Download or read book Evolutionary Mechanisms of Viral Cross species Transmission and Emergence written by Ian Eugene Huber Voorhees and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For all viruses, replicative success is a balancing act. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses must overcome or evade a gauntlet of host barriers and defenses while simultaneously maintaining many other required interactions. In instances of cross-species transmission, this balance is often disrupted as a foreign virus encounters a new suite of host-specific selective challenges and must reach a new equilibrium within the context of the biology and ecology of the recipient host species. Thus, the ultimate outcome of viral cross-species transmissions is determined by differential selective pressures and evolutionary changes. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that underlie viral transmission to and sustained circulation in a new host species is therefore critical for efforts towards managing ongoing viral epidemics and minimizing the threat of future emergence events. While much of scientific literature in this area focuses on viruses that have already caused significant epidemics or pandemics in humans, viral host-range shifts also occur in other animals. These events can provide tractable and informative models that reveal the critical underlying processes. In addition to their relevancy as companion animals, dogs serve as particularly useful host model systems for studying the drivers of viral emergence as they display many biological and ecological factors that are relevant to emerging infectious diseases in humans. Over the last half century, three viruses from two different families have emerged in dogs as a result of cross-species transmission events: two distinct canine influenza virus (CIV) subtypes - H3N8 and H3N2, and canine parvovirus (CPV). Using these viruses as case studies, this thesis explores the critical steps that occur in viral host-range shifts across multiple biological scales by utilizing new advances in viral full-genome sequencing and preforming sequence analyses informed by detailed epidemiological modeling and viral protein structural information. Among the CIVs, I find that contact heterogeneity within the United States dog population is likely a major barrier preventing sustained circulation. This barrier has proven to be insurmountable for the H3N8 CIV, which has now gone extinct. The circulation of H3N2 CIV appears to be similarly affected; however, my work reveals that multiple re-introductions of virus from Asia have driven repeated epidemic waves within the United States, suggesting that dog populations in Asia serve as a reservoir for this virus. In contrast, CPV is not as limited by host contact heterogeneity, likely due to its broad host range and ability to remain infectious for long periods of time in the environment, both features which increase the probability of exposure to new susceptible animals. However, there appear to be genetic constraints on the small ssDNA CPV genome since after 40 years of sustained pandemic circulation in dogs, I found very low levels of diversity at the intrahost and epidemiological scales. Interestingly, these genetic constraints may be overcome by structural flexibility in the CPV capsid and its interactions with the transferrin receptors from different host species, suggesting an alternative evolutionary strategy for overcoming host-specific barriers to infection. The results of this dissertation provide new information that is immediately relevant to significant ongoing epidemics of viral diseases in dogs and may inform vaccine development and biosecurity or outbreak management practices. In a more general sense, the results also provide a framework for better understanding the critical barriers associated with viral host-range shifts and how different viruses may overcome such barriers.

Download or read book Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases The Biology Circumstances and Consequences of Cross Species Transmission written by James E. Childs and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-08-13 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers an overview of the processes of zoonotic viral emergence, the intricacies of host/virus interactions, and the role of biological transitions and modifying factors. The themes introduced here are amplified and explored in detail by the contributing authors, who explore the mechanisms and unique circumstances by which evolution, biology, history, and current context have contrived to drive the emergence of different zoonotic agents by a series of related events.

Download or read book The Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses written by Edward C. Holmes and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-25 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the study of viral evolution has developed rapidly in the last 30 years, little attention has been directed toward linking the mechanisms of viral evolution to the epidemiological outcomes of these processes. This book intends to fill this gap by considering the patterns and processes of viral evolution at all its spatial and temporal scales.

Download or read book Origin and Evolution of Viruses written by Esteban Domingo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-06-23 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New viral diseases are emerging continuously. Viruses adapt to new environments at astounding rates. Genetic variability of viruses jeopardizes vaccine efficacy. For many viruses mutants resistant to antiviral agents or host immune responses arise readily, for example, with HIV and influenza. These variations are all of utmost importance for human and animal health as they have prevented us from controlling these epidemic pathogens. This book focuses on the mechanisms that viruses use to evolve, survive and cause disease in their hosts. Covering human, animal, plant and bacterial viruses, it provides both the basic foundations for the evolutionary dynamics of viruses and specific examples of emerging diseases. NEW - methods to establish relationships among viruses and the mechanisms that affect virus evolution UNIQUE - combines theoretical concepts in evolution with detailed analyses of the evolution of important virus groups SPECIFIC - Bacterial, plant, animal and human viruses are compared regarding their interation with their hosts

Download or read book Viruses written by Michael G. Cordingley and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-19 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth, and arguably the most successful. They are not technically alive, but—as infectious vehicles of genetic information—they have a remarkable capacity to invade, replicate, and evolve within living cells. Synthesizing a large body of recent research, Michael Cordingley goes beyond our familiarity with viral infections to show how viruses spur evolutionary change in their hosts, shape global ecosystems, and influence every domain of life. In the last few decades, research has revealed that viruses are fundamental to the photosynthetic capacity of the world’s oceans and the composition of the human microbiome. Perhaps most fascinating, viruses are now recognized as remarkable engines of the genetic innovation that fuels natural selection and catalyzes evolution in all domains of life. Viruses have coevolved with their hosts since the beginning of life on our planet and are part of the evolutionary legacy of every species that has ever lived. Cordingley explains how viruses are responsible for the creation of many feared bacterial diseases and the emergence of newly pathogenic and drug-resistant strains. And as more and more viruses jump to humans from other animals, new epidemics of viral disease will threaten global society. But Cordingley shows that we can adapt, relying on our evolved cognitive and cultural capacities to limit the consequences of viral infections. Piecing together the story of viruses’ major role within and beyond human disease, Viruses creates a valuable roadmap through the rapidly expanding terrain of virology.

Download or read book Mathematical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases written by O. Diekmann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2000-04-07 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Model Building, Analysis and Interpretation O. Diekmann University of Utrecht, The Netherlands J. A. P. Heesterbeek Centre for Biometry Wageningen, The Netherlands The mathematical modelling of epidemics in populations is a vast and important area of study. It is about translating biological assumptions into mathematics, about mathematical analysis aided by interpretation and about obtaining insight into epidemic phenomena when translating mathematical results back into population biology. Model assumptions are formulated in terms of, usually stochastic, behaviour of individuals and then the resulting phenomena, at the population level, are unravelled. Conceptual clarity is attained, assumptions are stated clearly, hidden working hypotheses are attained and mechanistic links between different observables are exposed. Features: * Model construction, analysis and interpretation receive detailed attention * Uniquely covers both deterministic and stochastic viewpoints * Examples of applications given throughout * Extensive coverage of the latest research into the mathematical modelling of epidemics of infectious diseases * Provides a solid foundation of modelling skills The reader will learn to translate, model, analyse and interpret, with the help of the numerous exercises. In literally working through this text, the reader acquires modelling skills that are also valuable outside of epidemiology, certainly within population dynamics, but even beyond that. In addition, the reader receives training in mathematical argumentation. The text is aimed at applied mathematicians with an interest in population biology and epidemiology, at theoretical biologists and epidemiologists. Previous exposure to epidemic concepts is not required, as all background information is given. The book is primarily aimed at self-study and ideally suited for small discussion groups, or for use as a course text.

Download or read book The Molecular and Evolutionary Determinants of Hostswitching Viruses written by Karin Hoelzer and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging infectious diseases represent imminent threats to human and animal health worldwide and can impose immense economic burdens, particularly on the world's most impoverished regions. Cross-species transmission of pathogens represents a common path towards disease emergence, but the mechanisms that lead to successful host jumping are incompletely understood. Here I have addressed some of the pathogen-associated factors involved in successful host jumping and have analyzed the evolutionary dynamics of the novel pathogen in the new host after cross-species transfer. These studies were performed using two emerging diseases of dogs: Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Canine Influenza virus (CIV). While CPV emerged in the mid-1970s from an endemic virus of cats and has since become endemic in the global dog population, CIV was first described as a pathogen of dogs in 2004 - thus representing a new, likely not completely hostadapted virus. Contrasting the evolutionary dynamics of these two pathogens which share the same host species allowed a powerful analysis of the determinants and risk factors for disease emergence. In particular, I focused these studies on understanding the viral population dynamics in infected animals - contrasting where applicable the dynamics in the novel and the ancesteral host species, and dissecting host-associated effects and the impact of cross-immunity. For the case of CPV, I further analyzed the evolutionary dynamics of the novel virus on a population level since its emergence contrasting those to the dynamics observed in the ancesteral virus. Finally, I analyzed the effect of potentially host-specific codon usage and codon usage bias for the evolution of CPV. Because CpG methylation might represent an important driver of codon bias in the CPV genome, some work was dedicated to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of this major driver in DNA virus evolution. The results presented here show similarities but also marked differences between the evolutionary dynamics of CPV and CIV, and between the novel and ancesteral viruses. Further research is needed but it appears that key drivers differ between pathogens and between time intervals after emergence. However, some common mechanisms appear to be shared between viruses and others appear conserved between hosts.

Download or read book Fields Virology Emerging Viruses written by Peter M. Howley and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2020-02-11 with total page 2597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in four convenient volumes, Field’s Virology remains the most authoritative reference in this fast-changing field, providing definitive coverage of virology, including virus biology as well as replication and medical aspects of specific virus families. This volume of Field’s Virology: Emerging Viruses, 7th Edition covers recent changes in emerging viruses, providing new or extensively revised chapters that reflect these advances in this dynamic field.

Download or read book Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases written by Michel Tibayrenc and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-12-17 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases is at the crossroads between two major scientific fields of the 21st century: evolutionary biology and infectious diseases. The genomic revolution has upset modern biology and has revolutionized our approach to ancient disciplines such as evolutionary studies. In particular, this revolution is profoundly changing our view on genetically driven human phenotypic diversity, and this is especially true in disease genetic susceptibility. Infectious diseases are indisputably the major challenge of medicine. When looking globally, they are the number one killer of humans and therefore the main selective pressure exerted on our species. Even in industrial countries, infectious diseases are now far less under control than 20 years ago. The first part of this book covers the main features and applications of modern technologies in the study of infectious diseases. The second part provides detailed information on a number of the key infectious diseases such as malaria, SARS, avian flu, HIV, tuberculosis, nosocomial infections and a few other pathogens that will be taken as examples to illustrate the power of modern technologies and the value of evolutionary approaches. Takes an integrated approach to infectious diseases Includes contributions from leading authorities Provides the latest developments in the field

Download or read book The Evolution of HIV written by Keith A. Crandall and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 1999-04-26 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wolinsky.-- "European Molecular Biology Organization Reports"

Download or read book Learning from SARS written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-04-26 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in late 2002 and 2003 challenged the global public health community to confront a novel epidemic that spread rapidly from its origins in southern China until it had reached more than 25 other countries within a matter of months. In addition to the number of patients infected with the SARS virus, the disease had profound economic and political repercussions in many of the affected regions. Recent reports of isolated new SARS cases and a fear that the disease could reemerge and spread have put public health officials on high alert for any indications of possible new outbreaks. This report examines the response to SARS by public health systems in individual countries, the biology of the SARS coronavirus and related coronaviruses in animals, the economic and political fallout of the SARS epidemic, quarantine law and other public health measures that apply to combating infectious diseases, and the role of international organizations and scientific cooperation in halting the spread of SARS. The report provides an illuminating survey of findings from the epidemic, along with an assessment of what might be needed in order to contain any future outbreaks of SARS or other emerging infections.

Download or read book Principles of Virology written by S. Jane Flint and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 952 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely revised and updated to reflect important advances in the field, Principles of Virology, Second Edition continues to fill the gap between simple introductory texts and very advanced reviews of major virus families, introducing upper–level undergraduates, graduate students, and medical students to all aspects of virology. The second edition retains all of the defining and much–praised features of the first edition, focusing on concepts and principles and presenting a comprehensive treatment from molecular biology to pathogenesis and infection control. Written in an engagingly readable style and generously illustrated with over 400 full–color illustrations, this approachable volume offers detailed examples that illustrate common principles, specific strategies adopted by different viruses to ensure their reproduction, and the current state of virology research. The book is divided into chapters that focus on specific topics rather than individual viruses, and allows the student to visualize common themes that cut across virus families, emphasizing the shared features of different viruses. Drawing on the extensive teaching experience of each of its distinguished authors, Principles of Virology illustrates why and how animal viruses are studied and demonstrates, using well–studied systems, how the knowledge gained from such model viruses can be used to study viral systems about which our knowledge is still quite limited. A thorough introduction to principles of viral pathogenesis, a broad view of viral evolution, a discussion of how viruses were discovered, and how the discipline of virology came to be are also provided. A variety of special boxes highlight key experiments, background material, caveats, and much more. The text focuses on concepts and principles and covers not only aspects of molecular biology, but also pathogenesis, evolution, emergence, and control, and will also be a valuable resource for practicing physicians and scientists. New in the Second Edition Completely revised pathogenesis chapters Pathogenicity Snapshots: an appendix highlighting teaching points for major viral diseases Expanded appendix on viral life cycles New chapter on viral genomes and coding strategies Detailed glossary Expanded references after each chapter new textboxes

Download or read book Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens written by Moulay Mustapha Ennaji and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-09-14 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens: Applied Virology Approaches Related to Human, Animal and Environmental Pathogens, Volume Two presents new research information on viruses and their impact on the scientific community. It provides a reference book on certain viruses in humans, animals and vegetal, along with a comprehensive discussion on interspecies interactions. The book then looks at the drug, vaccine and bioinformatical strategies that can be used against these viruses, giving the reader a clear understanding of transmission. The book's end goal is to create awareness that the appearance of newly transmissible pathogens is a global risk that requires shared/adoptable policies for prevention and control. Covers most emerging viral disease in humans, animals and plants Provides the most advanced tools and techniques in molecular virology and the modeling of viruses Creates awareness that the appearance of new transmissible pathogens is a global risk Highlights the need to adopt shared policies for the prevention and control of infectious diseases

Download or read book Emerging Viral Diseases written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past half century, deadly disease outbreaks caused by novel viruses of animal origin - Nipah virus in Malaysia, Hendra virus in Australia, Hantavirus in the United States, Ebola virus in Africa, along with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), several influenza subtypes, and the SARS (sudden acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses - have underscored the urgency of understanding factors influencing viral disease emergence and spread. Emerging Viral Diseases is the summary of a public workshop hosted in March 2014 to examine factors driving the appearance, establishment, and spread of emerging, re-emerging and novel viral diseases; the global health and economic impacts of recently emerging and novel viral diseases in humans; and the scientific and policy approaches to improving domestic and international capacity to detect and respond to global outbreaks of infectious disease. This report is a record of the presentations and discussion of the event.

Download or read book Origin and Evolution of Viruses written by Esteban Domingo and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1999-06-25 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are infectious diseases caused by novel entities, viruses that have rapidly evolved into more pathogenic forms, or viruses that have crossed species divides and become more virulent in their alternative host? These questions and how new diseases such as AIDS emerged have prompted renewed interest in the ways viruses originated and co-evolved with their hosts. Origin and Evolution of Viruses presents a full and clear description of general viral concepts and specific viral systems, and provides an excellent foundation to our understanding of how viruses emerged. This unique and comprehensive work is essential reading for all researchers in virology, molecular biology and related areas, as well as evolutionary biologists interested in phylogenetic approaches to molecular evolution. The reader is taken on an illumination journey--in time and concepts--from the first primitive replicons to their present-day complex viral counterparts. Apart from the obvious interest, as humans are potential hosts for these viruses, there is also a great deal of academic interest in the evolutionary aspects of this simple group of organisms, since information can be gained about the origin of stains/species and evolutionary patterns that might be applicable to higher species. The book addresses: * Nature and evolution of early replicons * DNA and RNA viruses in both plants and animals * Viral origin, mutation, and survival * Antigenic variation in influenza virus * Interplay between host evolution and DNA virus evolution * Emergence of viral-induced diseases, e.g. hepatitis, influenza and HIV

Download or read book Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases The Biology Circumstances and Consequences of Cross Species Transmission written by James E. Childs and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-11-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers an overview of the processes of zoonotic viral emergence, the intricacies of host/virus interactions, and the role of biological transitions and modifying factors. The themes introduced here are amplified and explored in detail by the contributing authors, who explore the mechanisms and unique circumstances by which evolution, biology, history, and current context have contrived to drive the emergence of different zoonotic agents by a series of related events.

Download or read book The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-04-09 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zoonotic diseases represent one of the leading causes of illness and death from infectious disease. Defined by the World Health Organization, zoonoses are "those diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man with or without an arthropod intermediate." Worldwide, zoonotic diseases have a negative impact on commerce, travel, and economies. In most developing countries, zoonotic diseases are among those diseases that contribute significantly to an already overly burdened public health system. In industrialized nations, zoonotic diseases are of particular concern for at-risk groups such as the elderly, children, childbearing women, and immunocompromised individuals. The Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases: Understanding the Impact on Animal and Human Health, covers a range of topics, which include: an evaluation of the relative importance of zoonotic diseases against the overall backdrop of emerging infections; research findings related to the current state of our understanding of zoonotic diseases; surveillance and response strategies to detect, prevent, and mitigate the impact of zoonotic diseases on human health; and information about ongoing programs and actions being taken to identify the most important needs in this vital area.