Download or read book Exploring the Regulatory Roles of MicroRNAs in Mammalian Development written by Grace Xinying Zheng and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: microRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22-nt long short RNAs that regulate gene expression in organisms ranging from plants to animals. In mammals, miRNAs post-transcriptionally repress gene expression by primarily binding to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of target mRNAs. Although hundreds of miRNAs have been discovered, targets of most miRNAs and the method by which they affect their biological function remain elusive. To better understand the role of miRNAs in fundamental cellular processes, we characterized enriched miRNA populations in three distinct murine developmental programs, T lymphocytes, embryonic stem cells, and the placenta. We started exploring the role of miRNAs in T lymphocytes by globally characterizing short RNA expression during key developmental stages of T lymphocytes. Our results showed that a distinct set of miRNAs is enriched in each stage. In particular, miR-181 is elevated at the double positive (DP) stage, when thymocytes expressing both CD4 and CD8 undergo positive and negative selection. We found that miR-181 can repress the expression of Bcl-2, CD69, and the T cell receptor, all of which are involved in positive selection. Analysis of short RNAs in T lymphocytes also revealed a novel miRNA cluster, the Sfmbt2 miRNA cluster, named as such since it maps to an intron of the Sfmbt2 gene, a Polycomb Group gene. Instead of studying this cluster in T lymphocytes, we decided to use embryonic stem (ES) cells as this cluster is also expressed in ES cells and the cells are more conducive to lab experimentation. This cluster contains several miRNA families, and we addressed the function of one miRNA family, miR-467a, as it shares target specificity with other highly abundant miRNAs in ES cells. Gain and loss of function assays showed that this family of miRNAs can promote cell survival by advancing the G1 to S phase transition. In addition, they target certain proapoptotic factors to buffer ES cells from apoptosis, especially in the context of genotoxic stress. The Sfmbt2 cluster is a mouse-specific miRNA cluster, and individual members have been uniquely amplified in the Sfmbt2 locus. We developed a method to explore the impact of species-specific miRNAs on the evolution of 3' UTRs, and found that target sites of many miRNAs show positive selection. In particular, mouse target sites have evolved to specifically gain binding sites (mouse-specific targets) for some Sfmbt2 miRNAs, several of which are enriched in the placenta. These mouse-specific targets are enriched in pathways regulating cell survival, implicating the Sfmbt2 miRNA cluster as a possible promoter to placental growth. Our studies in T lymphocytes, ES cells and the placenta have revealed important roles of miRNAs in shaping 3' UTR evolution, and mammalian development. Several novel miRNA targets we uncovered are important regulators of differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Understanding their functions will not only shed light on their roles in normal physiology, but also generate useful insights that can be applied to cancer and reprogramming.
Download or read book Functional Micro Ribonucleic Acid Landscape of Mammalian Development written by Arvind Ravi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of ~22 nucleotide RNAs with broad regulatory roles in gene expression. Dependent largely on the enzyme Dicer for their generation from longer precursor transcripts, mammalian miRNAs direct posttranscriptional repression of mRNAs based on complementarity to sites in their 3' UTRs. To better understand how these regulators impact fundamental processes such as development and cancer, we explored the functional consequences of Dicer loss and subsequent miRNA loss across a range of embryonic and somatic tissues. In embryonic stem (ES) cells, we identified a latent susceptibility to genotoxic stress following deletion of Dicer. Re-expression of the abundant miR-290-295 cluster or knockdown of two novel targets, Caspase 2 and Ei24, could partially restore cell survival after DNA damage, implicating them as important players in a larger stress-responsive ES network under miRNA control. To better understand changes in miRNA and target repertoires at a global scale, we applied a novel evolutionary analysis to the mouse genome designed to speciesspecific innovations. Using this method, we uncovered the genome-wide signature of miRNAs functionally related to the miR-290-295 cluster that we term the Sfmbt2 cluster. In addition to ES cells, placental tissues express these miRNAs at high levels suggesting that mice have co-opted an existing proliferative network to support rapid placental growth. Finally, we evaluated Dicer loss in two transformed somatic cell types, namely sarcoma cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Surprisingly, these cells tolerated Dicer deletion without loss of viability and retained several properties of their Dicer intact counterparts including surface marker expression and tumorigenicity. Comparison of expression data in these cells and ES cells revealed that while many miRNA targets show relatively little change before and after Dicer loss, a subset of genes that differ between embryonic and somatic cells may be controlled in large part by cell type specific miRNAs. In summary, these data shed light on many fundamental aspects of miRNA function in mammalian cells, expanding our understanding of molecular targets as well their downstream cellular roles. As our knowledge about short RNA regulation grows, we are sure to continue uncovering important connections between post-transcriptional regulation and the underlying biology of human development and disease.
Download or read book Plant MicroRNAs written by Stefan de Folter and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2019-01-31 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed volume provides a collection of protocols for the study of miRNA functions in plants. Beginning with coverage of miRNA function, biogenesis, activity, and evolution in plants, the book continues by guiding readers through methods on the identification and detection of plant miRNAs, bioinformatic analyses, and strategies for functional analyses of miRNAs. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Plant MicroRNAs: Method and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital area of plant science.
Download or read book GeNeDis 2018 written by Panayiotis Vlamos and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-28 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 3rd World Congress on Genetics, Geriatrics, and Neurodegenerative Disease Research (GeNeDis 2018), focuses on recent advances in genetics, geriatrics, and neurodegeneration, ranging from basic science to clinical and pharmaceutical developments. It also provides an international forum for the latest scientific discoveries, medical practices, and care initiatives. Advanced information technologies are discussed, including the basic research, implementation of medico-social policies, and the European and global issues in the funding of long-term care for elderly people.
Download or read book RNA Infrastructure and Networks written by Lesley J. Collins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-15 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNAs form complexes with proteins and other RNAs. The RNA‐infrastructure represents the spatiotemporal interaction of these proteins and RNAs in a cell‐wide network. RNA Infrastructure and Networks brings together these ideas to illustrate the scope of RNA‐based biology, and how connecting RNA mechanisms is a powerful tool to investigate regulatory pathways. This book is but a taste of the wide range of RNA‐based mechanisms that connect in the RNA infrastructure.
Download or read book MicroRNAs in Cancer written by Cesar Lopez-Camarillo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-02-22 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MicroRNA (miRNA) biology is a cutting-edge topic in basic as well as biomedical research. This is a specialized book focusing on the current understanding of the role of miRNAs in the development, progression, invasion, and metastasis of diverse types of cancer. It also reviews their potential for applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and th
Download or read book Regulation of Gene Expression by Small RNAs written by Rajesh K. Gaur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-04-27 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Findings Revolutionize Concepts of Gene FunctionEndogenous small RNAs have been found in various organisms, including humans, mice, flies, worms, fungi, and bacteria. Furthermore, it's been shown that microRNAs acting as cellular rheostats have the ability to modulate gene expression. In higher eukaryotes, microRNAs may regulate as much as 50 p
Download or read book MicroRNAs written by Krishnarao Appasani and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-08-20 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are RNA molecules, conserved by evolution, that regulate gene expressions and their recent discovery is revolutionising both basic biomedical research and drug discovery. Expression levels of MiRNAs have been found to vary between tissues and with developmental stages and hence evaluation of the global expression of miRNAs potentially provides opportunities to identify regulatory points for many different biological processes. This wide-ranging reference work, written by leading experts from both academia and industry, will be an invaluable resource for all those wishing to use miRNA techniques in their own research, from graduate students, post-docs and researchers in academia to those working in R&D in biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies who need to understand this emerging technology. From the discovery of miRNAs and their functions to their detection and role in disease biology, this volume uniquely integrates the basic science with industry application towards drug validation, diagnostic and therapeutic development. Forewords by: Sidney Altman, Yale University, Winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1989 and Victor R. Ambros, Dartmouth Medical School, Co-discoverer of MicroRNAs
Download or read book The Cystic Kidney written by K.D. Gardner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a book about renal cysts and cystic kidneys. Its contributors have created a resource of current information in a field that once aroused only curiosity, but that now stands at the leading edge of molecular nephrology. Its authorship includes 'oldtimers', who bring the wisdom of experience, and 'newcomers', whose presence attests to the contributions made by the investigative and technological advances of the past decade. Its text is organized to carry the reader from renal cyst to cystic renal disease. Each of its chapters defines or explores a challenge or an advance. Cells that line renal cysts are diverse in structure, type, and perhaps function. The cysts themselves lie within an interstitium that is not normal and may influence cyst development and growth. Experimental analogs of human disease offer increasing opportunities to basic researchers to examine, in sequence and under controlled circumstances, those events that favor nephron dilation, cyst growth and ultimate renal failure.
Download or read book Cell Cycle Regulation written by Philipp Kaldis and published by Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. This book was released on 2006-06-26 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a state-of-the-art summary of the latest achievements in cell cycle control research with an outlook on the effect of these findings on cancer research. The chapters are written by internationally leading experts in the field. They provide an updated view on how the cell cycle is regulated in vivo, and about the involvement of cell cycle regulators in cancer.
Download or read book MiRNomics written by Malik Yousef and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In miRNomics: MicroRNA Biology and Computational Analysis, expert researchers in the field present an overview of the current state of the art and aim to put the respective areas of research into a larger perspective. These include methods and techniques ranging from miRNA biogenesis, their biological function, computational analyses to their medical implications and applications. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, miRNomics: MicroRNA Biology and Computational Analysis seeks to aid scientists in the further study into miRNA research and statistics.
Download or read book RNA Nanotechnology written by Bin Wang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-04-02 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past few decades there has been incredible growth in "bionano"-related research, which has been accompanied by numerous publications in this field. Although various compilations address topics related to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein, there are few books that focus on determining the structure of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and using RNA as building blocks to construct nanoarchitectures for biomedical and healthcare applications. RNA Nanotechnology is a comprehensive volume that details both the traditional approaches and the latest developments in the field of RNA-related technology. This book targets a wide audience: a broad introduction provides a solid academic background for students, researchers, and scientists who are unfamiliar with the subject, while the in-depth descriptions and discussions are useful for advanced professionals. The book opens with reviews on the basic aspects of RNA biology, computational approaches for predicting RNA structures, and traditional and emerging experimental approaches for probing RNA structures. This section is followed by explorations of the latest research and discoveries in RNA nanotechnology, including the design and construction of RNA-based nanostructures. The final segment of the book includes descriptions and discussions of the potential biological and therapeutic applications of small RNA molecules, such as small/short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), RNA aptamers, and ribozymes.
Download or read book Plasma Lipoproteins written by Antonio M. Gotto and published by Elsevier Publishing Company. This book was released on 1987 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this rapidly evolving field of research, an enormous amount of new knowledge of lipoprotein structure, function and metabolism has emerged. The 1985 Nobel Prize-winning pioneering work of Brown and Goldstein on the LDL receptor has had a profound impact on developments in the field. This work is one of the many subjects reviewed in detail in this book. The volume begins with chapters on structure, then proceeds to analysis of lipid and lipoprotein dynamics, metabolism, function, genetics, and molecular biology. Lipoprotein genetics in molecular biology, the role of lipoprotein receptors, and Lp(a) - a topic underrepresented in volumes on lipoproteins, are another three such topics in an impressive volume. This work will mainly be of interest to researchers interested in lipid and lipoprotein structure and metabolism, but will also be of great value to clinical medicine and biology in general.
Download or read book Computational Genomics with R written by Altuna Akalin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-16 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational Genomics with R provides a starting point for beginners in genomic data analysis and also guides more advanced practitioners to sophisticated data analysis techniques in genomics. The book covers topics from R programming, to machine learning and statistics, to the latest genomic data analysis techniques. The text provides accessible information and explanations, always with the genomics context in the background. This also contains practical and well-documented examples in R so readers can analyze their data by simply reusing the code presented. As the field of computational genomics is interdisciplinary, it requires different starting points for people with different backgrounds. For example, a biologist might skip sections on basic genome biology and start with R programming, whereas a computer scientist might want to start with genome biology. After reading: You will have the basics of R and be able to dive right into specialized uses of R for computational genomics such as using Bioconductor packages. You will be familiar with statistics, supervised and unsupervised learning techniques that are important in data modeling, and exploratory analysis of high-dimensional data. You will understand genomic intervals and operations on them that are used for tasks such as aligned read counting and genomic feature annotation. You will know the basics of processing and quality checking high-throughput sequencing data. You will be able to do sequence analysis, such as calculating GC content for parts of a genome or finding transcription factor binding sites. You will know about visualization techniques used in genomics, such as heatmaps, meta-gene plots, and genomic track visualization. You will be familiar with analysis of different high-throughput sequencing data sets, such as RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and BS-seq. You will know basic techniques for integrating and interpreting multi-omics datasets. Altuna Akalin is a group leader and head of the Bioinformatics and Omics Data Science Platform at the Berlin Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin. He has been developing computational methods for analyzing and integrating large-scale genomics data sets since 2002. He has published an extensive body of work in this area. The framework for this book grew out of the yearly computational genomics courses he has been organizing and teaching since 2015.
Download or read book Handbook of Computational Molecular Biology written by Srinivas Aluru and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-12-21 with total page 1108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The enormous complexity of biological systems at the molecular level must be answered with powerful computational methods. Computational biology is a young field, but has seen rapid growth and advancement over the past few decades. Surveying the progress made in this multidisciplinary field, the Handbook of Computational Molecular Biology of
Download or read book Mammalian Development written by Patrick P. L. Tam and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A subject collection from Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology."
Download or read book Textbook of Aging Skin written by Miranda A. Farage and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 1255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive ‘Major Reference Book’ compiles all current and latest information on aging skin in a two-volume set. Highly structured with a reader-friendly format, it covers a wide range of areas such as basic sciences, the different diseases and conditions which occur with aging (from malignant to non-malignant), the latest techniques and methods being used such as bioengineering methods and biometrics as well as toxicological and safety considerations for the elderly population. It also illustrates the global consumers’ sociological and psychological implications, ethnicity and gender differences and includes marketing considerations for this elderly group. This unique and comprehensive guide will become the main reference textbook on this topic.
