Download or read book Evidence and Hypothesis in Clinical Medical Science written by John Alexander Pinkston and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-08 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the author argues that no current philosophical theory of evidence in clinical medical science is adequate. None can accurately explain the way evidence is gathered and used to confirm hypotheses. To correct this, he proposes a new approach called the weight of evidence account. This innovative method supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the “hierarchical pyramid” of evidence–based medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials at the top and case reports, case series, expert opinion, and the like at the bottom. The author illustrates the development of various “levels” of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer. He shows that the weight of evidence account explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank them. In addition, he presents a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials. The title also considers ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects. It illustrates and discusses these issues in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for certain cancers in adults. The author shows that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials.
Download or read book Evidence And Hypothesis In Clinical Medical Science written by John Pinkston and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several philosophical theories of scientific evidence (or confirmation) have been proposed. I argue, however, that none satisfactorily explain the way that evidence is gathered and used to confirm the variety of hypotheses that are commonly formulated in clinical medical science. I consider five philosophical theories of scientific evidence, and Inference to the Best Explanation to the extent that it can be considered a theory of evidence or theory choice. I argue that none adequately explain confirmation in clinical medical science, and I offer a new account of evidence that I argue does constitute a satisfactory explanation, and which I am calling the weight of evidence account. I divide hypotheses that are found in clinical medical science into three categories: therapeutic, etiologic, and diagnostic. Therapeutic hypotheses are those that are concerned with treatments or other medical interventions, etiologic hypotheses are those concerned with the causes of disease or other adverse medical conditions, and diagnostic hypotheses are those considered by clinicians when making a diagnosis. I illustrate the methods of gathering and using evidence in the confirmation process by using examples of each type of hypothesis drawn from the clinical medical scientific literature. I also argue that the weight of evidence account supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the ìhierarchical pyramidî of evidenceñbased medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials, at the top of the pyramid, and case reports, case series, expert opinion and the like at the bottom. Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and nonrandomized clinical trials fall into the middle. I illustrate the development of various ìlevelsî of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer, and argue that the weight of evidence account satisfactorily explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank evidence. In addition, I provide a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials. I also consider ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects, and illustrate and discuss these issues as they arose in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for cancers of the anus and testis in adults. I argue that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials.
Download or read book Hypotheses in Clinical Medicine written by Mohammadali M. Shoja and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hypotheses are fundamental to all sciences, including medicine. They play a critical role in motivating the development of science, since interesting and important hypotheses foster the diversity and debate upon which the scientific process depends. It is necessary to learn and understand how to assess a process, realise and discuss details and consequently launch a hypothesis. This book offers a number of novel, non-mainstream hypotheses in various states of development from authors with relevant expertise and experience.
Download or read book Hypotheses in Clinical Medicine written by Mohammadali M. Shoja and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hypotheses are fundamental to all sciences, including medicine. They play a critical role in motivating the development of science, since interesting and important hypotheses foster the diversity and debate upon which the scientific process depends. It is necessary to learn and understand how to assess a process, realize and discuss details and consequently launch a hypothesis. This book offers a number of novel, non-mainstream hypotheses – in various states of development – from authors with relevant expertise and experience.
Download or read book Clinical Epidemiology Evidence Based Medicine written by David L. Katz and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2001-08-21 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The presentation is consistently excellent. One, the writing is lucid and organized in a way that should be very natural for the clinical reader. Two, the text requires no background in mathematics and uses a minimum of symbols. And, three, the methodological concepts and clinical issues are well integrated through a number of carefully prepared and comprehensive examples. Greg Samsa, Associate Director, Duke Center for Clinical Health Policy Research If a patient is older or younger than, sicker or healthier than, taller or shorter than or simply different from the subjects of a study, do the results pertain? Clinical Epidemiology & Evidence-based Medicine is a resource for all health-care workers involved in applying evidence to the care of their patients. Using clinical examples and citing liberally from the peer-reviewed literature, the book shows how statistical principles can improve medical decisions. Plus, as Katz shows how probability, risk and alternatives are fundamental considerations in all clinical decisions, he demonstrates the intuitive basis for using clinical epidemiolgy as a science underlying medical decisions. After reading this text, the practitioner should be better able to access, interpret, and apply evidence to patient care as well as better understand and control the process of medical decision making.
Download or read book Evaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine written by Veli-Pekka Parkkinen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is the first to develop explicit methods for evaluating evidence of mechanisms in the field of medicine. It explains why it can be important to make this evidence explicit, and describes how to take such evidence into account in the evidence appraisal process. In addition, it develops procedures for seeking evidence of mechanisms, for evaluating evidence of mechanisms, and for combining this evaluation with evidence of association in order to yield an overall assessment of effectiveness. Evidence-based medicine seeks to achieve improved health outcomes by making evidence explicit and by developing explicit methods for evaluating it. To date, evidence-based medicine has largely focused on evidence of association produced by clinical studies. As such, it has tended to overlook evidence of pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence of the mechanisms of action of interventions. The book offers a useful guide for all those whose work involves evaluating evidence in the health sciences, including those who need to determine the effectiveness of health interventions and those who need to ascertain the effects of environmental exposures.
Download or read book Sharing Clinical Trial Data written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data sharing can accelerate new discoveries by avoiding duplicative trials, stimulating new ideas for research, and enabling the maximal scientific knowledge and benefits to be gained from the efforts of clinical trial participants and investigators. At the same time, sharing clinical trial data presents risks, burdens, and challenges. These include the need to protect the privacy and honor the consent of clinical trial participants; safeguard the legitimate economic interests of sponsors; and guard against invalid secondary analyses, which could undermine trust in clinical trials or otherwise harm public health. Sharing Clinical Trial Data presents activities and strategies for the responsible sharing of clinical trial data. With the goal of increasing scientific knowledge to lead to better therapies for patients, this book identifies guiding principles and makes recommendations to maximize the benefits and minimize risks. This report offers guidance on the types of clinical trial data available at different points in the process, the points in the process at which each type of data should be shared, methods for sharing data, what groups should have access to data, and future knowledge and infrastructure needs. Responsible sharing of clinical trial data will allow other investigators to replicate published findings and carry out additional analyses, strengthen the evidence base for regulatory and clinical decisions, and increase the scientific knowledge gained from investments by the funders of clinical trials. The recommendations of Sharing Clinical Trial Data will be useful both now and well into the future as improved sharing of data leads to a stronger evidence base for treatment. This book will be of interest to stakeholders across the spectrum of research-from funders, to researchers, to journals, to physicians, and ultimately, to patients.
Download or read book Introduction to Research in the Health Sciences E Book written by Stephen Polgar and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-08-22 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This popular textbook provides a concise, but comprehensive, overview of health research as an integrated, problem-solving process. It bridges the gap between health research methods and evidence-based clinical practice, making it an essential tool for students embarking on research. Practitioners also benefit from guidance on interpreting the ever-expanding published research in clinical and scientific journals, to ensure their practice is up to date and evidence-based and to help patients understand information obtained online. Uses simple language and demystifies research jargon Covers both quantitative and qualitative research methodology, taking a very practical approach Gives examples directly related to the health sciences Each chapter contains a self-assessment test so that the reader can be sure they know all the important points Provides an extensive glossary for better understanding of the language of research Online interactive self-assessment tests: Multiple choice questions True or false questions Short answer questions Log on to evolve.elsevier.com/Polgar/research and register to access the above assets.
Download or read book Finding What Works in Health Care written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-07-20 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Healthcare decision makers in search of reliable information that compares health interventions increasingly turn to systematic reviews for the best summary of the evidence. Systematic reviews identify, select, assess, and synthesize the findings of similar but separate studies, and can help clarify what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. Systematic reviews can be helpful for clinicians who want to integrate research findings into their daily practices, for patients to make well-informed choices about their own care, for professional medical societies and other organizations that develop clinical practice guidelines. Too often systematic reviews are of uncertain or poor quality. There are no universally accepted standards for developing systematic reviews leading to variability in how conflicts of interest and biases are handled, how evidence is appraised, and the overall scientific rigor of the process. In Finding What Works in Health Care the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 21 standards for developing high-quality systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. The standards address the entire systematic review process from the initial steps of formulating the topic and building the review team to producing a detailed final report that synthesizes what the evidence shows and where knowledge gaps remain. Finding What Works in Health Care also proposes a framework for improving the quality of the science underpinning systematic reviews. This book will serve as a vital resource for both sponsors and producers of systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research.
Download or read book Core Clinical Cases in Basic Biomedical Science written by Samy Azer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-11-26 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Core Clinical Cases guides you to think of the patient as a whole, rather than as a sequence of unconnected symptoms. With its practical approach strongly linked to underlying theory, the series integrates your knowledge with the realities of managing clinical problems, and provides a basis for developing problem-solving skills. The core areas of u
Download or read book Studying a Study and Testing a Test written by and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2005 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its Fifth Edition, this best-selling text presents a step-by-step approach to critical and efficient reading of the medical literature. Health care professionals will learn how to evaluate clinical studies, identify flaws in study design, interpret statistics, and apply evidence from clinical research in practice. This edition's new section, Guide to the Guidelines, reflects the growing use and importance of clinical guidelines. The outcomes research chapter includes concepts of safety and effects of interactions on outcomes. This edition also presents statistics more graphically. Unique learning aids include question checklists, scenarios illustrating study design, and flaw-catching exercises, plus a StudyingaStudy.com Website providing interactive materials.
Download or read book Introduction to Health Sciences Librarianship written by M. Sandra Wood and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-11 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get the foundational knowledge about health sciences librarianship. The general term “health sciences libraries” covers a wide range of areas beyond medical libraries, such as biomedical, nursing, allied health, pharmacy, and others. Introduction to Health Sciences Librarianship provides a sound foundation to all aspects of these types of libraries to students and librarians new to the field. This helpful guide provides a helpful overview of the health care environment, technical services, public services, management issues, academic health sciences, hospital libraries, health informatics, evidence-based practice, and more. This text provides crucial information every beginning and practicing health sciences librarian needs—all in one volume. Introduction to Health Sciences Librarianship presents some of the most respected librarians and educators in the field, each discussing important aspects of librarianship, including technical services, public services, administration, special services, and special collections. This comprehensive volume provides all types of librarians with helpful general, practical, and theoretical knowledge about this profession. The book’s unique "A Day in the Life of . . . " feature describes typical days of health sciences librarians working in special areas such as reference or consumer health, and offers anyone new to the field a revealing look at what a regular workday is like. The text is packed with useful figures, screen captures, tables, and references. Topics discussed in Introduction to Health Sciences Librarianship include: overview of health sciences libraries health environment collection development of journals, books, and electronic resources organization of health information access services information services and information retrieval information literacy health informatics management of academic health sciences libraries management and issues in hospital libraries library space planning specialized services Introduction to Health Sciences Librarianship provides essential information for health sciences librarians, medical librarians, beginning and intermediate level health sciences/medical librarians, and any health sciences librarian wishing to review the field. This crucial volume belongs in every academic health sciences library, hospital library, specialized health library, biomedical library, and academic library.
Download or read book Evidence based Medicine to Inform Practice Assessing Clinical Effectiveness and Economic Burden of Medicine written by Kevin Lu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-08 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Converting Data into Evidence written by Alfred DeMaris and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-23 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Converting Data into Evidence: A Statistics Primer for the Medical Practitioner provides a thorough introduction to the key statistical techniques that medical practitioners encounter throughout their professional careers. These techniques play an important part in evidence-based medicine or EBM. Adherence to EBM requires medical practitioners to keep abreast of the results of medical research as reported in their general and specialty journals. At the heart of this research is the science of statistics. It is through statistical techniques that researchers are able to discern the patterns in the data that tell a clinical story worth reporting. The authors begin by discussing samples and populations, issues involved in causality and causal inference, and ways of describing data. They then proceed through the major inferential techniques of hypothesis testing and estimation, providing examples of univariate and bivariate tests. The coverage then moves to statistical modeling, including linear and logistic regression and survival analysis. In a final chapter, a user-friendly introduction to some newer, cutting-edge, regression techniques will be included, such as fixed-effects regression and growth-curve modeling. A unique feature of the work is the extensive presentation of statistical applications from recent medical literature. Over 30 different articles are explicated herein, taken from such journals. With the aid of this primer, the medical researcher will also find it easier to communicate with the statisticians on his or her research team. The book includes a glossary of statistical terms for easy access. This is an important reference work for the shelves of physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician’s assistants, medical students, and residents.
Download or read book Rethinking Causality Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient written by Rani Lill Anjum and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book is a unique resource for health professionals who are interested in understanding the philosophical foundations of their daily practice. It provides tools for untangling the motivations and rationality behind the way medicine and healthcare is studied, evaluated and practiced. In particular, it illustrates the impact that thinking about causation, complexity and evidence has on the clinical encounter. The book shows how medicine is grounded in philosophical assumptions that could at least be challenged. By engaging with ideas that have shaped the medical profession, clinicians are empowered to actively take part in setting the premises for their own practice and knowledge development. Written in an engaging and accessible style, with contributions from experienced clinicians, this book presents a new philosophical framework that takes causal complexity, individual variation and medical uniqueness as default expectations for health and illness.
Download or read book Making Medical Knowledge written by Miriam Solomon and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2015-04-03 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How is medical knowledge made? New methods for research and clinical care have reshaped the practices of medical knowledge production over the last forty years. Consensus conferences, evidence-based medicine, translational medicine, and narrative medicine are among the most prominent new methods. Making Medical Knowledge explores their origins and aims, their epistemic strengths, and their epistemic weaknesses. Miriam Solomon argues that the familiar dichotomy between the art and the science of medicine is not adequate for understanding this plurality of methods. The book begins by tracing the development of medical consensus conferences, from their beginning at the United States' National Institutes of Health in 1977, to their widespread adoption in national and international contexts. It discusses consensus conferences as social epistemic institutions designed to embody democracy and achieve objectivity. Evidence-based medicine, which developed next, ranks expert consensus at the bottom of the evidence hierarchy, thus challenging the authority of consensus conferences. Evidence-based medicine has transformed both medical research and clinical medicine in many positive ways, but it has also been accused of creating an intellectual hegemony that has marginalized crucial stages of scientific research, particularly scientific discovery. Translational medicine is understood as a response to the shortfalls of both consensus conferences and evidence-based medicine. Narrative medicine is the most prominent recent development in the medical humanities. Its central claim is that attention to narrative is essential for patient care. Solomon argues that the differences between narrative medicine and the other methods have been exaggerated, and offers a pluralistic account of how the all the methods interact and sometimes conflict. The result is both practical and theoretical suggestions for how to improve medical knowledge and understand medical controversies.
Download or read book Studying A Study and Testing a Test written by Richard K. Riegelman and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2012-06-18 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rev. ed. of: Studying a study and testing a test / Richard K. Riegelman.
