Download or read book Feasibility Study on Desulphurization of Bitumen Emulsion Using Hydrogen from the Water Gas Shift Reaction written by Jennifer Moll and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oil Sands Bitumen Emulsion Upgrading by Using in Situ Hydrogen Generated Through the Water Gas Shift Reaction written by Lei Jia and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Canada has a large reserve of oil sands bitumen which is highly viscous and contains high percentages of asphaltenes and heteroatoms. Currently hot water extraction or steam injection is used in recovering the bitumen as emulsions, which then requires extensive demulsification and water/oil separations. The separated water cannot be reused or disposed of without further purification; while the dewatered bitumen needs to be blended with diluent to meet pipeline transportation specifications. Due to this burdensome production process, production of bitumen from Canadian oil sands is extremely vulnerable to the extremely high capital costs, increased diluent transportation costs, constrained pipeline capacity and stricter environmental regulations. A single-stage emulsion upgrading process was developed by Flora T.T. Ng and her research group, where the emulsified water was directly activated using the water gas shift reaction (WGSR) to provide in situ H2. Successful implementation of this novel process could reduce the water separation footprint, produce pipeline transportable oil without diluent and purify the emulsified water without massive water treatment before it could be used for hot water extraction or steam generation to recover the bitumen. Moreover, higher oil quality (like heteroatom removal, total acid number reduction, improved stability, etc.) would be obtained without building an expensive H2 plant. The key to the process is the use of in situ H2 and a nano unsupported MoS2 based catalyst, which has been proven during the early-stage studies. In order to further improve the technology readiness for this novel emulsion upgrading process, a series of studies have been performed on three aspects of this process: oil, water and catalysts. Previous research on this single stage bitumen upgrading process has focused on (a) the production and reactivity of in situ H2; (b) the hydrotreating performance and mechanisms, such as hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), hydrodearomatization (HDA), etc. The main focus of this thesis is on the conversion of asphaltene in Cold Lake bitumen emulsion upgrading and the water purification feasibility validation during Athabasca bitumen upgrading. In addition, the reaction conditions were also studied to pursue improved liquid yield and less hydrocarbon loss in order to maximize potential technology value with less capital and operational cost in future applications. During the investigation of this complex reaction system, process chemistry is discussed: like how the asphaltenes are converted, the effect of water, impact of catalysts. Water purification was first proven feasible via the emulsion upgrading process, where the majority of metals deposited in the solid residue, and more than 90% of the organic acids were found removed from the actual oil sands process affected water (OSPW). Although we have reported in early emulsion upgrading studies that metal ions were removed from the water associated with the bitumen emulsion, there has been so far no report on the removal of naphthenic acids. This organic acid removal from OSPW observed in this present study indicated the potential removal capability of the most unwanted toxicity source, naphthenic acids, through emulsion upgrading from both oil and water phases. This thesis provides a detailed study on the removal of model compounds for naphthenic acids, such as 2-naphthoic acid and substituted benzoic acid, etc. A preliminary naphthenic acids removal reaction mechanism is proposed, where hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) was found to be the main reaction pathway. Effects of reaction conditions, promoter addition and co-existing hydrotreating reactions are also discussed. The results show that the naphthenic acids removal occurred during the emulsion upgrading process conditions, and added considerable synergy to emulsion upgrading technology with water treatment and corrosion prevention. Nano unsupported catalysts involved in emulsion upgrading were also studied using advanced characterization methods. Effects of temperature, time, H2 source and promoter are discussed. Some morphology-activity correlations were observed, and the in situ H2 generated through the WGSR was found to produce shorter and less stacked MoS2 (002) crystalline structures than externally supplied molecular H2. It was also observed that the synergistic promotional behaviours of Co and Ni were not mainly dependent on the morphology changes; but instead, intrinsic activity changes probably played a more important role in Co and Ni promoted catalysts.
Download or read book Directory of Graduate Research written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 1846 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Faculties, publications and doctoral theses in departments or divisions of chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry and pharmaceutical and/or medicinal chemistry at universities in the United States and Canada.
Download or read book Naphthalene Hydrogenation with Water Gas Shift in Model Oil water Emulsion Slurry Over MoS2 written by Christopher Choy and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalytic naphthalene hydrogenation to tetralin in water/hydrocarbon emulsions with simultaneous water gas shift as the hydrogen source was performed in a 300 ml batch autoclave as a model for aromatic hydrogenation in water/bitumen emulsions. The catalyst utilized was an unsupported and dispersed type based on molybdenum sulfide (MoS2). Distinguishing the fate of hydrogen from water as opposed to molecular hydrogen in hydrogenation and water gas shift was accomplished by utilizing deuterium oxide (D2O) with NMR spectroscopy. The use of D2O allowed determination of isotope effects when compared with H2O. Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy was performed to observe CO adsorption on the MoS2 sulfide surface. Ruthenium was tested as a potential candidate to enhance the activity of the Mo catalyst. Iron, nickel and vanadium were utilized in combination with molybdenum to test promotional/inhibitive activity during naphthalene hydrogenation and water gas shift since Ni and V are found in significant quantities in real bitumen feed. Finally, a multifactorial experiment was performed to test the hydrogenation and water gas shift activity of a binary VNiMo-sulfide catalyst towards H2S partial pressure, temperature and H2 versus CO atmospheres. Deuterium from D2O was incorporated into both saturated and aromatic hydrogen positions in tetralin products. Calculation of a Hydrogenation Index and Exchange Index indicated the extent of H-exchange is greater than hydrogenation. Exchange between D2O and organic products was enhanced with the MoS2 catalyst under H2 or CO compared to N2. A kinetically measured isotope effect of 1.58 was in agreement with a quasi-equilibrium thermodynamic isotope effect for O-H dissociations measured in the literature. A true kinetic isotope effect may be masked by transient surface concentrations occurring under batch conditions. Two strong vibrational bands associated with adsorbed CO were observed over MoS2 above 160 °C. Activation of the MoS2 surface with CO produces COS, suggesting an analgous mechanism to the production of H2S during reduction in H2. In the presence of H2S, Ru displayed low catalytic activity for both water gas shift and naphthalene hydrogenation, attributed to incomplete sulfidation to active RuS2. FeMo and VMo exhibited lower hydrogenation activity than Mo, but the water gas shift activity of VMo was high. A ternary VNiMo displayed lower hydrogenation activity than NiMo and Mo but was higher than VMo, implying Ni could offset the inhibition caused by V. Recycle of V and Ni rich asphaltene residues in catalytic slurry upgrading may therefore be feasible. An analysis of the effect of H2S pressure, temperature and type of reduction gas (CO vs. H2) concluded that temperature had the greatest positive effect on rate, followed by a small interaction effect of temperature/gas type and PH2S/gas type. The proximity to equilibrium conversions in WGS limited the analysis, while equilibrium limited the conversion of naphthalene at 380 °C in the batch reactor.
Download or read book Naphthalene Hydrogenation with Water Gas Shift in Model Oil Water Emulsion Slurry Over Molybdenum Sulfide written by Christopher Choy and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation of Model Compounds Using In situ Hydrogen Over Nano Dispersed Mo Sulfide Based Catalysts written by Kun Liu and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heavy oil derived from oil sands is becoming an important resource of energy and transportation fuels due to the depletion of conventional oil resources. However, bitumen and heavy oils have a low hydrogen/carbon ratio and contain a large percentage of sulfur and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. At the level of deep desulfurization, aromatic poly-nuclear molecules, especially nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, exhibit strong inhibitive effect on hydrodesulfurization (HDS) due to competitive adsorption on catalytically active sites with sulfur-containing molecules. Therefore, it is necessary to study the HDS of refractory sulfur-containing compounds and also the effect of nitrogen-containing species on the deep HDS for achieving the ultra low sulfur specifications for transportation fuels. Additionally, the cost of H2 increased in recent years and a bitumen emulsion upgrading technique using an alternative in-situ H2 generated via the water gas shift (WGS) reaction during the hydro-treating was developed in our group.
Download or read book Processing of Heavy Crude Oils written by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-18 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microwaves in Catalysis written by Satoshi Horikoshi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-12-14 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview covering the principles and preparation of catalysts, as well as reactor technology and applications in the field of organic synthesis, energy production, and environmental catalysis. Edited and authored by renowned and experienced scientists, this reference focuses on successful reaction procedures for applications in industry. Topics include catalyst preparation, the treatment of waste water and air, biomass and waste valorisation, hydrogen production, oil refining as well as organic synthesis in the presence of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts and continuous-flow reactions. With its practical relevance and successful methodologies, this is a valuable guide for chemists at universities working in the field of catalysis, organic synthesis, pharmaceutical or green chemistry, as well as researchers and engineers in the chemical industry.
Download or read book The Potential and Challenges of Drop In Biofuels written by Sergios Karatzos and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining written by Mohamed A. Fahim and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-11-19 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining presents the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, and it explains the scientific background essential for understanding refinery operations. The text also provides a detailed introduction to refinery engineering topics, ranging from the basic principles and unit operations to overall refinery economics. The book covers important topics, such as clean fuels, gasification, biofuels, and environmental impact of refining, which are not commonly discussed in most refinery textbooks. Throughout the source, problem sets and examples are given to help the reader practice and apply the fundamental principles of refining. Chapters 1-10 can be used as core materials for teaching undergraduate courses. The first two chapters present an introduction to the petroleum refining industry and then focus on feedstocks and products. Thermophysical properties of crude oils and petroleum fractions, including processes of atmospheric and vacuum distillations, are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Conversion processes, product blending, and alkylation are covered in chapters 5-10. The remaining chapters discuss hydrogen production, clean fuel production, refining economics and safety, acid gas treatment and removal, and methods for environmental and effluent treatments. This source can serve both professionals and students (on undergraduate and graduate levels) of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Technology. Beginners in the engineering field, specifically in the oil and gas industry, may also find this book invaluable. - Provides balanced coverage of fundamental and operational topics - Includes spreadsheets and process simulators for showing trends and simulation case studies - Relates processing to planning and management to give an integrated picture of refining
Download or read book Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies Second Edition written by Sunggyu Lee and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While strides are being made in the research and development of environmentally acceptable and more sustainable alternative fuels—including efforts to reduce emissions of air pollutants associated with combustion processes from electric power generation and vehicular transportation—fossil fuel resources are limited and may soon be on the verge of depletion in the near future. Measuring the correlation between quality of life, energy consumption, and the efficient utilization of energy, the Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies, Second Edition thoroughly examines the science and technology of alternative fuels and their processing technologies. It focuses specifically on environmental, technoeconomic, and socioeconomic issues associated with the use of alternative energy sources, such as sustainability, applicable technologies, modes of utilization, and impacts on society. Written with research and development scientists and engineers in mind, the material in this handbook provides a detailed description and an assessment of available and feasible technologies, environmental health and safety issues, governmental regulations, and issues and agendas for R&D. It also includes alternative energy networks for production, distribution, and consumption. What’s New in This Edition: Contains several new chapters of emerging interest and updates various chapters throughout Includes coverage of coal gasification and liquefaction, hydrogen technology and safety, shale fuel by hydraulic fracturing, ethanol from lignocellulosics, biodiesel, algae fuels, and energy from waste products Covers statistics, current concerns, and future trends A single-volume complete reference, the Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies, Second Edition contains relevant information on chemistry, technology, and novel approaches, as well as scientific foundations for further enhancements and breakthroughs. In addition to its purposes as a handbook for practicing scientists and engineers, it can also be used as a textbook or as a reference book on fuel science and engineering, energy and environment, chemical process design, and energy and environmental policy.
Download or read book Petroleum Refining Vol 3 Conversion Processes written by Pierre Leprince and published by Editions TECHNIP. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes the characteristics of processes used in petroleum refining: upgrading light fractions (reforming and isomerization), converting distillates (catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, and associated equipment), converting residues (visbreaking, coking hydroconversion), and reducing air and water pollution (white product sweetening, acid gas, stack gas, and waste water treatment). This book is available in French Under the title "le raffinage du pétrole. Tome 3. Procédés de transformation". Contents : 1. Introduction. 2. Basic principles governing chemical changes. 3. Industrial catalysts. 4. Catalytic reforming. 5. Catalytic cracking. 6. Isomerization of light paraffins. 7. Aliphatic alkylation. 8. Olefin etherification. 9. Oligomerization. 10. Hydrocracking. 11. Visbreaking of residues. 12. Coking. 13. Residue hydroconversion. 14. Hydrogen production. 15. White products refining by sweetening. 16. Hydrotreating. 17. Acid gas treatment. 18. Desulfurization of stack gases. 19. Water treatment. References. Index.
Download or read book The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response optionsâ€"including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. This report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use.
Download or read book Wax Deposition written by Zhenyu Huang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-03-09 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wax Deposition: Experimental Characterizations, Theoretical Modeling, and Field Practices covers the entire spectrum of knowledge on wax deposition. The book delivers a detailed description of the thermodynamic and transport theories for wax deposition modeling as well as a comprehensive review of laboratory testing for the establishment of appropr
Download or read book Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers written by Carl Branan and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fractionators, separators and accumulators, cooling towers, gas treating, blending, troubleshooting field cases, gas solubility, and density of irregular solids * Hundreds of common sense techniques, shortcuts, and calculations.
Download or read book Char Oil Energy Development written by L. J. Scotti and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts Literature and Patents written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 1406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
