Download or read book Expert Problem Solving written by Kenneth Leithwood and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1995-01-01 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a series of related empirical studies about the thinking and problem solving processes of expert educational leaders. It describes the nature of expert thinking and provides substantial explanations for the cognitive processes associated with expert thinking. Differences in the thinking and problem solving of male and female; novice and experienced; elementary, secondary, district administrators are all explored. In addition, the book provides a glimpse of the school administrator's world from a problem solving perspective and clarifies the kinds of experiences that give rise to expert thinking.
Download or read book How People Learn written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-08-11 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First released in the Spring of 1999, How People Learn has been expanded to show how the theories and insights from the original book can translate into actions and practice, now making a real connection between classroom activities and learning behavior. This edition includes far-reaching suggestions for research that could increase the impact that classroom teaching has on actual learning. Like the original edition, this book offers exciting new research about the mind and the brain that provides answers to a number of compelling questions. When do infants begin to learn? How do experts learn and how is this different from non-experts? What can teachers and schools do-with curricula, classroom settings, and teaching methodsâ€"to help children learn most effectively? New evidence from many branches of science has significantly added to our understanding of what it means to know, from the neural processes that occur during learning to the influence of culture on what people see and absorb. How People Learn examines these findings and their implications for what we teach, how we teach it, and how we assess what our children learn. The book uses exemplary teaching to illustrate how approaches based on what we now know result in in-depth learning. This new knowledge calls into question concepts and practices firmly entrenched in our current education system. Topics include: How learning actually changes the physical structure of the brain. How existing knowledge affects what people notice and how they learn. What the thought processes of experts tell us about how to teach. The amazing learning potential of infants. The relationship of classroom learning and everyday settings of community and workplace. Learning needs and opportunities for teachers. A realistic look at the role of technology in education.
Download or read book The Psychology of Problem Solving written by Janet E. Davidson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-06-09 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Problems are a central part of human life. The Psychology of Problem Solving organizes in one volume much of what psychologists know about problem solving and the factors that contribute to its success or failure. There are chapters by leading experts in this field, including Miriam Bassok, Randall Engle, Anders Ericsson, Arthur Graesser, Keith Stanovich, Norbert Schwarz, and Barry Zimmerman, among others. The Psychology of Problem Solving is divided into four parts. Following an introduction that reviews the nature of problems and the history and methods of the field, Part II focuses on individual differences in, and the influence of, the abilities and skills that humans bring to problem situations. Part III examines motivational and emotional states and cognitive strategies that influence problem solving performance, while Part IV summarizes and integrates the various views of problem solving proposed in the preceding chapters.
Download or read book Working Minds written by Beth Crandall and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2006-07-07 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to collect data about cognitive processes and events, how to analyze CTA findings, and how to communicate them effectively: a handbook for managers, trainers, systems analysts, market researchers, health professionals, and others. Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) helps researchers understand how cognitive skills and strategies make it possible for people to act effectively and get things done. CTA can yield information people need—employers faced with personnel issues, market researchers who want to understand the thought processes of consumers, trainers and others who design instructional systems, health care professionals who want to apply lessons learned from errors and accidents, systems analysts developing user specifications, and many other professionals. CTA can show what makes the workplace work—and what keeps it from working as well as it might. Working Minds is a true handbook, offering a set of tools for doing CTA: methods for collecting data about cognitive processes and events, analyzing them, and communicating them effectively. It covers both the "why" and the "how" of CTA methods, providing examples, guidance, and stories from the authors' own experiences as CTA practitioners. Because effective use of CTA depends on some conceptual grounding in cognitive theory and research—on knowing what a cognitive perspective can offer—the book also offers an overview of current research on cognition. The book provides detailed guidance for planning and carrying out CTA, with chapters on capturing knowledge and capturing the way people reason. It discusses studying cognition in real-world settings and the challenges of rapidly changing technology. And it describes key issues in applying CTA findings in a variety of fields. Working Minds makes the methodology of CTA accessible and the skills involved attainable.
Download or read book Problem Solving written by S. Ian Robertson and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Problem solving is an integral part of everyday life yet few books are dedicated to this important aspect of human cognition. In each case, the problem, such as solving a crossword or writing an essay, has a goal. In this comprehensive and timely textbook, the author discusses the psychological processes underlying such goal-directed problem solving, and examines both how we learn from experience of problem solving and how our learning transfers (or often fails to transfer) from one situation to another. Following initial coverage of the methods we use to solve unfamiliar problems, the book goes on to examine the psychological processes involved in novice problem solving before progressing to the methods and processes used by skilled problem solvers or "experts". Topics covered include: how we generate a useful representation of a problem as a starting point; general problem solving strategies we use in unfamiliar situations; possible processes involved in insight or lateral thinking; the nature of problem similarity and the role of analogies in problem solving; understanding and learning from textbooks; and how we develop expertise through the learning of specific problem solving skills. Clear, up-to-date and accessible, Problem Solving will be of interest to undergraduates and postgraduates in cognitive psychology, cognitive science, and educational psychology. The focus on the practical transfer of learning through problem solving will also make it of relevance to educationalists and business psychologists.
Download or read book Cracked it written by Bernard Garrette and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-08 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solving complex problems and selling their solutions is critical for personal and organizational success. For most of us, however, it doesn’t come naturally and we haven’t been taught how to do it well. Research shows a host of pitfalls trips us up when we try: We’re quick to believe we understand a situation and jump to a flawed solution. We seek to confirm our hypotheses and ignore conflicting evidence. We view challenges incompletely through the frameworks we know instead of with a fresh pair of eyes. And when we communicate our recommendations, we forget our reasoning isn’t obvious to our audience. How can we do it better? In Cracked It!, seasoned strategy professors and consultants Bernard Garrette, Corey Phelps and Olivier Sibony present a rigorous and practical four-step approach to overcome these pitfalls. Building on tried-and-tested (but rarely revealed) methods of top strategy consultants, research in cognitive psychology, and the latest advances in design thinking, they provide a step-by-step process and toolkit that will help readers tackle any challenging business problem. Using compelling stories and detailed case examples, the authors guide readers through each step in the process: from how to state, structure and then solve problems to how to sell the solutions. Written in an engaging style by a trio of experts with decades of experience researching, teaching and consulting on complex business problems, this book will be an indispensable manual for anyone interested in creating value by helping their organizations crack the problems that matter most.
Download or read book Problem Solving in Radiology Cardiovascular Imaging E Book written by Suhny Abbara and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-11-01 with total page 873 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimize diagnostic accuracy with Cardiovascular Imaging, a title in the popular Problem Solving in Radiology series. Drs. Suhny Abbara and Sanjeeva Kalva use a problem-based approach to help you make optimal use of the latest cardiovascular imaging techniques and achieve confident diagnoses. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader with intuitive search tools and adjustable font sizes. Elsevier eBooks provide instant portable access to your entire library, no matter what device you're using or where you're located. Make the most effective use of today's imaging techniques, including PET and SPECT. Perform effective interventions using the newest grafts, stents, and coils. See conditions as they appear in practice with more than 2,350 images detailing anatomy, normal anatomic variants, and pathology. Make optimal clinical choices and avoid complications with expert protocols and tricks of the trade. Avoid common problems that can lead to an incorrect diagnosis. Tables and boxes with tips, pitfalls, and other teaching points show you what to look for, while problem-solving advice helps you make sound clinical decisions. Quickly find the information you need thanks to a well-organized, user-friendly format with consistent headings, detailed illustrations, and at-a-glance tables.
Download or read book Children s Thinking written by Robert Siegler and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-10-28 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1978. In 1963, John Flavell posed one of the truly basic questions underlying the study of children’s thinking; his question was simply “What develops?” This volume holds the papers from the 13th Annual Carnegie Cognition Symposium, held in May 1977, that considering what progress had been made toward answering this question in the past 15 years.
Download or read book Learning to Solve Problems written by David H. Jonassen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-09-13 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date look at problem solving research and practice over the last fifteen years. The first chapter describes differences in types of problems, individual differences among problem-solvers, as well as the domain and context within which a problem is being solved. Part one describes six kinds of problems and the methods required to solve them. Part two goes beyond traditional discussions of case design and introduces six different purposes or functions of cases, the building blocks of problem-solving learning environments. It also describes methods for constructing cases to support problem solving. Part three introduces a number of cognitive skills required for studying cases and solving problems. Finally, Part four describes several methods for assessing problem solving. Key features includes: Teaching Focus – The book is not merely a review of research. It also provides specific research-based advice on how to design problem-solving learning environments. Illustrative Cases – A rich array of cases illustrates how to build problem-solving learning environments. Part two introduces six different functions of cases and also describes the parameters of a case. Chapter Integration – Key theories and concepts are addressed across chapters and links to other chapters are made explicit. The idea is to show how different kinds of problems, cases, skills, and assessments are integrated. Author expertise – A prolific researcher and writer, the author has been researching and publishing books and articles on learning to solve problems for the past fifteen years. This book is appropriate for advanced courses in instructional design and technology, science education, applied cognitive psychology, thinking and reasoning, and educational psychology. Instructional designers, especially those involved in designing problem-based learning, as well as curriculum designers who seek new ways of structuring curriculum will find it an invaluable reference tool.
Download or read book Stop Guessing written by Nat Greene and published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers. This book was released on 2017-04-03 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illustrated with examples ranging from everyday issues to serious problems, this book will help you understand the behaviors that great problem-solvers use to tackle the hardest problems with skill and panache, regardless of the industry or nature of the problem. --
Download or read book Discipline Based Education Research written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-08-27 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Science Foundation funded a synthesis study on the status, contributions, and future direction of discipline-based education research (DBER) in physics, biological sciences, geosciences, and chemistry. DBER combines knowledge of teaching and learning with deep knowledge of discipline-specific science content. It describes the discipline-specific difficulties learners face and the specialized intellectual and instructional resources that can facilitate student understanding. Discipline-Based Education Research is based on a 30-month study built on two workshops held in 2008 to explore evidence on promising practices in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. This book asks questions that are essential to advancing DBER and broadening its impact on undergraduate science teaching and learning. The book provides empirical research on undergraduate teaching and learning in the sciences, explores the extent to which this research currently influences undergraduate instruction, and identifies the intellectual and material resources required to further develop DBER. Discipline-Based Education Research provides guidance for future DBER research. In addition, the findings and recommendations of this report may invite, if not assist, post-secondary institutions to increase interest and research activity in DBER and improve its quality and usefulness across all natural science disciples, as well as guide instruction and assessment across natural science courses to improve student learning. The book brings greater focus to issues of student attrition in the natural sciences that are related to the quality of instruction. Discipline-Based Education Research will be of interest to educators, policy makers, researchers, scholars, decision makers in universities, government agencies, curriculum developers, research sponsors, and education advocacy groups.
Download or read book Complex Problem Solving written by Robert J. Sternberg and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-01-14 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although complex problem solving has emerged as a field of psychology in its own right, the literature is, for the most part, widely scattered, and often so technical that it is inaccessible to non-experts. This unique book provides a comprehensive, in-depth, and accessible introduction to the field of complex problem solving. Chapter authors -- experts in their selected domains -- deliver systematic, thought-provoking analyses generally written from an information-processing point of view. Areas addressed include politics, electronics, and computers.
Download or read book Characterizing Expert and Novice Differences in Problem Solving in Heat Transfer written by Sarah Elizabeth Parikh and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research investigates adaptive expertise through the analysis of written open-ended questions. The open-ended questions were given to experts (advanced graduate students) and to novices (undergraduates taking an introductory heat transfer course). Analysis of the experts' responses to these questions indicated that experts make qualifying statements in their responses, a newly identified characteristic of expertise. Analysis of the novices' responses indicates areas for future work in research and teaching. Additionally, the wording of the open-ended questions appears to be important: the responses to questions that asked participants to choose an outcome showed greater differences between the expert and novice participants than questions that asked participants to explain how or why something happens.
Download or read book Becoming Expert Problem Solvers written by Benjamin Ernest Keep and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We want students to become good scientific problem solvers, yet little research has focused squarely on the development of scientific problem solving expertise. Psychologists have studied problem solving—and scientific problem solving—extensively. Frameworks have been developed to describe what people do when they solve scientific problems. But this research, and the expertise research more broadly, has stopped short of examining the full trajectory of expertise development in a scientific problem solving domain. The lack of research in this area is due, in part, to methodological challenges. Chess, violin-playing: these are isolated domains, with established measures of expertise and, consequently, are common targets of longitudinal expertise research. Data about students becoming experts in solving a class of physics or biochemistry problems is harder to come by; measures of expertise have not been established and the domains are not as isolated. The psychological laboratory offers a controlled setting, but at the cost of limited time scales and artificially created problems that can be analyzed efficiently. This dissertation uses an unusual source of data that resolves some of these methodological challenges. Citizen science is a form of scientific research that involves members of the public. In a handful of projects, citizen scientists—volunteers who contribute to this research—become experts in solving a specific kind of problem. I examine one of these projects, Eterna, in depth, drawing on qualitative evidence—records of conversations among volunteers—and quantitative evidence—records captured as volunteers solve problems. This permits access to a long period of expertise development. This approach also lets me examine development in an authentic scientific problem. I use a grounded theory approach to address three important questions: 1) the path of the developmental change—what changed into what? 2) the variation in developmental change—how do people differ in their cognitive change?, and 3) the sources of the developmental change—which variables caused the change to take place and how did they do so? The dissertation as a whole offers a new way of talking about expertise development in scientific problem solving: not as primarily the development of a domain-general construct ("scientific reasoning"), but as the product of exploration of the fundamental features in the domain. It also offers insight into the kinds of technological affordances, individual behaviors, and cognitive resources that drive expertise forward. Finally, it offers a conceptual distinction between citizen science projects, suggesting that expertise-centric projects represent an alternative research paradigm.
Download or read book Bulletproof Problem Solving written by Charles Conn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-03-04 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complex problem solving is the core skill for 21st Century Teams Complex problem solving is at the very top of the list of essential skills for career progression in the modern world. But how problem solving is taught in our schools, universities, businesses and organizations comes up short. In Bulletproof Problem Solving: The One Skill That Changes Everything you’ll learn the seven-step systematic approach to creative problem solving developed in top consulting firms that will work in any field or industry, turning you into a highly sought-after bulletproof problem solver who can tackle challenges that others balk at. The problem-solving technique outlined in this book is based on a highly visual, logic-tree method that can be applied to everything from everyday decisions to strategic issues in business to global social challenges. The authors, with decades of experience at McKinsey and Company, provide 30 detailed, real-world examples, so you can see exactly how the technique works in action. With this bulletproof approach to defining, unpacking, understanding, and ultimately solving problems, you’ll have a personal superpower for developing compelling solutions in your workplace. Discover the time-tested 7-step technique to problem solving that top consulting professionals employ Learn how a simple visual system can help you break down and understand the component parts of even the most complex problems Build team brainstorming techniques that fight cognitive bias, streamline workplanning, and speed solutions Know when and how to employ modern analytic tools and techniques from machine learning to game theory Learn how to structure and communicate your findings to convince audiences and compel action The secrets revealed in Bulletproof Problem Solving will transform the way you approach problems and take you to the next level of business and personal success.
Download or read book Thinking and Problem Solving written by Robert J. Sternberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-05-13 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thinking and Problem-Solving presents a comprehensive and up-to-date review of literature on cognition, reasoning, intelligence, and other formative areas specific to this field. Written for advanced undergraduates, researchers, and academics, this volume is a necessary reference for beginning and established investigators in cognitive and educational psychology. Thinking and Problem-Solving provides insight into questions such as: how do people solve complex problems in mathematics and everyday life? How do we generate new ideas? How do we piece together clues to solve a mystery, categorize novel events, and teach others to do the same? Provides a comprehensive literature review Covers both historical and contemporary approaches Organized for ease of use and reference Chapters authored by leading scholars
Download or read book Complex Problem Solving written by Peter A. Frensch and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-04-04 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a state-of-the-science review of the most promising current European research -- and its historic roots of research -- on complex problem solving (CPS) in Europe. It is an attempt to close the knowledge gap among American scholars regarding the European approach to understanding CPS. Although most of the American researchers are well aware of the fact that CPS has been a very active research area in Europe for quite some time, they do not know any specifics about even the most important research. Part of the reason for this lack of knowledge is undoubtedly the fact that European researchers -- for the most part -- have been rather reluctant to publish their work in English-language journals. The book concentrates on European research because the basic approach European scholars have taken to studying CPS is very different from one taken by North American researchers. Traditionally, American scholars have been studying CPS in "natural" domains -- physics, reading, writing, and chess playing -- concentrating primarily on exploring novice-expert differences and the acquisition of a complex skill. European scholars, in contrast, have been primarily concerned with problem solving behavior in artificially generated, mostly computerized, complex systems. While the American approach has the advantage of high external validity, the European approach has the advantage of system variables that can be systematically manipulated to reveal the effects of system parameters on CPS behavior. The two approaches are thus best viewed as complementing each other. This volume contains contributions from four European countries -- Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain, and Germany. As such, it accurately represents the bulk of empirical research on CPS which has been conducted in Europe. An international cooperation started two years ago with the goal of bringing the European research on complex problem solving to the awareness of American scholars. A direct result of that effort, the contributions to this book are both informative and comprehensive.
