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Book Exploring the Factors that Determine the Adsorption of Per  and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Conventional Adsorbents and Novel Cyclodextrin Polymers with Different Surface Properties

Download or read book Exploring the Factors that Determine the Adsorption of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Conventional Adsorbents and Novel Cyclodextrin Polymers with Different Surface Properties written by Ri Wang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the concerns over the ubiquity and toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) grow, research has focused on finding both technically and financially efficient PFAS remediation technologies. When evaluating certain technologies, research has focused on the removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from water, but contaminated groundwater often contains complex mixtures of diverse groups of PFASs. Utilizing a more comprehensive method to evaluate the performance of different PFAS treatment technologies involving the consideration of environmental matrix complexity can bring more useful insights into practical application. Adsorption-based processes are among the most promising technologies available for PFAS removal from water. The conventional adsorbents including activated carbon (AC) and anion exchange (AE) resins have been implemented in pilot or full-scale processes targeting PFAS removal from water. Emerging adsorbents, including novel β-cyclodextrin polymers (CDPs), have also exhibited potential for PFAS removal from water. The efficacy of CDPs on PFAS removal and the importance of varying surface properties of different CDPs on determining the affinity and selectivity to contaminants have been demonstrated. However, the mechanisms by which adsorbates bind to CDPs remains poorly understood. More research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms about the relative contributions of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions for the adsorption of PFASs on CDPs.Two studies were designed to systematically explore the potential of conventional adsorbents and novel CDPs to remove mixtures of PFASs from contaminated groundwater and probe the adsorption binding mechanisms for anionic PFAS removal on CDPs. The first study aimed to evaluate the performance of five adsorbents including one AC, one AE resin and three different CDPs with varying surface charges to remove 68 PFASs in contaminated groundwater integrating a suspect screening approach. The PFAS removal performance of the adsorbents was evaluated with respect to adsorption affinity, kinetics, and selectivity. This evaluation provided insights on the factors that determine PFASs adsorption, which can be associated with the increasing length of the perfluorinated tail or could be more strongly related to properties of the head group. The second study aimed to evaluate the relative contributions of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions on the adsorption of anionic PFASs by CDPs under controlled experimental conditions in nanopure water and different salt-amended nanopure water matrices. This study provided new insights into the adsorption binding mechanisms between anionic PFASs and CDPs as a function of chain length, and revealed the effects of different types and concentrations of inorganic constituents on the adsorption mechanisms. Together, the research described in this thesis furthers the understanding of different PFAS removal patterns by different adsorbents, and the understanding of anionic PFAS adsorption mechanisms on CDPs. These findings can serve as guidance and knowledge support on the future development and practical application of CDPs for different PFAS species under a range of environmental conditions.

Book Exploring the Factors that Influence the Adsorption of Anionic Per  and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances  PFASs  on Traditional and Emerging Adsorbents in Aquatic Matrices

Download or read book Exploring the Factors that Influence the Adsorption of Anionic Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFASs on Traditional and Emerging Adsorbents in Aquatic Matrices written by Congyue Wu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The environmental fate of anionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is of particular concern due to their toxicity and potential risks to human health and ecology. Various treatment approaches have been evaluated by researchers, with the most promising and readily applied ones being the adsorption technologies. However, the bulk of studies regarding the removal of PFAS anions from water have been limited to legacy compounds like perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Additionally, few studies were able to provide mechanistic comparisons between the conventional carbonaceous adsorbents and the emerging adsorbents for PFAS adsorption. Furthermore, a better understanding of the adsorptive behaviors in real aquatic matrices is urgently needed to inform the development of cost-effective PFAS remediation strategies. This study was designed to more fully explore the factors that influence the adsorption of anionic PFASs by coupling batch removal experiment results with multivariate data analysis. Based on the examination of 20 target PFASs and five different adsorbent materials in Milli-Q water and real groundwater samples, a classic multi-dimensional data visualization method was employed to help extract the principal associations. The distinct performance of adsorbents was attributed to their different surface chemistry and the distinct nature of their adsorption binding sites. pH, divalent, and monovalent cations are the primary contributors to adsorbent fouling in groundwater samples. The molecular structures and functional groups of PFASs also affected their adsorption behaviors. Knowledge of PFAS adsorption mechanisms gained from this study can be utilized to design more efficient adsorbents and to predict their performance under a range of environmental conditions.

Book Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Development and Design of Cyclodextrin Polymers as Emerging Adsorbents to Remove Per  and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Water

Download or read book Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Development and Design of Cyclodextrin Polymers as Emerging Adsorbents to Remove Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Water written by Casey Ching and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Molecular Theory of Adsorption in Porous Solids

Download or read book The Molecular Theory of Adsorption in Porous Solids written by Yury Konstantinovich Tovbin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the adsorption phenomenon the substances from the external environment the gas or liquid are absorbed by a solid surface (adsorbent). Adsorption is used to separate gaseous and liquid mixtures, for drying and purification of gases and liquids. This reference broadly explores the calculation of the equilibrium and dynamic characteristics of adsorption in porous bodies at the molecular level. Two new theories of statistical physics are presented, both developed by the author for the consistent description of the equilibrium distribution of molecules and dynamics of flows in complex porous materials to be able to solve a wide range of practical tasks in the development of new technologies.

Book Sorption of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances  PFASs  by Natural and Anthropogenic Carbonaceous Sorbents

Download or read book Sorption of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFASs by Natural and Anthropogenic Carbonaceous Sorbents written by Yue Zhi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "As a large number of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been extensively used in industrial and consumer products, many of these species are detected in the global environment and biota, including some carcinogenic ones. Perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS) and carboxylic acids (PFOA) are examples of PFASs currently subject to strict regulatory and scientific scrutiny. There are many other analogous compounds, such as those used in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs), for which environmental fate and effect are little known. In addition, high chemical stability and hydrophilicity of PFASs pose challenges to effective treatment and mitigation of those present in groundwater and drinking water sources. The objective of this research was to elucidate interactions between PFASs and naturally occurring and engineered carbonaceous materials, the knowledge base needed for PFAS risk assessment and treatment. The research first examined the interactions between commercial adsorbents with two most prominent PFAS species (PFOA and PFOS), to identify the ways in which water treatment efficiency for the PFASs can be improved. The study assessed the sorption of PFOS and PFOA onto as-received and surface-modified carbonaceous adsorbents using single-solute batch sorption experiments, and the main carbon characteristics controlling the uptake of PFASs were identified. Adsorbent surface chemistry played a more important role in controlling the extent of uptake than physical properties. High carbon surface basicity was closely linked to high PFOS and PFOA affinity. Prior to any modification of the carbon materials, synthetic polymer-based Ambersorb and activated carbon fibers were the most effective adsorbents due to their basic character. Surface modification, more so with ammonia gas treatment than with high-temperature thermal treatment, greatly improved sorption of PFOS and PFOA by wood-based carbons and activated carbon fibers. The research then focused on the role that soil organic matter (SOM) and pyrogenic carbonaceous materials (PCMs) played in determining the transport potential of a range of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their chemical precursors (PrePFAAs). A novel dynamic HPLC-based column method was developed to determine distribution coefficients (Koc) between SOM and water at various conditions. PrePFAAs with betaine, sulfonamide betaine, and quaternary amine functional groups exhibited higher Koc values than the PFAAs with the same perfluoroalkyl chain length. Calcium ion had a positive impact on the sorption of anionic PFAAs to SOM while showing a negative impact on the PrePFAAs. Moreover, an increase in pH reduced sorption of all the PFASs to SOM. In comparison, sorption of PFASs to PCMs (charcoal and soot) was stronger and less linear than SOM, indicating that PCMs could be a more significant sink to PFASs in the firefighting training sites where regular releases of AFFFs resulted in PFAS pollution of soil and groundwater. The role of PCMs was more pronounced than SOM at lower aqueous concentrations without an attenuation effect. Additionally, apparent sorption-desorption hysteresis exhibited by PCMs was sorbate-specific, and the soot had the highest hysteresis among all the sorbents. These findings illustrate the importance of considering the surface chemistry of adsorbents, along with solution chemistry when investigating PFAS uptake by carbonaceous materials of different origins. Furthermore, the results obtained emphasize the need to evaluate the interactions between PrePFAAs and PCMs, in the efforts to delineate the behaviours of PFASs in soil and groundwater impacted by AFFFs, as well as to decide remediation strategies. " --

Book Characterization and Evaluation of Cyclodextrin Polymers as Alternative Adsorbents to Activated Carbon for Micropollutant Removal During Water and Wastewater Treatment

Download or read book Characterization and Evaluation of Cyclodextrin Polymers as Alternative Adsorbents to Activated Carbon for Micropollutant Removal During Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Yuhan Ling and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Recent Advances in Adsorption Processes for Environmental Protection and Security

Download or read book Recent Advances in Adsorption Processes for Environmental Protection and Security written by José Paulo Mota and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-30 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the Workshop was to share knowledge on the latest advances on adsorption processes for environmental security and protection, as well as to disseminate the main results and achievements of recent NATO Science-for-Peace projects on environmental security and protection. This volume provides a comprehensive report on adsorption and colloids phenomena, carbon materials and adsorbents for various industrial applications, ecological safety and antiterrorism.

Book Polymeric Adsorbents

Download or read book Polymeric Adsorbents written by Ahad Ghaemi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-09-08 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymeric Adsorbents: Characterization, Properties, Applications, and Modelling offers comprehensive information on the various types of polymeric adsorbents and uses, enabling the reader to understand, identify and prepare adsorbents with the required structure and properties for a range of key industrial applications. The book presents the various types of polymeric adsorbents and their characteristics, focuses on physicochemical properties, synthesis methods, functionalization, and composites and hybrid materials, and highlights key application areas, including gas adsorption, heavy metal removal, hazardous dye removal, and adsorption of antibiotics. Finally, the book provides detailed guidance on modeling of polymeric adsorbent behavior and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. This is a valuable resource to researchers and advanced students across polymer science, chemistry, materials science, engineering, environmental science, and engineers, scientists, and R&D professionals with an interest in polymeric adsorbents for industrial applications. - Covers a full range of polymeric adsorbent types, as well as composites and hybrid adsorbents - Explains chemistry, characterization, functionalization and methods for improving properties - Explores a range of applications supported by detailed coverage of simulation and modeling

Book Sorption mediated Chemical Processes for the Versatile Treatment of Per  and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances  PFAS  in Complex Media

Download or read book Sorption mediated Chemical Processes for the Versatile Treatment of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS in Complex Media written by Naomi Gevaerd de Souza and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have gained notoriety due to environmental and health concerns. These molecules are chemically stable which contributes to their persistence in biological systems and their increased detections in surface waters. Treatment of highly persistent PFAS has been a challenging but significant task. The most practical technique for removal of PFAS is through adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC) or other novel materials. Meanwhile, PFAS are resistant to simple oxidation, and although decomposition of specific PFAS has been reported through advanced oxidation technologies, often energy-intense technologies capable of generating electrons such as ultraviolet radiation, microwave, or high temperatures are required when coupled with an oxidant to generate highly reactive radical species. The use of such technologies increases the cost and lowers its practical applicability. Hence, in an effort to develop a practical treatment technology, an adsorption-based decomposition technology was envisioned. The high surface area of GAC poses a unique opportunity of housing reactive materials inside the pores. To achieve this, zero valent iron (ZVI), previously demonstrated to reductively delahogenate other persistent pollutants, was incorporated into the pores of the GAC, so called reactive activated carbon (RAC). Additionally, to generate highly oxidizing radical species per sulfate (PS) was injected. Hence, once PFAS are encapsulated inside the pores, a combination of both reductive and oxidative species is present in close proximity to decompose the much recalcitrant PFAS. To demonstrate its effectiveness and understand its behavior, 6 PFAS of different functional groups and carbon chain lengths were investigated. An adsorption isotherm was first developed to test the affinity of the selected GAC. Then, the effects of reaction temperature, injection of PS, and presence of soil on removal of PFAS in water by RAC were evaluated. Results showed that RAC conjugated with PS at 60 °C exhibited decomposition of PFAS, exclusively all 3 carboxylic PFAS tested, obviously producing various identifiable short chain PFAS. Carboxylic PFAS were removed via physical adsorption combined with chemical decomposition while sulfonic PFAS were removed via solely adsorption mechanism. The presence of soil particles did not greatly affect the overall removal of PFAS. Carbon mass balance suggested that chemical oxidation by radical mechanisms mutually influences, in a complex manner, PFAS adsorption to GAC, ZVI and its iron derivatives, and soil particles. Nonetheless, all tested 6 PFAS were removed significantly. If successfully developed, the adsorption-mediated decomposition strategy may work for treatment of complex media containing PFAS and co-contaminants under different environmental settings. Future studies are required, to ensure the decomposition of PFAS exclusively inside the pores of RAC, additionally the synthesis of RAC containing different types of reactive metals and oxidants should be investigated. Pilot scale studies should also be conducted to simulate treatment beds and evaluate the effectiveness of the system.

Book Iron in Soils and Clay Minerals

Download or read book Iron in Soils and Clay Minerals written by J.W. Stucki and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 903 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Probably more than any other element, iron markedly influences the chemical and physical properties of soils and sediments in the earth. Considering its transition metal status, with potential variation in electronic configuration, ionic radius, and magnetic moment, combined with its abundance and relatively large mass, little wonder that one sees its unique influence on every hand. Pre sentations at the NATO Advanced Study Institute (NATO AS!) on Iron in Soils and Clay Minerals reviewed and discussed the occurrence, behavior, and properties of Fe-bearing minerals found in soils and in the clay mineral groups kaolinite, smectite, and mica. Also discussed at the NATO AS! were the basic chemical properties of Fe, methods for separating and identifying Fe in minerals, and the role of Fe minerals in weathering and other soil-forming processes. The present publication is the reviewed and edited proceedings of that Advanced Study Institute. The sequence of chapters follows the general pattern beginning with introductory chapters which overview the general occurrence of Fe in the earth and its chemistry, both generally and in mineral environments, followed by identification and characterization methods for Fe and Fe phases in minerals. The properties and behavior of Fe oxides, Fe-bearing clay minerals, and other Fe minerals in soils are then described, and the text ends with a summary of the role of Fe in soil-forming processes. A Table of Contents and subject index are provided to assist the reader in finding specific topics within the text.

Book Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption of Per  and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances   from Scale Up to Factors Affecting Performance

Download or read book Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Scale Up to Factors Affecting Performance written by Zachary Ryan Hopkins and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The History of Cyclodextrins

Download or read book The History of Cyclodextrins written by Grégorio Crini and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the historical development of Cyclodextrins by scientists who have made outstanding contribution to the field. Cyclodextrins are safe, cage-like molecules that have found major applications in many industrial sectors such as medicine, food, agriculture, environment and chemistry.

Book Iron Oxides in the Laboratory

Download or read book Iron Oxides in the Laboratory written by Udo Schwertmann and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 1991-03-06 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents reliable, well-tested, up-to-date methods of synthesizing the major iron oxides. Such a collection is invaluable since iron oxides play an important role in numerous disciplines, including chemistry, soil science, medicine, corrosion science and aquatic and environmental chemistry. The emphasis is on techniques and apparatus that are readily accessible to the scientist. For students, the sections dealing with potential sources of error should prove extremely useful. Techniques for iron oxide characterization are also described in detail. Special Feature: color plates illustrating how the color of iron oxides varies with crystal structure, particle size, and metal substitution.

Book Removal of Perfluorinated Compounds in Drinking Water Treatment

Download or read book Removal of Perfluorinated Compounds in Drinking Water Treatment written by Chuan Liu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are emerging contaminants which have been detected in various environmental compartments, including drinking water sources. Because of their potential risks to human health, PFCs in drinking water systems have been studied at an increasing rate in recent years. Among all the PFCs, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoralkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) are two common classes; while perfluorinated phosphonic acids (PFPAs) are a type of PFCs, which have only been detected in the environment in the past few years. As the two most commonly detected PFCs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanoic sulfonate (PFOS) have been included in USEPA's fourth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL4) recently. In terms of treatment, ion exchange batch studies showed promising results for PFC removal. Nanoparticles are novel and promising adsorbents due to their high specific surface areas and other properties. The overall objective of this study is to investigate more efficient approaches to remove PFCs by ion exchange and adsorption processes in drinking water systems, including the application of anion exchange resins and nanoparticles, studying the influence of PFC characteristics on these processes, and the impact of water qualities, especially the effects of natural organic matter (NOM) and inorganic anions. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was adapted for analyzing seven PFCAs, three PFSAs, and three PFPAs in water samples. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was applied to concentrate water samples and to reach lower detection limits. Both the LC parameters and the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) conditions of the MS/MS were optimized to reach short retention times, good sensitivity, and nice peak shapes for the selected PFCs. The method detection limits (MDLs) for PFCAs and PFSAs ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 ng/L, while the MDLs for PFPAs were 5.0 to 5.1 ng/L. Four PFCAs and three PFSAs were then selected as target PFCs in subsequent removal studies. Five commercially available anion exchange resins with different properties were chosen to test their PFCs removals in both ultrapure and Grand River water in batch studies. In ultrapure water, all resins had high removals of over 80% for all target PFCs. In Grand River water, all resins had decreased PFC removals though they varied with different types of PFCs. PFSAs had higher removals than PFCAs and short chain PFCs were less removed than long chain PFCs. Based on these results, TAN-1 and PFA444 were selected as target resins to study single compound isotherms in ultrapure water, PFC removal in Lake Erie water, and the effect of inorganic anions. These studies proved that the decrease of PFC removals in surface water was caused by competition from both NOM and inorganic anions. The existence of sulfate in water could decrease PFCs removal, especially short chain PFCAs. Based on the PFC results above, TAN-1, PFA444 and A555 were selected as target anion exchange resins for regeneration batch studies. Regeneration conditions for selected anion exchange resins including regenerant types, cation types, and solvent types were tested in batch studies. The use of higher concentration of the regenerant salts, Na+ ions, and methanol can enhance the PFCs regeneration performance. Short chain PFCs had higher regeneration rates than long chain PFCs, and PFCAs had better regeneration performance compared to PFSAs. A555 had the best regeneration performance among the three selected resins; thus it was chosen as target resin for column tests. In the column regeneration tests, the regeneration conditions of 5% NaCl and 10 ml/min flow rate had the best regeneration performance. In the anion exchange column experiment using Grand River water, the breakthrough of all PFCs gradually increased from 20% after 100000 BV, to 90% breakthrough after 220000 BV. Magnetic nanoparticles with three different modified polymers were designed for PFC removal and synthesized. They were applied in PFC removal kinetic experiments in both ultrapure water and Grand River water. All magnetic nanoparticles achieved short equilibrium times of less than 10 hours in both waters. Magnetic nanoparticles modified with polymer p-DADMAC (N1) had the best PFC removal among all three nanoparticles in both waters. In Grand River water, the PFC removal of all three nanoparticles decreased substantially. NOM rather than inorganic anions was shown to be the main competitor for PFC removal by nanoparticles in surface water. The approach of using synthesized magnetic nanoparticles has potential to remove PFCs and should be further pursued.

Book Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater

Download or read book Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater written by Jurate Virkutyte and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2010-08-14 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last few years there has been a growing concern over the increasing concentration of micropollutants originating from a great variety of sources including pharmaceutical, chemical engineering and personal care product industries in rivers, lakes, soil and groundwater. As most of the micropollutants are polar and persistent compounds, they are only partially or not at all removed from wastewater and thus can enter the environment posing a great risk to the biota. It is hypothesized that wastewater is one of the most important point sources for micropollutants. Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater gives a comprehensive overview of modern analytical methods and will summarize novel single and hybrid methods to remove continuously emerging contaminants - micropollutants from the aqueous phase. New trends (e.g. sensor technology, nanotechnology and hybrid treatment technologies) are described in detail. The book is very timely because the new techniques are still in the development phase and have to be realized not only in the laboratory but also on a larger scale. The content of the book is divided into chapters that present current descriptive and analytical methods that are available to detect and measure micropollutants together with detailed information on various chemical, biological and physicochemical methods that have evolved over the last few decades. Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater will also enable readers to make well informed choices through providing an understanding of why and how micropollutants must be removed from water sources, and what are the most appropriate and available techniques for providing a cost and technologically effective and sustainable solutions for reaching the goal of micropollutant-free water and wastewater. The book will be suitable for water and wastewater professionals as well for students and researchers in civil engineering, environmental engineering and process engineering fields.

Book Polymer Based Advanced Functional Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications

Download or read book Polymer Based Advanced Functional Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications written by Nithin Kundachira Subramani and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer-based advanced functional materials are one of most sought after products of this global high performance material demand as polymer-based materials guarantee both processing ease and mechanical flexibilities. This volume provides a comprehensive and updated review of major innovations in the field of polymer-based advanced functional materials which focuses on constructive knowledge on advanced multifunctional materials and their resultant techno-commercial applications. The contents aim at restricting the coverage to energy and environment related applications as the said two are the most emerging application domains of polymer-based advanced functional materials. It highlights the cutting-edge and recent research findings of polymer based advanced functional materials in energy and environment sectors wherein each chapter focuses on a specific energy and environment related application of polymer-based advanced functional materials, their preparation technique, nature enhancement achieved and allied factors. This volume would be of great interest to researchers, academicians and professionals, involved in polymers, chemistry, energy and environmental research, and other allied domains.

Book Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring

Download or read book Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring written by Richard Greenwood and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-07-03 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monitoring pollutants in air, soil and water is a routine requirement in the workplace, and in the wider environment. Passive samplers can provide a representative picture of levels of pollutants over a period of time from days to months by measuring the average concentrations to which they have been exposed. Air monitors are widely used, for instance to measure the exposure of workers to volatile compounds, but also for monitoring the fate of pollutants in the atmosphere. Passive sampling devices are now becomining increasingly used to monitor pollutants in rivers, coastal waters and ground water where contamination results from sources such as domestic and industrial discharges, and the use of agrochemicals. Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring provides a timely collection of information on a set of techniques that help monitor the quality of air, surface and ground waters. Passive sampling can provide an inexpensive means of obtaining a representative picture of quality over a period of time, even where levels of pollutants fluctuate due to discontinuous discharges or seasonal application of chemicals such as pesticides. Recent changes in legislation have increased the pressure to obtain better information than that provided by classical infrequent spot sampling.Brought together in one source, this book looks at the performance of a range of devices for the passive sampling of metals, and of non-polar and polar organic chemicals in air and in water. The strengths and weaknesses and the range of applicability of the technology are considered.* Comprehensive review of passive sampling - covering air, water and majority of available technologies in one volume* Chapters written by international specialist experts * Covers theory and applications, providing background information and guidelines for use in the field