Download or read book Evaluating transportation equity written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mobility is easier to measure than accessibility, so conventional transport performance indicators, such as traffic speed and roadway level-of-service, tend to measure motor vehicle mobility, while other forms of access tend to be undercounted and undervalued.6 This skews planning and investment decisions to favor motor vehicle travel at the expense of other modes, and so tends to favor people who [...] Public Facilities and Services • Amount and distribution of public funds for transport facilities and services. [...] A reasonable compromise between these conflicting objectives is to strive for cost recovery with non-essential goods and services, such as luxury air travel and general road use, but apply vertical equity criteria to basic access transport services and activities, such as facilities to accommodate people with disabilities, and other facilities and services that provide basic transportation to peop [...] Adjustments may be required to account for geographic differences (such as greater dependence on walking and transit in cities, and greater dependency on highways in suburbs and rural areas), differences in costs (such as higher costs of facilities and services in dense urban areas), and the extra costs of serving people with disabilities and other special needs. [...] Indicators can be selected to reflect various equity issues and perspectives, to have reasonable data and analysis requirements, and to be transferable between various situations.

Download or read book Evaluating Transportation Equity written by Todd Litman and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper explores the concept of transportation equity and suggests better ways to incorporate fairness into transportation decisions. It describes three major types of equity: horizontal equity, verical equity with respect to income, and vertical equity with respect to need and ability. How transportation is defined and measured often determined how equity is evaluated. Current transportation equity issues are discussed, and examples are used to explore equity implications of specific decisions. Case studies include automobile user charges, transit funding, and traffic management.

Download or read book Measuring Transport Equity written by Karen Lucas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-06-15 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measuring Transport Equity provides a methodology with the potential to shape the transportation decision-making processes, thus allowing for the adoption of more equitable transport solutions. Focusing on numerous applied methodological approaches to transport equity assessment, the book formalizes the disciplinary practice, definitions and methodologies for transport equity. In addition, it recognizes the different types of equity and acknowledges that each requires their own assessment methodologies. Bringing together the most up-to-date perspectives and practical approaches for assessing transportation accessibility, environmental impacts, health and wellbeing, the book sets standards for researchers, policymakers and practitioners for conducting social impact analyses. Written by a collection of top researchers in the transport field Shows how to apply transport equity measurement ideas in the real-world through case study examples Covers emerging transport topics, including the use of the Gini index for measuring inequality Includes learning aids, such as methodology, application, policy relevance and further reading

Download or read book Evaluating Transportation Equity written by Todd Litman and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Measuring Transport Equity written by Karen Lucas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-05-30 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measuring Transport Equity provides a range of methods with the potential to shape transport decision-making processes, thus allowing for the adoption of more equitable transport solutions. Presenting numerous applied methods and applications of transport equity assessment, this book formalizes the disciplinary practice, definitions, and methodologies for transport equity. In addition, it recognizes the different types of equity and acknowledges that each requires its own assessment methodologies. Bringing together the most up-to-date perspectives and practical approaches for assessing equity in relation to accessibility, environmental impacts, health, and wellbeing, the book sets standards for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners for conducting social impact analyses and is an ideal reference for those involved in transport planning. Written by a collection of top researchers and upcoming scholars in the transport field. Shows how to apply transport equity measurement ideas in the real world through case study examples. Covers emerging transport topics, including the use of advanced measures of inequality. Includes learning aids, such as methodology, application, policy relevance, and further reading.

Download or read book Land Use Transport Interaction Models written by Rubén Cordera and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transport and the spatial location of population and activities have been important themes of study in engineering, social sciences and urban and regional planning for many decades. However, an integrated approach to the modelling of transport and land use has been rarely made, and common practice has been to model both phenomena independently. This book presents an introduction to the modelling of land use and transport interaction (LUTI), with a theoretical basis and a presentation of the broad state of the art. It also sets out the steps for building an operational LUTI model to provide a concrete application. The authors bring extensive experience in this cross-disciplinary field, primarily for an academic audience and for professionals seeking a thorough introduction.

Download or read book Transport Justice written by Karel Martens and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transport Justice develops a new paradigm for transportation planning based on principles of justice. Author Karel Martens starts from the observation that for the last fifty years the focus of transportation planning and policy has been on the performance of the transport system and ways to improve it, without much attention being paid to the persons actually using – or failing to use – that transport system. There are far-reaching consequences of this approach, with some enjoying the fruits of the improvements in the transport system, while others have experienced a substantial deterioration in their situation. The growing body of academic evidence on the resulting disparities in mobility and accessibility, have been paralleled by increasingly vocal calls for policy changes to address the inequities that have developed over time. Drawing on philosophies of social justice, Transport Justice argues that governments have the fundamental duty of providing virtually every person with adequate transportation and thus of mitigating the social disparities that have been created over the past decades. Critical reading for transport planners and students of transportation planning, this book develops a new approach to transportation planning that takes people as its starting point, and justice as its end.

Download or read book The Right to Transportation written by Thomas W. Sanchez and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does transportation affect the lives of minority, low-income, elderly, and physically disabled citizens? The answer is yes, and those effects can be profound, according to The Right to Transportation. The authors argue that transportation policies can limit access to education, jobs, and services for some individuals while undermining the economy and social cohesion of entire communities. Policies that have nurtured the U.S. highway system and let public transportation wither have also led to ghettos and social isolation. More and more communities are recognizing the problem. This book explains the strategies and policies that can address inequities in the nation's transportation and transportation planning systems so that the benefits and burdens of those systems can be shared equally across all communities. With a close examination of how transportation policies affect individuals and communities, the book is a guide to transportation fairness. It explains the demographic trends, historical events, and current policies that have shaped transportation in the U.S. and offers recommendations for moving to equity.

Download or read book Social Issues in Transport Planning written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-09-11 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social Issues in Transport Planning, Volume 8 in the Advances in Transport Policy and Planning series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Advances in Transport Policy and Planning series

Download or read book Community Impact Assessment written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide was written as a quick primer for transportation professionals and analysts who assess the impacts of proposed transportation actions on communities. It outlines the community impact assessment process, highlights critical areas that must be examined, identifies basic tools and information sources, and stimulates the thought-process related to individual projects. In the past, the consequences of transportation investments on communities have often been ignored or introduced near the end of a planning process, reducing them to reactive considerations at best. The goals of this primer are to increase awareness of the effects of transportation actions on the human environment and emphasize that community impacts deserve serious attention in project planning and development-attention comparable to that given the natural environment. Finally, this guide is intended to provide some tips for facilitating public involvement in the decision making process.

Download or read book Accessibility Equity and Efficiency written by Karst T. Geurs and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016-02-26 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading researchers from around the world show, in this volume, the importance of accessibility in contemporary issues such as rural depopulation, investments in public services and public transport, and transport infrastructure investments in Europe. The trade-offs between accessibility, economic development and equity are comprehensively examined, and a variety of approaches to measuring accessibility and equality presented. The book’s interdisciplinary contributions also provide different geographical contexts, from the US to various European and developing countries, and cover ex ante and ex post evaluation of transport investment. Improving transport accessibility is a main objective in transport policy and planning in developed and developing countries all over the world. Investment is motivated by the need to develop and/or reduce spatial or social inequalities. However, the economic and equity implications of investments in transport are not straightforward. The concepts of accessibility and equity can be defined and operationalized in many different ways, influencing outcomes and conclusions. Moreover, equity and efficiency goals are often conflicting. Accessibility models not only help to explain spatial and transport patterns in developed and developing countries but are also powerful tools to explain the equity and efficiency impacts of urban and transport policies and projects. This state-of-the-art overview of the accessibility–economic efficiency–equity relationship will appeal to researchers as well as transport and urban planners interested in accessibility issues and transport/regional developments.

Download or read book Rights in Transit written by Kafui Ablode Attoh and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2019 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is public transportation a right? Should it be? For those reliant on public transit, the answer is invariably "yes" to both. Indeed, when city officials propose slashing service or raising fares, it is these riders who are often the first to appear at that officials' door demanding their "right" to more service. Rights in Transit starts from the presumption that such riders are justified. For those who lack other means of mobility, transit is a lifeline. It offers access to many of the entitlements we take as essential: food, employment, and democratic public life itself. While accepting transit as a right, this book also suggests that there remains a desperate need to think critically, both about what is meant by a right and about the types of rights at issue when public transportation is threatened. Drawing on a detailed case study of the various struggles that have come to define public transportation in California's East Bay, Rights in Transit offers a direct challenge to contemporary scholarship on transportation equity. Rather than focusing on civil rights alone, Rights in Transit argues for engaging the more radical notion of the right to the city.

Download or read book Enhancing Transportation Equity Analysis for Long Range Planning and Decision Making written by Tierra Suzan Bills and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) regularly perform equity analyses for their long-range transportation plans, as this is required by Environmental Justice regulations. These regional-level plans may propose hundreds of transportation infrastructure and policy changes (e.g. highway and transit extensions, fare changes, pricing schemes, etc.) as well as land-use policy changes. The challenge is to assess the distribution of impacts from all the proposed changes across different population segments. In addition, these agencies are to confirm that disadvantaged groups will share equitably in the benefits and not be overly adversely affected. While there are a number of approaches used for regional transportation equity analyses in practice, approaches using large scale travel models are emerging as a common existing practice. However, the existing methods used generally fail to paint a clear picture of what groups benefit or do not benefit from the transportation improvements. In particular, there are four critical shortcomings of the existing transportation equity analysis practice. First, there is no clear framework outlining the key components of a transportation equity analysis at the regional-level. Second, the existing zonal-level group segmentation used for identifying target and comparison groups are problematic and can lead to significant biases. Third, the use of average equity indicators can be misleading, as averages tend to mask important information about the underlying distributions. Finally, there is no clear guidance on implementing scenario ranking based on the equity objectives. In addressing the first shortcoming of existing equity analysis practices, we present a guiding framework for transportation equity analysis that organizes the components of equity analysis in terms of transportation priorities, the model, and the equity indicators. The first component emphasizes the need to identify the priority transportation improvement(s) relevant for communities, as this guides the transportation benefits (or costs) to be evaluated. The second component is the model to be used for facilitating scenario analysis and measuring the expected transportation and land-use changes. The third component refers to the selection of equity indicators (ideally selected based on the transportation priorities identified), and the evaluation of these indicators. This three-part framework is also useful for outlining the research needs for transportation equity analysis. Among other key research needs, the literature indicates that the development of meaningful distributional comparison methods for transportation planning and decision-making and the use of more comprehensive measures of transportation benefit (for use as equity indicators) are critical. The primary contributions of this dissertation relate to the third component; we develop an advanced approach for evaluating transportation equity outcomes (as represented by the equity indicator(s)). Our proposed analytical approach to transportation equity analysis addresses the existing shortcomings with respect to zonal-level group segmentation and average measures of transportation equity indicators. In addition, our approach emphasizes the importance of scenario ranking using explicit equity criteria. Our approach leverages the disaggregate functionality of activity-based travel demand models and applies individual-level data analysis to advance the existing equity analysis practices. There are four steps in our proposed equity analysis process. The first step is to select the equity indicators to be evaluated and segment the population into a target group and comparison group(s). In this case we advocate for an individual -unit of segmentation and therefore individual-level equity indicators. This minimizes the biases associated with aggregate group segmentation and average equity indicators. The second step is to calculate the indicators from the model data output, which involves determining the exact measures (formulas) for the selected equity indicators. Here we advocate for measures that are comprehensive and sensitive to both transportation system changes and land-use factors, such as the logsum accessibility and consumer surplus measure. The third step in the process is to generate and evaluate distributions of the individual-level equity indicators. In particular, we advocate for the use of what we refer to as the "Individual Difference Density" comparison, which compares distributions of individual-level changes for the population segments across the planning scenarios. This comparison allows for the "winners" and "losers" resulting from the transportation and land-use plans to be identified. The fourth and final step in the process is to identify equity criteria (associated with the chosen equity standard (objective)) and rank the planning scenarios based on the degree to which they meet the equity criteria. We present two conceptual demonstrations of the advantages of distributional comparisons, relative to average measures. The first case uses a synthetic data set and simple binary mode choice model to show and the second case uses an empirical data set (the 2000 Bay Area Travel Survey) and more sophisticated mode choice model. These demonstrations show that distributional comparisons are capable of revealing a much richer picture of how different population segments are affected by transportation plans, in comparison with average measures. Further, distributional comparison provides a framework for evaluating what population's characteristics and conditions lead to certain distribution transportation outcomes. Our proposed process for regional transportation equity analysis is subsequently applied in a case study for the San Francisco Bay Area. We evaluate joint transportation and land-use scenarios modeled using the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's state-of-the-art activity-based travel demand model. We demonstrate the power of individual-level data analysis in a real-world setting. We calculate individual-level measures of commute travel time and logsum-based accessibility/consumer surplus using the model output and compare the scenario changes across income segments. We generate empirical distributions of these indicators and compare the changes associated with the planning scenarios for low and high income commuters. Further, we apply criteria for a set of equity standards (which represent alternative equity objectives) and rank the planning scenarios. There are four key takeaways from this case study. First is that our results show a significant difference in equity outcomes when using the individual-level population segmentation approach, compared to using the zonal segmentation approach done in practice. In fact we find opposite results. For average commute travel time, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's zonal segmentation approach indicates that low income commuters are worse off than all other commuters, while the individual segmentation approach (in our case) indicates that low income commuters are significantly better off than high income commuters. While the underlying causes for these results warrant further investigation, we hypothesize that this difference is due to the fact that the zone-based approach only captures 40% of the target (low income) group. The individual-level segmentation approach is able to capture 100% of the target group. Second is regarding the equity indicators evaluated. The commute travel time indicator results indicate that low income commuters are better off than high income commuters, while the accessibility/consumer surplus results indicate that low income commuters are worse off than high income commuters. The underlying causes for these results warrant further investigation, but we hypothesize that this difference in results to due to the fact that the logsum accessibility/consumer surplus measure by design is able to capture transportation and land-use related factors, while the travel time measure only captures one dimension of transportation user factors. Focusing on travel time may be misleading because it does not fully capture the true benefits of the transportation scenarios. Third is regarding the use of distributional comparisons, relative to average measures. We find that distributional comparisons are much more informative than average measures. The distributional measures are capable of providing a much richer picture of individuals-level transportation impacts, in terms of who gains and who loses due the transportation planning scenarios. Using the accessibility/ consumer surplus measure, the Individual Difference Densities show that as many as 33.3% of low income commuters experience losses, compared to 13.4% for high income commuters. Finally, we make the case that the use of equity standards for scenario ranking plays an important role in the equity analysis process. Our results show that different equity standards result in different rankings for the transportation planning scenarios. This points to the need for agencies (and communities) to make conscious decisions on what equity standard(s) should be used and apply this/these in the scenario ranking process. This dissertation work includes the first known full-scale application of a regional activity-based travel model for transportation equity analysis that involves distributional comparisons of individual-level equity indicators and scenario ranking based on equity criteria. We find that while the existing practice is to use average measures to represent how difference are affected by transportation plans, distributional comparison are able to provide for a richer evaluation of individual-level transportation.

Download or read book The Right to Transportation written by Thomas Sanchez and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does transportation affect the lives of minority, low-income, elderly, and physically disabled citizens? The answer is yes, and those effects can be profound, according to The Right to Transportation. The authors argue that transportation policies can limit access to education, jobs, and services for some individuals while undermining the economy and social cohesion of entire communities. Policies that have nurtured the U.S. highway system and let public transportation wither have also led to ghettos and social isolation. More and more communities are recognizing the problem. This book explains the strategies and policies that can address inequities in the nation's transportation and transportation planning systems so that the benefits and burdens of those systems can be shared equally across all communities. With a close examination of how transportation policies affect individuals and communities, the book is a guide to transportation fairness. It explains the demographic trends, historical events, and current policies that have shaped transportation in the U.S. and offers recommendations for moving to equity.

Download or read book Getting a Fare Share written by Howard Slatkin and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Multimodal Level of Service Analysis for Urban Streets written by Richard Gerhard Dowling and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2008 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 616: Multimodal Level of Service Analysis for Urban Streets explores a method for assessing how well an urban street serves the needs of all of its users. The method for evaluating the multimodal level of service (MMLOS) estimates the auto, bus, bicycle, and pedestrian level of service on an urban street using a combination of readily available data and data normally gathered by an agency to assess auto and transit level of service. The MMLOS user's guide was published as NCHRP Web-Only Document 128"--Publisher's description.

Download or read book Transportation Decision Making written by Kumares C. Sinha and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-09 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This pioneering text provides a holistic approach to decisionmaking in transportation project development and programming, whichcan help transportation professionals to optimize their investmentchoices. The authors present a proven set of methodologies forevaluating transportation projects that ensures that all costs andimpacts are taken into consideration. The text's logical organization gets readers started with asolid foundation in basic principles and then progressively buildson that foundation. Topics covered include: Developing performance measures for evaluation, estimatingtravel demand, and costing transportation projects Performing an economic efficiency evaluation that accounts forsuch factors as travel time, safety, and vehicle operatingcosts Evaluating a project's impact on economic development and landuse as well as its impact on society and culture Assessing a project's environmental impact, including airquality, noise, ecology, water resources, and aesthetics Evaluating alternative projects on the basis of multipleperformance criteria Programming transportation investments so that resources can beoptimally allocated to meet facility-specific and system-widegoals Each chapter begins with basic definitions and concepts followedby a methodology for impact assessment. Relevant legislation isdiscussed and available software for performing evaluations ispresented. At the end of each chapter, readers are providedresources for detailed investigation of particular topics. Theseinclude Internet sites and publications of international anddomestic agencies and research institutions. The authors alsoprovide a companion Web site that offers updates, data foranalysis, and case histories of project evaluation and decisionmaking. Given that billions of dollars are spent each year ontransportation systems in the United States alone, and that thereis a need for thorough and rational evaluation and decision makingfor cost-effective system preservation and improvement, this textshould be on the desks of all transportation planners, engineers,and educators. With exercises in every chapter, this text is anideal coursebook for the subject of transportation systems analysisand evaluation.