurofibromatosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, ALS, and the epilepsies. Neurological Disorders has introductory chapters expressing the view of the role and relevance of animal models for drug discovery and development for the treatment of psychiatric disorders from the perspective of (a) academic basic neuroscientific research, (b) applied pharmaceutical drug discovery and development, and (c) issues of clinical trial design and regulatory agencies limitations. Each volume examines the rationale, use, robustness and limitations of animal models in each therapeutic area covered and discuss the use of animal models for target identification and validation. The clinical relevance of animal models is discussed in terms of major limitations in cross-species comparisons, clinical trial design of drug candidates, and how clinical trial endpoints could be improved. The aim of this series of volumes on Animal and Translational Models for CNS Drug Discovery is to identify and provide common endpoints between species that can serve to inform both the clinic and the bench with the information needed to accelerate clinically-effective CNS drug discovery. This is the second volume in the three volume-set, Animal and Translational Models for CNS Drug Discovery 978-0-12-373861-5, which is also available for purchase individually. Clinical, academic, government and industry perspectives fostering integrated communication between principle participants at all stages of the drug discovery process Critical evaluation of animal and translational models improving transition from drug discovery and clinical development Emphasis on what results mean to the overall drug discovery process Exploration of issues in clinical trial design and conductance in each therapeutic area

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research   Dementia  Volume 1

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Dementia Volume 1 written by Atta-ur-Rahman and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Dementia is a book series which presents comprehensive reviews about research on Dementia, - the loss of brain function associated with Alzheimer’s disease and other related medical conditions. The disease affects the parts of the brain that deal with memory, thought, and language. Chapters in each volume focus on drug research with special emphasis on clinical trials, research on drugs in advanced stages of development and cure for dementia and related disorders. This volume includes the following reviews: - Meeting the Challenges of Falls and Hip Fractures in People with Alzheimer’s Disease - Cholesterol in Brain Health and Pathologies - Advances in the Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Dementia - Analytical Methods in Alzheimer’s Disease Drug Discovery - Targeting Alzheimer’s Disease through Nanomedicine - Current Challenges in Alzheimer’s Disease Research - Metals Linked to Alzheimer's Disease

Book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research     Dementia  Volume 2

Download or read book Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research Dementia Volume 2 written by José Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among neurodegenerative diseases, those that lead to a state of dementia are the aim of several investigations. Dementia is a chronic disease the prevalence of which is increasing worldwide. The number of dementia patients in the world is approximately 50 million, and it is estimated that the number of patients will reach 131.5 million by 2050. This increase will be accompanied by a significant increase in medical expenditures and other expenses, especially for elderly patients. Therefore, the maintenance cost of dementia in the future is expected to be quite high. For this reason, several investigations aim, firstly, to describe the key mechanisms involved in the origin of dementia and, secondly, to establish preventive and therapeutic strategies in order to understand and mitigate this debilitating pathology. This volume of Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Dementia explores the current comorbidities that cause cognitive impairment and the current management alternatives for clinical cases of dementia. The reviews contributed in these volume will provide readers with a current perspective on the subject. The topics covered in this volume include: - Comorbidities inducing mild cognitive impairment - an evaluation of the risk caused by some pathological conditions - Tau-targeted therapy in Alzheimer's disease - history and current state - Emerging nanotherapeutic strategies in Alzheimer's disease - Implication of dehydroepiandrosterone on dementia related to oxidative stress - Polyphenol compounds as potential therapeutic agents in Alzheimer’s disease The volume is a timely update on dementia treatment for clinical physicians, neurologists, gerontologists, pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry researchers, and physiologists.