Download or read book Field Manual FM 3 09 Fire Support and Field Artillery Operations April 2020 written by United States Government Us Army and published by . This book was released on 2020-05-03 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This US Army publication, Field Manual FM 3-09 Fire Support and Field Artillery Operations April 2020, is the Army's capstone manual for fire support and field artillery operations. It provides principles and functions for fire support elements (FSEs) and field artillery (FA) units conducting large-scale ground combat operations as a part of unified land operations (ULO) in contested multi-domain environments. It establishes the basis for understanding fire support (FS) and field artillery (FA) as critical components of the Fires Warfighting Function tasks. FM 3-09 establishes for the Artilleryman the core competencies, functions, characteristics, and principles of FS and FA.The principal audience for FM 3-09 is all commanders and their staffs. This publication is intended to provide guidance for echelons above brigade for the planning, preparing, execution, and assessment of FS and the employment of FA in large-scale ground combat operations. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this manual. This manual should be studied by those members of the combined arms team or other services who are responsible for the delivery of fires in support of ground combat operations. The aim of this publication is to establish the functions and principles of fire support planning, coordination, execution, and assessment and to describe the FS system in terms of its major components, functions, and required products. This publication describes the FS system as a complete entity and gives equal treatment to all of the diverse assets and capabilities that are designated as elements of the fire support system. The theme of this publication is that the successful delivery of fires depends on the rapid and continuous integration and synchronization of all forms of FS assets with all elements of combat power, and across all domains for one purpose. This is to place the correct types and volume of fire at the right time and on the right targets, across all domains to ensure the success of the supported maneuver commander's concept of operations.This publication provides the foundation for the development of subordinate FS and FA doctrine, force design, materiel acquisition, professional education, and individual and unit training. Fire support and field artillery techniques manuals go into further detail to explain specific duties for those individuals who actually work within the FS system.

Download or read book FM 3 09 Fire Support and Field Artillery Operations written by Headquarters Department Headquarters Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2020-10 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 30 April 2020 This publication is the Army's capstone manual for fire support and field artillery operations. It provides principles and functions for fire support elements (FSEs) and field artillery (FA) units conducting large-scaleground combat operations as a part of unified land operations (ULO) in contested multi-domain environments. It establishes the basis for understanding fire support (FS) and field artillery (FA) as critical components of the Fires Warfighting Function tasks. FM 3-09 establishes for the Artilleryman the core competencies, functions, characteristics, and principles of FS and FA. Why buy a book you can download for free? We print the paperback book so you don't have to. First you gotta find a good clean (legible) copy and make sure it's the latest version (not always easy). Some documents found on the web are missing some pages or the image quality is so poor, they are difficult to read. If you find a good copy, you could print it using a network printer you share with 100 other people (typically its either out of paper or toner). If it's just a 10-page document, no problem, but if it's 250-pages, you will need to punch 3 holes in all those pages and put it in a 3-ring binder. Takes at least an hour. It's much more cost-effective to just order the bound paperback from Amazon.com We include a Table of Contents on the back cover for quick reference. We print these paperbacks as a service so you don't have to. The books are compact, tightly-bound paperback, full-size (8 1⁄2 by 11 inches), with large text and glossy covers. 4th Watch Publishing Co. is a SDVOSB. https://usgovpub.com

Download or read book Field Manual FM 3 09 Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support April 2014 written by United States Government Us Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-04-14 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual, Field Manual FM 3-09 Field Artillery Operations April 2014, provides tactics for field artillery operations and fire support in unified land operations. The principal audience for FM 3-09 is all commanders and staffs. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine concerning the range of military operations and relationships with joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this manual. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States (U.S.), international, and, in some cases, host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and established rules of engagement. See FM 27-10. FM 3-09 implements standardization agreements (STANAG) 2484 and 3680. FM 3-09 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and the text. Terms for which FM 3-09 is the proponent publication (the authority) are marked with an asterisk (*) in the glossary and are boldfaced in the text. For other definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition. FM 3-09 applies to the Regular Army, the Army National Guard of the United States, and the United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. This publication is intended to provide guidance for brigade, division, and corps for the employment of field artillery, and for the planning, preparation, execution, and assessment of fire support. Higher echelon planners may use it to assist in establishing fire support requirements. The manual begins by describing the capabilities of the field artillery, how it is organized, and how field artillery supports the maneuver commander through the integration of all forms of fires. Fires are the use of weapon systems to create a specific lethal or nonlethal effect on a target. This publication also provides a comprehensive discussion of fire support. This includes topics such as the role of fire support in Unified Land Operations, fire support coordination organizations and key personnel, target acquisition for fire support, and fire support attack resources. This publication also provides information on fire support in the operations process: fire support planning, preparation, execution, and assessment. This manual is a must read for combined arms leaders especially brigade and battalion commanders and staff, because it describes both field artillery and fire support as key components of successful maneuver operations. This manual describes field artillery and fire support as key components of successful maneuver operations. It begins by describing the capabilities of the Field Artillery, how it is organized, and how field artillery supports the maneuver commander through the integration of all forms of fires. The discussion provides a comprehensive discussion of fire support coordination; target acquisition; fire support attack resources, and fire support planning, preparation, execution and assessment-fire support in the operations process.

Download or read book Field Manual FM 3 09 Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support written by Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2020-01-31 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Manual FM 3-09 Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support April 2014 Notice: This is a Paperback book version of the "Field Manual FM 3-09 Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support April 2014". Full version, All Chapters included. This publication is available (Electronic version) in the official website of the United states HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY. This document is properly formatted and printed as a perfect sized copy 8.5x11 (black ink)", making it easy for you to read details in some figures/illustrations and tables. * The version of this publication is as described above (this article is updated after each new edition). Disclaimer: "The use or appearance of United States Department of Army publications on a non-Federal Government website does not imply or constitute Department of Army endorsement of the distribution service."

Download or read book Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support FM 3 09 written by Department of the Army and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-08-08 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field manual (FM) 3-09, "Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support," provides tactics for field artillery operations and fire support in unified land operations. This publication is intended to provide guidance for brigade, division, and corps for the employment of field artillery, and for the planning, preparation, execution, and assessment of fire support. Higher echelon planners may use it to assist in establishing fire support requirements. The manual begins by describing the capabilities of the field artillery, how it is organized, and how field artillery supports the maneuver commander through the integration of all forms of fires. This publication also provides a comprehensive discussion of fire support. This includes topics such as the role of fire support in Unified Land Operations, fire support coordination organizations and key personnel, target acquisition for fire support, and fire support attack resources. This publication also provides information on fire support in the operations process: fire support planning, preparation, execution, and assessment.

Download or read book Field Artillery Operations and Fire Support FM 3 09 written by Headquarters Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2019-08-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Manual FM 3-09 Field Artillery Operations, provides tactics for field artillery operations and fire support in unified land operations. The principal audience for FM 3-09 is all commanders and staffs. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine concerning the range of military operations and relationships with joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this manual. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States (U.S.), international, and, in some cases, host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and established rules of engagement. See FM 27-10. FM 3-09 implements standardization agreements (STANAG) 2484 and 3680.

Download or read book Fire Support FM 3 09 written by Department Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-10-16 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Manual (FM) 3-09 is the Army's keystone doctrine for fire support. This manual is a guide to action for the employment of fire support in decisive action as a part of unified land operations. The foundation of unified land operations is built on initiative, decisive action, and mission command-linked and nested through purposeful and simultaneous execution of both combined arms maneuver and wide area security-to achieve the commander's intent and desired end state (Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 3-0). The challenges of future armed conflict make it imperative for the Army to produce leaders and forces that exhibit a high degree of operational adaptability. Achieving the necessary level of operational adaptability requires the Army to build upon a foundation of two broad responsibilities within the framework of fullspectrum operations-Army forces conduct combined arms maneuver (CAM) to gain physical, temporal, and psychological advantages over enemy organizations. Applying an expanded understanding of combined arms, Army forces integrate the combat power resident in the Army's six warfighting functions with a wide array of related civil and military capabilities to defeat enemies and seize, retain, and exploit the initiative; and Army forces conduct wide area security (WAS) to consolidate gains, stabilize environments, and ensure freedom of movement and action. This publication identifies the principles of fire support, describes the fires warfighting function in terms of its major components, functions, and required products and describes how fire support is employed in terms of the operations process. The scope of this publication is broad in its focus in order to deal with the fire support structure as a complete entity. It gives equal treatment to the diverse assets that are designated as fire support resources. The successful employment of fire support depends on the synchronization of all forms of fire support with all warfighting functions. This fire support keystone doctrinal manual should be used by commanders and staff who must employ fire support within their operations. Fire support is provided by mortars, cannon field artillery, rockets, missiles, naval surface fire support (NSFS), non-Army attack helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, and unmanned aircraft systems. Fire support may be enhanced by those systems that enable the conduct of electronic attack. This publication describes the field artillery as the principal means of fire support available to the commander, and charges the field artillery to integrate, coordinate and synchronize all available fire support with the commander's concept of operations. This is the ultimate challenge of fire support. This FM helps commanders and their fire support staff officers and fires unit commanders meet this challenge by providing a clear and concise picture of fire support and why it must work as a unified system.

Download or read book Fire Support written by Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2011-11-03 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Manual (FM) 3-09 is the Army's keystone doctrine for fire support. This manual is a guide to action for the employment of fire support in decisive action as a part of unified land operations. The foundation of unified land operations is built on initiative, decisive action, and mission command-linked and nested through purposeful and simultaneous execution of both combined arms maneuver and wide area security-to achieve the commander's intent and desired end state (Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 3-0). The challenges of future armed conflict make it imperative for the Army to produce leaders and forces that exhibit a high degree of operational adaptability. Achieving the necessary level of operational adaptability requires the Army to build upon a foundation of two broad responsibilities within the framework of fullspectrum operations- * Army forces conduct combined arms maneuver (CAM) to gain physical, temporal, and psychological advantages over enemy organizations. Applying an expanded understanding of combined arms, Army forces integrate the combat power resident in the Army's six warfighting functions with a wide array of related civil and military capabilities to defeat enemies and seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. * Army forces conduct wide area security (WAS) to consolidate gains, stabilize environments, and ensure freedom of movement and action. This publication identifies the principles of fire support, describes the fires warfighting function in terms of its major components, functions, and required products and describes how fire support is employed in terms of the operations process. The scope of this publication is broad in its focus in order to deal with the fire support structure as a complete entity. It gives equal treatment to the diverse assets that are designated as fire support resources. The successful employment of fire support depends on the synchronization of all forms of fire support with all warfighting functions. This fire support keystone doctrinal manual should be used by commanders and staff who must employ fire support within their operations. Army forces are employed with other Services as part of a joint force. Consequently, this FM is not only based on ADP 3-0, but is also grounded in joint doctrine such as found in JP 3-0, JP 3-09, and JP 3-60. Fire support is provided by mortars, cannon field artillery, rockets, missiles, naval surface fire support (NSFS), non-Army attack helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, and unmanned aircraft systems. Fire support may be enhanced by those systems that enable the conduct of electronic attack. This publication describes the field artillery as the principal means of fire support available to the commander, and charges the field artillery to integrate, coordinate and synchronize all available fire support with the commander's concept of operations. This is the ultimate challenge of fire support. This FM helps commanders and their fire support staff officers and fires unit commanders meet this challenge by providing a clear and concise picture of fire support and why it must work as a unified system.

Download or read book Field Artillery Manual Cannon Gunnery written by Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2017-08-19 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Training Circular (TC) 3-09.81, "Field Artillery Manual Cannon Gunnery," sets forth the doctrine pertaining to the employment of artillery fires. It explains all aspects of the manual cannon gunnery problem and presents a practical application of the science of ballistics. It includes step-by-step instructions for manually solving the gunnery problem which can be applied within the framework of decisive action or unified land operations. It is applicable to any Army personnel at the battalion or battery responsible to delivered field artillery fires. The principal audience for ATP 3-09.42 is all members of the Profession of Arms. This includes field artillery Soldiers and combined arms chain of command field and company grade officers, middle-grade and senior noncommissioned officers (NCO), and battalion and squadron command groups and staffs. This manual also provides guidance for division and corps leaders and staffs in training for and employment of the BCT in decisive action. This publication may also be used by other Army organizations to assist in their planning for support of battalions. This manual builds on the collective knowledge and experience gained through recent operations, numerous exercises, and the deliberate process of informed reasoning. It is rooted in time-tested principles and fundamentals, while accommodating new technologies and diverse threats to national security.

Download or read book Joint Publication JP 3 09 Joint Fire Support April 2019 written by United States Government Us Army and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-05-05 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual, Joint Publication JP 3-09 Joint Fire Support April 2019: Provides an overview of joint fire support, scheme of fires, and the relationship between joint fire support and joint targeting. It describes joint force command structure and function, component fires command and control organizations, and support relationships employed to conduct joint fires. Presents the joint fire support planning process, both pre-execution (operations planning) and during execution (joint targeting cycle). Discusses considerations and factors involved during joint fire support execution. Presents the process to assess joint fire support.

Download or read book ATP 3 09 30 Observed Fires September 2017 written by Army Publishing Directorate and published by . This book was released on 2020-08-15 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication supersedes ATP 3-09.30, Observed Fires dated 12 August 2013. Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-09.30 sets forth the doctrine pertaining to the organization, equipment, mission command, operations, and provides techniques for employing fire support assets as an observer which can be applied within the framework of decisive action or unified land operations. It is applicable to any Army personnel observing for artillery or mortar fires, close air support, army attack aviation, or naval surface fire support. See ATP 3-09.32 for information on close air support, army attack aviation, or naval surface fire support. The principal audience for this publication is FA commanders, staffs, and personnel at the field artillery brigade (FAB), division artillery (DIVARTY), and brigade combat team (BCT) and separate FA battalions and below.

Download or read book Soldier s Manual written by United States. Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fire Support written by Department Army and published by . This book was released on 2011-11-03 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Manual (FM) 3-09 is the Army's keystone doctrine for fire support. This manual is a guide to action for the employment of fire support in decisive action as a part of unified land operations. The foundation of unified land operations is built on initiative, decisive action, and mission command-linked and nested through purposeful and simultaneous execution of both combined arms maneuver and wide area security-to achieve the commander's intent and desired end state (Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 3-0).The challenges of future armed conflict make it imperative for the Army to produce leaders and forces that exhibit a high degree of operational adaptability. Achieving the necessary level of operational adaptability requires the Army to build upon a foundation of two broad responsibilities within the framework of fullspectrum operations:- Army forces conduct combined arms maneuver (CAM) to gain physical, temporal, and psychological advantages over enemy organizations. Applying an expanded understanding of combined arms, Army forces integrate the combat power resident in the Army's six warfighting functions with a wide array of related civil and military capabilities to defeat enemies and seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. - Army forces conduct wide area security (WAS) to consolidate gains, stabilize environments, and ensure freedom of movement and action.This publication identifies the principles of fire support, describes the fires warfighting function in terms of its major components, functions, and required products and describes how fire support is employed in terms of the operations process. The scope of this publication is broad in its focus in order to deal with the fire support structure as a complete entity. It gives equal treatment to the diverse assets that are designated as fire support resources. The successful employment of fire support depends on the synchronization of all forms of fire support with all warfighting functions. This fire support keystone doctrinal manual should be used by commanders and staff who must employ fire support within their operations.Army forces are employed with other Services as part of a joint force. Consequently, this FM is not only based on ADP 3-0, but is also grounded in joint doctrine such as found in JP 3-0, JP 3-09, and JP 3-60. Fire support is provided by mortars, cannon field artillery, rockets, missiles, naval surface fire support (NSFS), non-Army attack helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, and unmanned aircraft systems. Fire support may be enhanced by those systems that enable the conduct of electronic attack.This publication describes the field artillery as the principal means of fire support available to the commander, and charges the field artillery to integrate, coordinate and synchronize all available fire support with the commander's concept of operations. This is the ultimate challenge of fire support. This FM helps commanders and their fire support staff officers and fires unit commanders meet this challenge by providing a clear and concise picture of fire support and why it must work as a unified system.

Download or read book ATP 3 09 30 Observed Fires written by Headquarters Department Headquarters Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-09.30 sets forth the doctrine pertaining to the organization, equipment, mission command, operations, and provides techniques for employing fire support assets as an observer which can be applied within the framework of decisive action or unified land operations. It is applicable to any Army personnel observing for artillery or mortar fires, close air support, army attack aviation, or naval surface fire support. See ATP 3-09.32 for information on close air support, army attack aviation, or naval surface fire support. Check out the PODCAST at: https://atp-3-093-observed-fires.castos.com We enlarged the diagrams for this Pocket size edition Why buy a book you can download for free? We print the paperback book so you don't have to. First you gotta find a good clean (legible) copy and make sure it's the latest version (not always easy). Some documents found on the web are missing some pages or the image quality is so poor, they are difficult to read. If you find a good copy, you could print it using a network printer you share with 100 other people (typically its either out of paper or toner). If it's just a 10-page document, no problem, but if it's 250-pages, you will need to punch 3 holes in all those pages and put it in a 3-ring binder. Takes at least an hour. It's much more cost-effective to just order the bound paperback from Amazon.com We include a Table of Contents on the back cover for quick reference. We print these paperbacks as a service so you don't have to. The books are compact, tightly-bound paperback, full-size (8 1⁄2 by 11 inches), with large text and glossy covers. 4th Watch Publishing Co. is a SDVOSB. https://usgovpub.com

Download or read book Tactics Techniques and Procedures for the Field Artillery Battalion written by United States Government Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2013-01-17 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This field manual (FM) provides tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) for the commander and staff in field artillery (FA) battalions. It is intended as a general "how to" manual to assist in force standardization with sufficient flexibility to adapt to local conditions as reflected in unit tactical standing operating procedures (TSOP). The publication sets forth doctrine pertaining to organization, command and control (C2), operations, and TTP for the FA battalions. It establishes responsibilities and general duties of key personnel by focusing on how an FA battalion supports the full spectrum of military operations. It keys the battalion commander and staff to areas that must receive training emphasis in order to provide effective FA support. The specifics of how to train are outlined in soldiers' manuals and Army training and evaluation program (ARTEP) mission training plans (MTPs). This manual applies to United States (US) Army and US Marine Corps (USMC) FA battalions assigned to the active, reserve, and National Guard (NG) forces. Unit organizations described in this publication reflect, in general overview, the L/A/F-series Department of the Army (DA) tables of organization and equipment (TOEs). Full consideration is given to recent and planned force structure changes and emerging technological opportunities - as of the date of publication. The publication broadly describes how the FA battalion operates to support the combined arms team using available Field Artillery Tactical Data Systems (FATDS), and other automated C2 systems. This FM addresses combat operations in support of both heavy and light maneuver forces, as well as stability operations and support operations and FA (support) operations in special environments. It is not a stand-alone document; but should be used in conjunction with maneuver and other FA doctrinal manuals. The manual focuses on FA battalions performing the missions of direct support (DS) or general support (GS) to maneuver forces, as well as FA units providing reinforcing (R) or general support reinforcing (GSR) fires to other FA units in support of force operations. This publication implements all applicable North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) standardization agreements (STANAGs) (see the bibliography for a complete listing).

Download or read book Field Manual Fm 3 09 22 Fm 6 20 2 Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Corps Artillery Division Artillery and Field Artillery Brigade Operations March 2001 written by United States Government US Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-05-23 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this manual is to provide tactics, techniques, and procedures(TTP) for corps artilleries (corps artys), division artilleries (div artys), and fieldartillery (FA) brigades. It is intended as a general “how to” guide to assist in force standardization with sufficient flexibility to adapt to local conditions as reflected in unit tactical standing operating procedures (TSOP). A firm grasp of FA and fire support (FS) doctrine and TTP, tempered by experience and military skills, should be the basis for decisive and effective action.This manual addresses TTP and the supporting infrastructure relevant to corpsarty, div arty, and FA brigade operations in support of deep, close, and rearcombat across the spectrum of full-dimensional operations. Included are:• The integration, synchronization, and execution of FA missions in consonance with the force commander's concept of operations and scheme ofFS. The manual also provides an overview of linkages to fire support elements (FSEs) and deep operations coordination cells (DOCCs).• Internal FA command and control (C2) and sustainment operations.• Support of joint/allied/multinational FS efforts and connectivity to higher levelsensors, intelligence sources, etc.Field Manual (FM) 3-09.22 (6-20-2) provides TTP applicable to Army corps artys, div artys, and FA brigades equipped under the L-series tables of organization and equipment (TOEs) in 2000 and assigned to armored, mechanized, light infantry, airborne, and air assault divisions in active or reserve component formations. It also serves as an interface document for supporting or supported United States Marine Corps (USMC) artillery formations.

Download or read book Army Techniques Publication Atp 3 09 42 written by United States Government US Army and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-09-17 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Army techniques publication (ATP) 3-09.42 provides fire support techniques for the brigade combat team (BCT). This ATP supports Field Manual (FM) 3-09, FM 3-90-1, and FM 3-90-2, Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) and Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) 3-0, 3-09, and 5-0, and Joint Publications (JP) 3-0, 3-09, 3-60, and 5-0. It also describes augmentation of BCT fire support from echelons above the BCT and fire support coordination and planning for BCT operations. Appendices provide supplementary information on attack and sensor systems capabilities; examples of format and content for the fires running estimate; fires portions of BCT plans, orders, and annexes to plans and orders, communications, and fire support at battalion and below.