Download or read book Probabilistic Logic Networks written by Ben Goertzel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-16 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract In this chapter we provide an overview of probabilistic logic networks (PLN), including our motivations for developing PLN and the guiding principles underlying PLN. We discuss foundational choices we made, introduce PLN knowledge representation, and briefly introduce inference rules and truth-values. We also place PLN in context with other approaches to uncertain inference. 1.1 Motivations This book presents Probabilistic Logic Networks (PLN), a systematic and pragmatic framework for computationally carrying out uncertain reasoning – r- soning about uncertain data, and/or reasoning involving uncertain conclusions. We begin with a few comments about why we believe this is such an interesting and important domain of investigation. First of all, we hold to a philosophical perspective in which “reasoning” – properly understood – plays a central role in cognitive activity. We realize that other perspectives exist; in particular, logical reasoning is sometimes construed as a special kind of cognition that humans carry out only occasionally, as a deviation from their usual (intuitive, emotional, pragmatic, sensorimotor, etc.) modes of thought. However, we consider this alternative view to be valid only according to a very limited definition of “logic.” Construed properly, we suggest, logical reasoning may be understood as the basic framework underlying all forms of cognition, including those conventionally thought of as illogical and irrational.

Download or read book Handbook of the Economics of Giving Altruism and Reciprocity written by Serge-Christophe Kolm and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-09-08 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive set of reviews of literature on the economics of nonmarket voluntary transfers.

Download or read book The Inheritance Games written by Jennifer Lynn Barnes and published by Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OVER 3 MILLION COPIES SOLD OF THE #1 BESTSELLING SERIES! Don't miss this New York Times bestselling "impossible to put down" (Buzzfeed) novel with deadly stakes, thrilling twists, and juicy secrets—perfect for fans of One of Us is Lying and Knives Out. Avery Grambs has a plan for a better future: survive high school, win a scholarship, and get out. But her fortunes change in an instant when billionaire Tobias Hawthorne dies and leaves Avery virtually his entire fortune. The catch? Avery has no idea why—or even who Tobias Hawthorne is. To receive her inheritance, Avery must move into sprawling, secret passage-filled Hawthorne House, where every room bears the old man's touch—and his love of puzzles, riddles, and codes. Unfortunately for Avery, Hawthorne House is also occupied by the family that Tobias Hawthorne just dispossessed. This includes the four Hawthorne grandsons: dangerous, magnetic, brilliant boys who grew up with every expectation that one day, they would inherit billions. Heir apparent Grayson Hawthorne is convinced that Avery must be a conwoman, and he's determined to take her down. His brother, Jameson, views her as their grandfather's last hurrah: a twisted riddle, a puzzle to be solved. Caught in a world of wealth and privilege with danger around every turn, Avery will have to play the game herself just to survive. **The games continue in The Hawthorne Legacy, The Final Gambit, and The Brothers Hawthorne!

Download or read book Political Philosophy and Taxation written by Robert F. van Brederode and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-02 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores how taxation is related to the role of the state and its relationship with its constituents, the concept of private property rights, the concepts of societal fairness and justice, and the battle between the individual and the collective. This book appeals to students and scholars who want to know how philosophers in the past and present think about taxation, and how their thinking has developed through cross-influencing. There exists no comprehensive study providing such an overview. This book is a foundational study on the philosophical justification of taxation (qualitative aspect) and the normative qualifications required of tax law to constitute tax that is just and fair (distributive or quantitative aspect). The latter includes evaluation of what type of tax is morally correct or acceptable to realize distributive justice. This book covers periods from the Enlightenment era until the present. The philosophers are grouped together in schools of thought and each chapter except for chapter 1 and chapter 13, are is dedicated to a specific philosophical school. Moreover, this book aims to provide an overview of each school of thinking and the individual philosophers, including placing them in the context of their times. The book has particular importance as the study of taxation is an underdeveloped area of political and legal philosophy.

Download or read book Family and the Welfare State in Europe written by Agnes Blome and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book offers a genuine and innovative research direction that explores the black box of intergenerational relations and in particular how institutions mediate families ability to offer financial resources as well as provide care services to their members. Antonis Roumpakis, Journal of Social Policy . . . the book is an impressive effort, from which both students and academics will benefit, as this reader indeed has. Svein Olav Daatland, Ageing and Society Most European countries are experiencing a dramatic demographic shift. A combination of falling birthrates and rising life expectancy leads to a significant aging of societies. The authors analyze how the state and the family shape generational living conditions in Germany, France, Italy and Sweden and how age-specific attitudes toward welfare policy are affected. One finding is that there is little evidence of conflict between the generations. The book is a very important contribution to a better understanding of the character of new challenges for European welfare states. Stein Kuhnle, The University of Bergen, Norway and the Hertie School of Governance, Germany This insightful book explores the role of both the family and the state in shaping the living conditions of the young and old in Europe. It provides a comparative theoretical and empirical analysis of age-related policies and welfare arrangements in Germany, France, Italy and Sweden. By combining institutional data on changes in public policies with longitudinal micro-data on living arrangements and informal support patterns in families, the authors are able to demonstrate the huge diversity in the organization of intergenerational relations and the changes that have occurred since the early 1990s. Age-specific differences in attitudes towards current social policy issues are also explored. The key finding is that intergenerational bonds of solidarity remain robust, meaning predictions of a potential conflict between the generations are vastly exaggerated. Providing up-to-date information on the perception of public policies and generational conflicts in different welfare states, this book is a must read for researchers in the field of comparative social policy and intergenerational relations. It will also benefit academics in sociology and political science, as well as policy-makers and consultants.

Download or read book Dependants Relief Legislation and Compulsory Portion written by Dorota Miler and published by Mohr Siebeck. This book was released on 2017-10-02 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Freedom of testation allows an individual to make effective on his death dispositions of his property on the event of his death. Dependants' relief legislation in British Columbia and compulsory portion in Germany limit this freedom by providing testator's family members with a portion of the estate. However, out of the two, only the legislation gives courts the discretion to change testamentary provisions, by making them, in some cases, entirely ineffective. A comparative analysis of the application, legal character, history and purpose of the limitations leads to the conclusion that the freedom of testation is significantly more limited under British Columbia's legislation than it is under the German law. The author proposes a solution that increases the freedom, adds predictability and reduces subjectivity of the application of the dependants' relief legislation in British Columbia.

Download or read book Montana Code Annotated written by Montana and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 1556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The effect of land inheritance on youth employment and migration decisions Evidence from rural Ethiopia written by Kosec, Katrina and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Ethiopia, there are two binding forces (push and pull) that deserve attention when it comes to youth occupational and spatial mobility choices and the national land use and transfer policy. On the one hand, the fact that the land rental market in Ethiopia is supply constrained due to market and policy distortions marginalizes youth and serves as a push factor leading them to look elsewhere for a livelihood strategy. On the other hand, the regulatory conditions and restrictions attached to land use and inheritance rights may serve as a pull factor and force youth to be tied to the rural and/or farming sector. Our study thus aims to explore how youth land access (both inheritance and market-based) affects their migration and employment decisions. We explore this question in the context of rural Ethiopia using panel data from 2010 and 2014. We find that larger expected land inheritances significantly lower the likelihood of long-distance permanent migration and of permanent migration to urban areas during this time. Inheriting more land is also associated with a significantly higher likelihood of employment in agriculture and a lower likelihood of employment in the nonagricultural sector. Conversely, the decision to attend school is unaffected. These results appear to be most heavily driven by males and by the older half of our youth sample. We also find several mediating factors matter. Land inheritance plays a much more pronounced role in predicting rural-to-urban permanent migration and nonagricultural-sector employment in areas with less vibrant land markets and in relatively remote areas (those far from major urban centers). Overall, the results reaffirm the notion that push factors dominate pull factors in dictating occupational and migration decisions in Ethiopia and highlight youth preferences to use migration or non-agricultural employment as a last resort after exhausting other means of accessing land, such as temporary land rental.

Download or read book Dictionary of Daily Life in Biblical Post biblical Antiquity written by Edwin M. Yamauchi and published by Hendrickson Publishers. This book was released on 2017 with total page 1865 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Dictionary of Daily Life in Biblical & Post-Biblical Antiquity is a unique reference work that provides background cultural and technical information on the world of the Hebrew Bible and New Testament from 4000 BC to approximately AD 600. Also available as a 4-volume set (ISBN 9781619708617), this complete one-volume edition covers topics from A-Z. This dictionary casts light on the culture, technology, history, and politics of the periods of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Written and edited by a world-class historian and a highly respected biblical scholar, with contributions by many others, this unique reference work explains details of domestic life, technology, culture, laws, and religious practices, with extensive bibliographic material for further exploration. There are 115 articles ranging from 5-20 pages long. Scholars, pastors, and students (and their teachers) will find this to be a useful resource for biblical study, exegesis, and sermon preparation. "This is not your standard Bible dictionary, but one that focuses on aspects of daily life in Bible times, addressing interesting and sometimes puzzling topics that are often overlooked in other encyclopedias. I highly recommend the Dictionary of Daily Life in Biblical and Post-Biblical Antiquity and will be giving it 'shout-outs' in my classes in the years to come." --James K. Hoffmeier, Professor of Old Testament and Near Eastern Archaeology, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School "This wonderful resource is much more than a dictionary. It is a compendium of substantive essays on numerous facets of daily life in the ancient world. I am frequently asked by pastors and students for recommendations on books that illuminate the manners, customs, and cultural practices of the biblical world. Now I have the ideal set of books to recommend." --Clinton E. Arnold, Dean and Professor of New Testament, Talbot School of Theology, Biola University

Download or read book On the Political Economy of Market Socialism written by James A. Yunker and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title was first published in 2001. Spanning a quarter of a century, this collection makes conveniently accessible 14 of Yunker’s thorough and highly illuminating contributions to the literature on market socialism.

Download or read book Commentaries on American Law written by James Kent and published by . This book was released on 1884 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Family Law written by Frances Burton and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Family Law is an accessible, student-friendly textbook which provides a comprehensive foundation in the key topics covered by undergraduate and CPE/GDL courses. Written with clarity, Family Law offers an introduction not just to the black-letter law but also to the social, economic and historical developments that have helped to shape it, considering key academic debates and areas of controversy. Authored by a highly experienced lecturer, Family Law is structured in two parts around family law and child law, the framing areas of the common syllabus. Developed with all the latest legislative developments, case law and potential reforms in mind, including the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, R (A child) [2009], Radmacher v Granatino [2009], Re AR (A Child: Relocation) [2010], and Kernott v Jones [2011], the Final Report of the Family Justice Review and the controversy over the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Bill 2011 (including the Family Law Manifesto campaign led by the Family Law Bar Association and supported by other organisations working with children and vulnerable families) this is the ideal textbook for all students of family or child law today. Student-friendly features include: Outline contents at the beginning of each chapter which provide students with a context as they read; Bulleted summaries at the end of each chapter which highlight and reinforce the key concepts; Further reading lists which point students towards contemporary sources for more detailed study; An introduction to the key academic debates and areas of controversy, helping students to deepen their critical evaluation of the subject; A free companion website, which offers students the opportunity to test their own understanding and apply their knowledge to a set of hypothetical problem-based questions. In addition, revision podcasts will prove invaluable as exam time approaches.

Download or read book Rethinking Estate and Gift Taxation written by William G. Gale and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2011-07-01 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although estate and gift taxes raise a small fraction of federal revenues, they have become sources of increasing political controversy. This book is designed to inform the current policy debate and build a conceptual basis for future scholarship. The book contains eleven original studies of estate and gift taxes, along with discussants' comments. The essays provide background and historical information; analyze the optimal taxation of estates and gifts; examine the effects of the tax on charitable contributions, saving behavior, the distribution and level of wealth, tax avoidance and tax evasion; and explore the effects of alternatives to estate taxation.

Download or read book French Syntax on the Basis of Edouard M tzner written by James Albert Harrison and published by . This book was released on 1882 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts written by Massachusetts. Supreme Judicial Court and published by . This book was released on 1907 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Treatise on the American Law of Administration written by John Gabriel Woerner and published by . This book was released on 1899 with total page 852 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book International Succession written by Louis Garb and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2010 with total page 841 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing numbers of people have connections with one country, but live and work in another, frequently owning property or investments in several countries. As such, international aspects arise in an increasing number of estates. Different countries may have separate arrangements for ownership, taxation, and succession. International Succession equips practitioners with the information necessary to navigate problems involving these different systems. Although lawyers would often advise only on the law of the jurisdictions in which they are based, seeking advice from lawyers in other countries, this book will save the practitioner the time - and expense - of ascertaining the basics concerning the inheritance systems in different countries, offering clear and easy to use information on the laws of inheritance and succession. Each country's report is based on responses to a comprehensive questionnaire that considers the practical issues arising from the jurisdiction's individual laws, making it easy for users to make specific comparisons between the laws of one country and another. The book covers over fifty countries with entries written by experts from each country, making it an invaluable resource for the busy practitioner. This title is an improved and expanded version of International Succession, edited by Louis Garb and published by Kluwer Law International, 2004. This edition, published in hardback form, will also be supplemented annually in between editions to update the individual country entries.