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Book Fluoropolymers 1

    Book Details:
  • Author : Gareth G. Hougham
  • Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
  • Release : 2006-04-11
  • ISBN : 0306469189
  • Pages : 338 pages

Download or read book Fluoropolymers 1 written by Gareth G. Hougham and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fluorine atom, by virtue of its electronegativity, size, and bond strength with carbon, can be used to create compounds with remarkable properties. Small molecules containing fluorine have many positive impacts on everyday life of which blood substitutes, pharmaceuticals, and surface modifiers are only a few examples. Fluoropolymers, too, while traditionally associated with extreme hi- performance applications have found their way into our homes, our clothing, and even our language. A recent American president was often likened to the tribology of PTFE. Since the serendipitous discovery of Teflon at the Dupont Jackson Laboratory in 1938, fluoropolymers have grown steadily in technological and marketplace importance. New synthetic fluorine chemistry, new processes, and new apprec- tion of the mechanisms by which fluorine imparts exceptional properties all contribute to accelerating growth in fluoropolymers. There are many stories of harrowing close calls in the fluorine chemistry lab, especially from the early years, and synthetic challenges at times remain daunting. But, fortunately, modern techniques and facilities have enabled significant strides toward taming both the hazards and synthetic uncertainties. In contrast to past environmental problems associated with fluorocarbon refrigerants, the exceptional properties of fluorine in polymers have great environmental value. Some fluoropolymers are enabling green technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells for automobiles and oxygen-selective membranes for cleaner diesel combustion.

Book Introduction to Fluoropolymers

Download or read book Introduction to Fluoropolymers written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2013-05-11 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Fluoropolymers demystifies fluoropolymers for a wide audience of designers, engineers, sales staff and managers. This important group of high-performance polymers has applications across a wide range of market sectors, including automotive, aerospace, medical devices, high performance apparel, oil & gas, renewable energy / solar photovoltaics, electronics / semiconductor, pharmaceuticals, and chemical processing. Dr. Ebnesajjad covers the history and applications of a wide variety of materials, including expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride polymers and fluoroelastomers, just to name a few. Properties and applications are illustrated by real-world examples as diverse as waterproof clothing, vascular grafts and coatings for aircraft interiors. The different applications of fluoropolymers show the benefits of a group of materials that are highly water-repellant and flame-retardant, with unrivalled lubrication properties and a high level of biocompatibility. Health and safety and environmental aspects are also covered throughout the book. Demystifies fluoropolymers for a broad audience of engineers in areas such as product design and manufacturing, as well as for non-engineers such as technical sales and management professionals Explains the potential of fluoropolymers for a wide range of applications across sectors such as aerospace, energy and medical devices Ideal for both recently qualified engineers and engineers with limited experience of fluoropolymers

Book Fluoroplastics  Volume 1

Download or read book Fluoroplastics Volume 1 written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluoroplastics, Volume 1, compiles in one place a working knowledge of the polymer chemistry and physics of non-melt processible fluoropolymers with detailed descriptions of commercial processing methods, material properties, fabrication and handling information, technologies, and applications. Also, history, market statistics, and safety and recycling aspects are covered. Both volumes contain a large amount of specific property data which is useful for users to readily compare different materials and align material structure with end use applications.Volume 1 concentrates mostly on polytetrafluoroethylene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene and their processing techniques – which are essentially non-melt-processes – used across a broad range of industries including automotive, aerospace, electronic, food, beverage, oil/gas, and medical devices.Since the first edition was published many new technical developments and market changes have taken place and new grades of materials have entered the market. This new edition is a thoroughly updated and significantly expanded revision covering new technologies and applications, and addressing the changes that have taken place in the fluoropolymer markets.Fluoroplastics, Volume 1 is an all-encompassing handbook for non-melt processible fluoropolymers – a unique and invaluable reference for professionals in the fluoropolymer industry and fluoropolymer application industries. Exceptionally broad and comprehensive coverage of non-melt processible fluoropolymers processing and applications. Practical approach, written by long-standing authority in the fluoropolymers industry. New technologies, materials and applications are included in the new edition.

Book Fluoropolymers 2

    Book Details:
  • Author : Gareth G. Hougham
  • Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
  • Release : 2006-04-11
  • ISBN : 0306469197
  • Pages : 411 pages

Download or read book Fluoropolymers 2 written by Gareth G. Hougham and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fluorine atom, by virtue of its electronegativity, size, and bond strength with carbon, can be used to create compounds with remarkable properties. Small molecules containing fluorine have many positive impacts on everyday life of which blood substitutes, pharmaceuticals, and surface modifiers are only a few examples. Fluoropolymers, too, while traditionally associated with extreme high performance applications have found their way into our homes, our clothing, and even our language. A recent American president was often likened to the tribology of PTFE. Since the serendipitous discovery of Teflon at the DuPont Jackson Laboratory in 1938, fluoropolymers have grown steadily in technological and marketplace importance. New synthetic fluorine chemistry, new processes, and new apprecia tion of the mechanisms by which fluorine imparts exceptional properties all contribute to accelerating growth in fluoropolymers. There are many stories of harrowing close calls in the fluorine chemistry lab, especially from the early years, and synthetic challenges at times remain daunting. But, fortunately, modem techniques and facilities have enabled significant strides toward taming both the hazards and synthetic uncertainties, In contrast to past environmental problems associated with fluorocarbon refrigerants, the exceptional properties of fluorine in polymers have great environmental value. Some fluoropolymers are enabling green technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells for automobiles and oxygen selective membranes for cleaner diesel combustion.

Book Fluorinated Polymers

    Book Details:
  • Author : Bruno Ameduri
  • Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
  • Release : 2016-10-28
  • ISBN : 1782624155
  • Pages : 416 pages

Download or read book Fluorinated Polymers written by Bruno Ameduri and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016-10-28 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluoropolymers display a wide range of remarkable properties and are used in a number of applications including high performance elastomers, thermoplastics, coatings for optical fibers, and hydrophobic and lipophobic surfaces. Fluorinated Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, Processing and Simulation covers the fundamentals of different fluorinated polymers. Topics include the kinetics of homopolymerisation and copolymerization, process chemistry, and controlled radical co-polymerisation techniques. Written by internationally recognized academic and industrial contributors, the book will be of interest to those in industry and academia working in the fields of materials science, polymer chemistry and energy applications of polymers. Together with Fluorinated Polymers: Applications, these books provide a complete overview of different fluorinated polymer materials and their uses.

Book Fluoroplastics  Volume 2

Download or read book Fluoroplastics Volume 2 written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2015-07-30 with total page 767 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluoroplastics, Volume 2: Melt Processible Fluoropolymers - The Definitive User's Guide and Data Book compiles the working knowledge of the polymer chemistry and physics of melt processible fluoropolymers with detailed descriptions of commercial processing methods, material properties, fabrication and handling information, technologies, and applications, also including history, market statistics, and safety and recycling aspects. Both volumes of Fluoroplastics contain a large amount of specific property data useful for users to readily compare different materials and align material structure with end use applications. Volume Two concentrates on melt-processible fluoropolymers used across a broad range of industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronic, food, beverage, oil/gas, and medical devices. This new edition is a thoroughly updated and significantly expanded revision covering new technologies and applications, and addressing the changes that have taken place in the fluoropolymer markets. Exceptionally broad and comprehensive coverage of melt processible fluoropolymers processing and applications Provides a practical approach, written by long-standing authorities in the fluoropolymers industry Thoroughly updated and significantly expanded revision covering new technologies and applications, and addressing the changes that have taken place in the fluoropolymer markets

Book Introduction to Fluoropolymers

Download or read book Introduction to Fluoropolymers written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2020-12-08 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Fluoropolymers, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive overview of the history, principles, properties, processing and applications of fluoropolymers, supporting their development and utilization in high-performance applications, components, and products. This second edition has been updated and expanded to include new in-depth chapters on manufacturing and applications of PTFE and melt processible fluoropolymers. The book begins by demonstrating the role of fluoropolymers in everyday life, before introducing the history and basic principles of fluoropolymers. This is followed by detailed coverage of the main fluoropolymer types. Properties and applications are illustrated by real-world examples as diverse as waterproof clothing, vascular grafts and coatings for aircraft interiors. The different applications of fluoropolymers show the benefits of a group of materials that are highly water-repellant and flame-retardant, with unrivalled lubrication properties and a high level of biocompatibility. Health and safety and environmental aspects are also covered throughout the book, with a final chapter examining safety, disposal, and recycling in detail. This book is an essential resource for anyone looking to understand or use fluoropolymer materials in their products. This includes engineers, product designers, manufacturers, scientists, researchers, and other professionals, across industries such as automotive, aerospace, medical devices, food and beverages, high performance apparel, oil and gas, renewable energy, solar photovoltaics, electronics and semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, and chemical processing. This is also a valuable introductory guide for academic researchers and advanced students in plastics engineering, polymer science, and materials science. Introduces and demystifies fluoropolymers for a wide audience of engineers, designers, professionals, and researchers, across industries and disciplines Covers a broad range of materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), vinylidene fluoride polymers, fluoroelastomers, and more Focuses on properties, processing methods and advanced industrial applications of fluoropolymers

Book Handbook of Fluoropolymer Science and Technology

Download or read book Handbook of Fluoropolymer Science and Technology written by Dennis W. Smith and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-05 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Fluoropolymer Science and Technology A comprehensive handbook on fluoropolymer synthesis, characterization, and processing Fluoropolymers, one of the more durable classes of polymer materials, are known to enable novel technologies as a result of their remarkable properties. As key components in industry applications, fluoropolymers have established commercial interest and scientists have discovered more efficient approaches of handling them. This book reviews up-to-date fluoropolymer platforms as well as recently discovered methods for the preparation of fluorinated materials. It focuses on synthesis, characterization, and processing aspects, providing guidelines for practicing scientists and engineers. In addition, the book covers: Concepts and studies from leading international laboratories, including academia, government, and industrial institutions Emerging technologies and applications in energy, optics, space exploration, fuel cells, microelectronics, gas separation membranes, biomedical instrumentation, and more Current environmental concerns associated with fluoropolymers, relevant regulations, and growth opportunities Overall, the chapters provide coverage of chemical methods and help the reader further understand how fluoropolymer research provides solutions for material challenges. The concepts in this book also inspire professionals to identify new markets and funding sources for fluoropolymer research and development.

Book Fluoroplastics  Volume 1

Download or read book Fluoroplastics Volume 1 written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2000-05-01 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, a generational change is taking place in the fluoropolymer industry. The pioneers of PTFE developed an astonishing mass of basic and applied technical work. Now many of these experts are retiring and a new generation is taking their place. This new generation brings a plethora of skills, built upon the basic knowledge of fluoropolymer technology. Speaking to the needs of today's engineering and science students and practicing professionals, this book provides an in-depth treatment of homofluoropolymer polymerization and part fabrication technology. A comprehensive range of issues surrounding the manufacturing of the monomer; polymer, fabrication, end-use, safety, and disposal are covered. The book has been arranged to allow self-managed reading and learning. It is both a source of data and a reference.

Book Handbook of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers

Download or read book Handbook of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers written by Laurence W. McKeen and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2023-04-15 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers: Properties, Characteristics and Data gathers key technical information about structure, characteristics, properties and processing methods of commercial thermoplastic fluoropolymers in one easy reference. Thermoplastic fluoropolymers have many desirable functional characteristics, such as high thermal stability, reliability at high mechanical loads, a wide range of operating temperatures, and high chemical and radiation stability. These characteristics make them crucial in many specialist applications, including in the military, biopharmaceuticals and environmental protection. This uniquely comprehensive guide to this versatile family of polymers will help processors, fabricators and end-users find new and innovative solutions.Detailed coverage of technical details of processing methods, characteristics, and chemical properties of commercial thermoplastic fluoropolymers all in one place make this the most authoritative reference to the subject available. Includes extensive physical and mechanical property data for commercial thermoplastic fluoropolymers Provides comprehensive chemical resistance data for commercial thermoplastic fluoropolymers Explains the basics of fluoropolymers for readers with different backgrounds

Book Fascinating Fluoropolymers and Their Applications

Download or read book Fascinating Fluoropolymers and Their Applications written by Bruno Ameduri and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-07-02 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluoropolymers are unique materials. Since the middle of the twentieth century fluropolymers have been used in applications where a wide temperature range, a high resistance to aggressive media, excellent tribological characteristics, and specific low adhesion are required. Today, researchers turn to fluoropolymers to solve new challenges and to develop materials with previously unattainable properties. Fascinating Fluoropolymers and Their Applications covers recent developments of fluoropolymer applications in energy, optical fibers, blood substitutes, textile coatings, membranes and other areas, written by experts in these fields. This volume in the Progress in Fluorine Science series is ideal for researchers and engineers who want to learn about the technology and applications of these special polymers, as well as industrial manufacturers who are interested in achieving new product characteristics in their respective industries. Written by a global team of fluoropolymer experts Includes use of fluoropolymer membranes for various applications in fuel cells, for gases separation, and more Covers fluoropolymer materials with shape memory, in cardiopulmonary bypass systems, in the production of textile materials, and in other areas

Book Technology of Fluoropolymers

Download or read book Technology of Fluoropolymers written by Jiri G. Drobny and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-04-21 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This third edition has been updated and expanded, providing industrial chemists, technologists, environmental scientists, and engineers with an accurate, compact, and practical source of information on fluoropolymers. Highlighting existing and new industrial, military, medical, and consumer goods applications, this edition adds more detailed information on equipment and processing conditions. It explores breakthroughs in understanding property-structure relationships, new polymerization techniques, and the chemistry underlying polymers, such as melt-processable fluoroplastics. It also expands on the important properties of fluoropolymers, including heat and radiation degradation, health effects, and recycling. Features: Revised, updated, and expanded to continue to provide an accurate, compact, and practical source of information on fluoropolymers Explores the property-structure relationships, polymerization techniques, and the chemistry underlying polymers Fluoropolymers rank high on the specialty polymers group and, due to their unique properties, are naturally part of the solution to the industrial sustainability challenges of the twenty-first century Describes the technology of fluoropolymers, including thermoplastic and elastomeric products Expands upon the important characteristics of fluoropolymers and their recycling.

Book Fluoropolymer Additives

Download or read book Fluoropolymer Additives written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2011-12-05 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this first book on an additive group of growing importance, the authors review the commercial additives available on the market. The applications chapters provide you with a step by step description of techniques to select and incorporate these additives in various products. Engineers and scientits involved in polymer processing need practical information about these additives, their applications, and proper and safe handling. Until now much of this information has been difficult to obtain because of commercial secrecy. In recent years, the applications of fluoropolymer additives have expanded significantly, with even the meaning of ‘fluoropolymer additives’ expanding from relatively the narrow definition of PTFE powder fillers to a wide variety of fluoropolymer elastomers, used as a processing aid for plastics processing such as extrusion, injection molding, and film blowing. The benefits of fluoropolymer additives used in plastics are the elimination of sharkskin defects, increases in process speed and output (up to 20%), the reduction of die build up, the reduction of gels and optical defects, etc. In addition, fluropolymer additives are being increasingly used in inks, lubricants, and coatings. For example, in the coating industry fluoropolymer additives can increase the life cycle of exterior coatings due to their excellent weatherability and subsequently increase the time between recoats. Fluoropolymer additives are becoming more widely used with key applications including use as a polymer processing aid (increasing speed and reducing faults) and as an additive to lubricants, inks and coatings. This book is the only practical guide available to the selection and use of fluoropolymer additives, and will help readers to optimize existing fluoropolymer applications and implement new ones Fluoropolymers are known as an area where detailed information is hard to come by. In this book two former DuPont employees provide a wide range of industry sectors with the essential practical information and data they need to realize the full benefits of fluoropolymer additives Written for practicing engineers, Ebnesajjad and Morgan take a highly practical approach to the subject, based on real-world experience and case studies

Book Well Architectured Fluoropolymers  Synthesis  Properties and Applications

Download or read book Well Architectured Fluoropolymers Synthesis Properties and Applications written by Bruno Ameduri and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-07-07 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because of the increasing need for ever better performing materials endowed with specific properties, macromolecular engineering has become a useful tool for designing well-architectured polymers (telomers, telechelics, stars, dendrimers, alternating, block- and graftcopolymers). These polymers are nowadays seeing an enormous growth. Among them, fluoropolymers are seen as high value added materials in many applications ranging from surfactants, optical fibers, biomaterials, coatings, to membranes for fuel cells. Indeed, the relationship between structure of the monomer to the properties of the polymers is of increasing interest so that these properties are tuned for the most appropriate applications. As most fluoropolymers are prepared from radical synthesis, this book devotes various parts on the use of the controlled radical (or pseudo-living) polymerisation of fluoromonomers leading to discoveries of thermoplastic elastomers or original surfactants for polymerisation in supercritical CO2. Well-Architectured Fluoropolymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications is composed of five chapters starting with a general introduction outlining basic concepts. Emphasis is placed on recent developments, and each chapter describes comprehensive techniques of synthesis of well-defined fluorotelomers or polymers, their properties, characterisations, and their applications, for immediate use by today’s engineers, industrial and academic scientists, and researchers. The book has been arranged to enable self-managed reading and learning. It is both a source of data and a reference. On the synthesis, properties and applications of fluoropolymers: remarkable, high value added materials applied in surfactants, optical fibres, biomaterials, coatings and membranes for fuel cells For immediate use by today's engineers, industrial and academic scientists, and researchers Written to enable self-managed reading and learning, being both a source of data and a reference

Book Advanced Fluoropolymer Nanocomposites

Download or read book Advanced Fluoropolymer Nanocomposites written by Kalim Deshmukh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-07-26 with total page 886 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Fluoropolymer Nanocomposites: Fabrication, Processing, Characterization and Applications presents a comprehensive review on the fundamental chemistry, physics, biology and engineering of advanced fluoropolymer nanocomposites. Detailed attention is given to the synthesis, processing characterization, properties and applications of fluoropolymer nanocomposites. Morphological, thermal, electrical, mechanical, tribological and viscoelastic properties are also discussed in detail, along with the influence of synthesis methods on the formation of fluoropolymer nanocomposites, including the effect of nanofiller size and shape and the dispersion state of various nanofillers in different fluoropolymer matrices. This book will be a useful reference resource for scientists, engineers and postgraduate students working in the field of polymer science and technology, materials science and engineering, composites and nanocomposites. This resource will help them find solutions to both fundamental and applied problems associated with their research. It will also assist researchers in becoming more acquainted with the field to address key questions within a short time. Covers the range of fluoropolymer nanocomposites and their fabrication, processing, structural, physical, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties Discusses high-performance applications in the electronics, energy, architecture, environmental, biomedical and textile industries Presents the latest information on disposal and recycling, safety considerations, and the environmental and health impact of fluoropolymer nanocomposites

Book Fluoropolymer Applications in the Chemical Processing Industries

Download or read book Fluoropolymer Applications in the Chemical Processing Industries written by Sina Ebnesajjad and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluoropolymer Applications in Chemical Processing Industries: The Definitive User's Guide and Handbook, Second Edition, contains the most extensive collection of data and information on fluoropolymer applications in chemical processing industries. Because of their superior properties, fluoropolymers have been rapidly replacing metal alloys for corrosion inhibition in chemical processing equipment. This book is a complete compendium of information about fluoropolymer lining materials and structural piping and tubing. Fluoropolymer surfaces preserve purity of processing streams in the chemical processing, plastics, food, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, and pulp and paper industries. Updated to reflect major changes since 2004, this book contains practical, problem-solving tools for professionals in those industries. Equipment manufacturers, plant operators, and product design and manufacturing engineers all will benefit from the in-depth knowledge provided. This new edition includes new fluoropolymer grades and new examples of the fluoropolymer role in preventing corrosion. New fabrication techniques have been added, and additional emphasis has been placed on adhesion and welding techniques. New sections have been added on inspection of new linings, and in-service inspection – including inspection frequency, acceptance criteria, fitness for service evaluation, and reparability. Includes extensive guidelines for the selection of fluoropolymers for corrosion control Features a detailed ‘how-to’ on processes that convert fluoropolymers into shapes and parts Discusses fabrication techniques to finish the fluoropolymer components before exposure to harsh chemical environments Includes laboratory techniques to determine the cause of part failure, and a modeling methodology to predict and analyze failure of fluoropolymer parts

Book Silanes and Other Coupling Agents  Volume 2

Download or read book Silanes and Other Coupling Agents Volume 2 written by Kash L. Mittal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book embodies the proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Silanes and other Adhesion Promoters held in Newark, New Jersey, October 21--23, 1998. Silanes are the most popular and widely used coupling agents (or adhesion promoters) to promote adhesion between dissimilar materials in a variety of situations, e.g. coating technology, adhesive bonding, reinforced composites, etc. Since the first symposium on this topic in 1991, there had been a tremendous R&D activity in developing new and more effective adhesion promoters and in understanding and optimising the performance of available coupling agents. The technical program for the symposium contained 36 papers and reflected both overviews and original research contributors and the presenters hailed from academia, industry and other research laboratories. Many different aspects of coupling agents were discussed, and both fundamental and applied aspects were accorded due coverage. In addition to formal presentations, there were brisk and lively discussions throughout the symposium, and this event provided an opportunity for cross-pollination of ideas in the broad arena of adhesion promoters. This present volume contains 18 papers by experts from academia, industry and other research laboratories. All manuscripts were subjected to rigorous peer review and were suitably revised before inclusion in this volume. The book is divided into two parts as follows: Part 1. Silane Coupling Agents; and Part 2: Non-silane Coupling Agents/Adhesion Promotors. The topics covered include: silane adhesion prompters for hydrosilylation cure systems; sterically hindered silanes; study of silanes hydrolysis; adsorption of silanes on different substrates; interaction of water with silane films studied by neutron reflection; characterization of glass fiber sizings; silanes as dispersion promoters; corrosion protection of metals by silanes; surface 'Intelligraft' as a new class of adhesion promoters; hydroxymethylated resorcinol, sol-gels, and -diketone functionalised polymers as adhesion promoters; and plasma deposition of silanes.