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Book Food Habits and Other Aspects of the Ecology of Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus Near Hayward California

Download or read book Food Habits and Other Aspects of the Ecology of Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus Near Hayward California written by Kwablah J-L. Attiogbe and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Ecology and Management of Black tailed and Mule Deer of North America

Download or read book Ecology and Management of Black tailed and Mule Deer of North America written by James R. Heffelfinger and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-04-27 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black-tailed and mule deer represent one of the largest distributions of mammals in North America and are symbols of the wide-open American West. Each chapter in this book was authored by the world’s leading experts on that topic. Both editors, James R. Heffelfinger and Paul R. Krausman, are widely published in the popular and scientific press and recipients of the O. C. Wallmo Award, given every two years to a leading black-tailed and mule deer expert who has made significant contributions to the conservation of this species. In addition, Heffelfinger has chaired the Mule Deer Working Group sponsored by the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies for more than 15 years. This working group consists of the leading black-tailed and mule deer experts from each of 24 states, provinces, and territories in western North America, putting them at the forefront of all conservation and much of the research on this species. The book represents all current knowledge available on these deer, including how changing conditions such as fires, habitat alteration and loss, disease, climate change, socio-economic forces, energy development, and other aspects are influencing their distribution and abundance now and into the future. It takes a completely fresh look at all chapter topics. The revisions of distribution, taxonomy, evolution, behavior, and new and exciting work being done in deer nutrition, migration and movements, diseases, predation, and human dimensions are all assembled in this volume. This book will instantly become the foundation for the latest information and management strategies to be implemented on the ground by practitioners and to inform the public. Although this book is about deer, the topics discussed influence most terrestrial wildlife worldwide, and the basic concepts in many of the chapters are applicable to other species.

Book Using Foraging Dynamics to Answer Landscape Management Questions

Download or read book Using Foraging Dynamics to Answer Landscape Management Questions written by Amy Colleen Ulappa and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and other forest herbivores depend on abundant and nutritious understory vegetation found in open-canopy and young, early-seral forests. Forage management activities such as logging, thinning and using silvicultural herbicides have the potential to alter the quality and quantity of forage available to herbivores. Therefore, I compared nutrient intake and estimated nutritional carrying capacity of black-tailed deer between stands that received herbicide treatments paired with those that did not in Douglas-fir/western hemlock forests of western Washington, and investigated how these responses change as forests age from early seral stages to canopy closure (2 -- 20 years post-harvest). I measured understory vegetation biomass, plant species nutritional quality, and overstory characteristics of each forest stand. Additionally, I measured diet composition, diet quality and nutrient intake of tractable black-tailed deer within each paired stand. I found that herbicide use decreased the amount of understory biomass useable for foraging deer and decreased their daily digestible energy intake, especially in the first 3 years of stand establishment. Even so, early seral habitat, regardless of herbicide use, provided more forage and higher daily energy intake for deer than closed canopy stands (14 yrs +) or mid-seral stands. Using data from these experiments, I also investigated how the resolution of data collection (e.g., plants vs. plant parts) influences estimates of plant selection and nutritional carrying capacity, and how well measures of forage abundance and quality predict nutrient intake of black-tailed deer. I found that treating plant parts (i.e., stems and leaves) as separate food items did not influence how plant species were categorized as selected, neutral or avoided, but increased estimates of nutritional carrying capacity. In addition, measures of forage resources that included both biomass and quality or selection status by deer better predicted daily digestible energy intake of tractable black-tailed deer.

Book Ecological Relationships Between Columbian White tailed and Black tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon

Download or read book Ecological Relationships Between Columbian White tailed and Black tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon written by Lowell W. Whitney and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I examined ecological relationships and mechanisms of coexistence for sympatric populations of Columbian white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in Douglas County, Oregon, from September 1997 to August 1998. Horseback transects were used to describe spatial distributions, population overlap, and habitat use for both species. Behavioral observations were conducted to examine intraspecific and interspecific social interactions. Diets were studied with microhistological analysis, and fecal nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber in fecal samples were used as indices of diet quality. Interspecific differences in foraging micro-site use and selection were investigated using vegetative surveys. Distribution patterns indicated that white-tailed and black-tailed deer maintained a degree spatial separation during most seasons, with spatial overlap ranging from 5 to 40% seasonally. White-tailed deer were more concentrated and tended to occur in the southern portions of the study area, which was characterized by lower elevations, more gradual slopes, and closer proximity to streams. Black-tailed deer were more wide ranging and tended to occur in the northern portions of the study area, which had higher elevations and greater topological relief. Coefficients of species association were negative suggesting that the species maintained spatial separation through mutual avoidance. In regions of population overlap, the species maintained separation by choosing different micro-sites in which to forage. Habitat use patterns were similar seasonally between white-tailed and black-tailed deer with overlap ranging from 89 to 96%. White-tailed deer used nearly all habitats available on the study area except those associated with conifers. They used oak-hardwood savanna shrub, open grassland, oak-hardwood savanna and riparian habitats the most. Black-tailed deer exhibited high use for open grassland and oak-hardwood savanna shrub habitats and lower use of all others. Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer exhibited strong seasonal similarities in diets with overlap ranging from 89 to 95%. White-tailed deer diets were dominated by forbs, shrubs, grasses, and other food sources (e.g., nuts, lichens). Columbian black-tailed deer diets were dominated mostly by forbs and other food sources. Seasonal diet diversity followed similar patterns for both species with the most diverse diets occurring in the fall and the least diverse diets in the spring. Detailed observation of behavioral interactions among white-tailed and black-tailed deer groups revealed that intraspecific interactions were more likely than interspecific interactions. Interactions among white-tailed deer groups were equally likely to be passive or active, while those among black-tailed groups were more likely to be passive. Interspecific interactions between white-tailed and black-tailed deer were infrequent. When they did occur, little aggression was observed and evidence of consistent dominance by either species was lacking. High overlap in habitat use and diets resulted in high trophic overlap (81 to 85% seasonally) between white-tailed and black-tailed deer; however, the low spatial overlap reduced the potential for exploitative competition between the species. High habitat heterogeneity on the study area created diverse niche characteristics that allowed white-tailed and black-tailed deer to have strong similarities in diets and habitat use, while coexisting. I hypothesized that the two species were competitively excluding each other.

Book Food Preferences of the Columbian Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus Richardson on the Tillamook Burn Oregon

Download or read book Food Preferences of the Columbian Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus Richardson on the Tillamook Burn Oregon written by Edward Frank Chatelain and published by . This book was released on 1947 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Aspects of the Winter Ecology of Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus Richardson on Northern Vancouver Island

Download or read book Aspects of the Winter Ecology of Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus Richardson on Northern Vancouver Island written by Gregory William Jones and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Relationships Between Sitka Black tailed Deer and Their Habitat

Download or read book Relationships Between Sitka Black tailed Deer and Their Habitat written by Thomas A. Hanley and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Effects of Predation and Forage Availability on the Survival of Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus in the Mendocino National Forest California

Download or read book Effects of Predation and Forage Availability on the Survival of Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus in the Mendocino National Forest California written by Tavis Donahue Forrester and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mule (Odocoileus hemionus) and black-tailed deer (O. h. columbianus) have exhibited marked population fluctuations throughout their range over the past century. The relative contributions of predation, forage availability, and weather to observed population changes remain unclear and controversial. I evaluated the effects of both predation and forage on the survival of mule and black-tailed deer though a literature review and extensive field research in the Mendocino National Forest from 2009-2013. I reviewed 48 studies on mule deer survival and predation from the past 30 years and quantified age-specific vital rates, population growth rates (lamda) and causes of mortality. I also evaluated the effect of environmental variables on variation in vital rates and the contribution of age-specific survival to population growth. Age-specific survival (Phi) was the most frequently studied population parameter. Mule deer have lower and more variable fawn survival than other ungulate species (Phi(summer)=0.44, CV=0.42; Phi(annual)=0.29, CV=0.67). Adult female survival conversely appeared to be high and stable throughout the geographical range of the species (Phi(annual)=0.84, CV=0.06). Observed low fawn survival appears to be compensated for by high fecundity rates. Predation was the primary proximate cause of mortality for all age classes, and was an important source of summer fawn mortality and of mortality in multi-prey, multi-predator systems. However, predator removal studies suggest that predation is compensatory, particularly at high deer densities, and that nutrition and weather shape population dynamics. I propose three models to explain local population dynamics of mule deer: a) populations are limited by forage availability and weather; b) adult females are limited by forage availability, fawns are limited by forage availability and predation, and population growth is constrained by fecundity and fawn predation; and c) large changes in the abundance of predators or alternative prey change predation risk and destabilize population dynamics. From 2009 to 2013, I led field crews that captured and monitored 135 black-tailed deer fawns in coastal California to study possible interactions between forage and predation on survival. I estimated seasonal and annual survival rates, assessed the cause of all mortalities (n=95), measured available forage, estimated relative abundances of predators on summer range (i.e., fawning areas) each year, and used remote sensing to quantify habitat on winter range. I then used cumulative incidence and proportional hazards functions to evaluate how environmental covariates were related to fawn survival. Summer survival rates averaged 0.40 across all years (SE=0.05) and the mean annual survival rate was 0.25 (SE=0.04). I found that most fawn mortality resulted from predation during summer, mainly by black bears (Ursus americanus) and coyotes (Canis latrans), and spatial differences in summer survival persisted until recruitment. Black bear predation, the single largest cause of mortality, was unrelated to forage availability. Observed spatial variation in mortality risk due to other causes was linked to the availability of oak forage but not predator abundance. Additionally, characteristics of deer including adult female condition and fawn birthweight, did not provide evidence for purely bottom-up limitation. Rather my results provided evidence that both bottom-up and top-down effects were influencing fawn survival in this declining population, and that predator identity and the timing of mortality affected these interactions. I also tracked 57 adult female black-tailed deer using GPS collars and radio-telemetry to determine seasonal movements and home ranges and monitor survival and cause of mortality. I used the seasonal home range as a measure of site familiarity and modeled how mortality risk varied with use of familiar areas, forage availability, age class, and elevational overlap with simultaneously collared pumas using Cox proportional hazards models. Adult female survival was low in our study area (0.70 vs. 0.84 species average), and predation was the largest cause of mortality. The use of familiar areas was the best predictor of mortality risk, and deer that had a 40% chance of leaving the home range in a given week were 4 times more likely to die. Puma predation was the largest cause of mortality and deer whose average weekly elevation was farther from the average elevation of pumas were less likely to die. While forage availability was not related to mortality risk, adult females with lower forage availability were more likely to leave their home range in both summer and winter. I found fitness benefits of using familiar areas and bottom-up effects on the use of familiar areas as a refuge from predation. The benefits of site familiarity are likely widespread in ungulates, especially when there are stable home ranges, complex habitats, and unclear cues of predation risk. My results provide evidence that both bottom-up and top-down effects were influencing black-tailed deer survival in this declining population, and that predator identity, the timing of mortality, and individual behavior affected these interactions.

Book Distribution Patterns of Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus in Relation to Environment

Download or read book Distribution Patterns of Black tailed Deer Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus in Relation to Environment written by F. L. Miller and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Direct observation of a known number of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), within the Cedar Creek study enclosure in the Tillamook Burn, Oregon, was carried on throughout 1964. Observations were made from three huts located outside of the enclosure on surrounding prominences. During this period, 1,410 hours of observational time yielded 6,746 sightings of deer. The distribution and activities of these deer were related to forage availability, plant communities, and climatic conditions. Extremes and sharp changes in temperature influenced deer activity. Deer became inactive when temperatures exceeded 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Both low temperature and sudden drops in temperature resulted in greatly reduced activity. Deer showed seasonal preferences for huckleberry-salal, big-leafed maple, and alder plant communities, while use of the vine maple community remained high throughout the year. The thimbleberry and bracken fern communities received relatively low use by deer. Plotted ratios of these preferences indicate winter survival value for deer in the juxtaposition of certain plant communities and a nonrandom distribution of deer. Seasonal distribution of deer was also influenced by elevation Deer sighted above 1,500 feet msl made up 84.7 percent of the total annual sightings. Seasonal peaks of daily activity were recorded as follows: midday peaks during January and February followed by early morning peaks during March, April, and May; slight late morning peaks and high twilight peaks in June through August; high early morning peaks and slighter twilight peaks in September; peaks in early morning and at midday with some revival at twilight in October; high activity throughout the day with a peak at midday in November; and high activity from mid-morning to twilight during December. Home range size was influenced by sex, age, available forage, water, cover, and prevailing weather. The largest annual home range was 312 horizontal acres and the smallest 86 horizontal acres. Size of monthly home ranges varied from 12.8 to 39.6 percent of the annual home range sizes. There was considerable variability in the distribution of deer among major land units.

Book Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology

Download or read book Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Influence of Supplemental Feed on Food Habits of Tamed Deer

Download or read book The Influence of Supplemental Feed on Food Habits of Tamed Deer written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Ecology of Columbian Black tailed Deer Fawns in Western Oregon

Download or read book Ecology of Columbian Black tailed Deer Fawns in Western Oregon written by Nathan P. Pamplin and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Little is known about Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) because of their elusive nature and the logistical difficulty of studying them in densely forested and mountainous terrain. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife has identified fawn survival as an important gap in the current knowledge of demography and their understanding of an apparent population decline. We used vaginal-implant transmitters to locate birth sites and capture newborn Columbian black-tailed deer fawns in the Umpqua National Forest in western Oregon. We used modified Clover traps to capture deer during the winter and early spring of 2000 and 2001. Vaginal-implant transmitters were inserted into 36 adult does in 2000 and 32 adult does in 2001. We identified a total of 42 birth sites within our study area using this technique and we captured 23 fawns which we monitored daily throughout the summer. We modeled birth site selection by examining both site-specific variables and characteristics that describe habitat structure across a nested, hierarchical range of four circular areas. We used logistic regression to compare 42 birth sites with 80 random sites. The model that explained the most variation included the amount of edge and the average slope within 1,000 m of the birth site. We radiocollared 23 fawns from 2000 and 2001; 19 were captured at the birth site, which was identified using the vaginal-implant transmitter, and 4 were captured opportunistically. Fawns were located at least every other day and we assessed habitat selection using selection ratios. Fawns used open and shelterwood patches more than their availability in the study area. Timber habitats were used most by fawns, but were used less than available. Survival was monitored daily from the fawns estimated date of birth to 76 days. The Kaplan-Meier survival estimate for 76 days was 44% (95% confidence interval=23-66%). We fitted our survival data to the Weibull distribution and took an information-theoretic approach to construct a priori models using fawn capture morphometrics and habitat variables within a 600 m and 1,000 m radius of the capture site. The model that best explained fawn survival time was the amount of roads within a 1,000 m radius of the capture site. A higher road density within fawn summer range increases fawn survival time by likely minimizing predator density due to vehicular disturbance.