Download or read book ESX 1 A Novel Alternative Secretion System in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis that Mediates the Host pathogen Interaction written by Sarah A. Stanley and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the world's most successful pathogens, infecting approximately one-third of humanity. This remarkable bacterium has infected human beings for millennia, and has evolved mechanisms for the manipulation of host biology to create an optimal environment for bacterial survival and growth. Here we describe the identification and characterization of ESX-1, the first alternative secretion system identified in M. tuberculosis, and show its fundamental importance for virulence. We have identified three genes, Rv3870, Rv3871, and Rv3877, that encode components of the ESX-1 secretion system, which functions to secrete ESAT-6 and CFP-10, proteins with dual functions as immunodominant antigens and virulence factors. Components and substrates of ESX-1 are required for full virulence of M. tuberculosis in both mice and macrophages. The ESX-1 secretion system functions to subvert host cell biology, and is required for the suppression of Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). ESX-1 is also required for the induction, both in vivo and in vitro, of type I Interferons (IFNs), cytokines usually associated with an anti-viral immune response. We show that the induction of type I IFNs may be a pathogenic strategy that enhances virulence of M. tuberculosis. We also examine the role of the ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in the protective immune response in M. tuberculosis. We find that restoration of a functional ESX-1 system to the live attenuated vaccine strain mycobacterium Bacille Calmette-Guerin results in an increase in immunogenicity of this strain, which may lead to the development of more a more effective vaccine. These studies identify ESX-1 mediated secretion of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 to one of the most important pathways identified in M. tuberculosis, both for virulence of the organism and for induction of the protective immune response to infection, and begin to describe the mechanisms by which ESX-1 secretion regulates host biology and the outcome of infection.
Download or read book The Mycobacterial Cell Envelope written by Mamadou Daffé and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains the unique characteristics that cause this large group of bacteria responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy to function differently; serves as a valuable reference for those working in the areas of biochemistry, genetics, genomics, and immunology.
Download or read book Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis written by Barbara H. Iglewski and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis focuses on the molecular mechanism of disease associated with bacterial pathogens. Topics covered include the population genetics of bacterial pathogenesis; environmental modulation of gene expression in gram-negative pathogens; and bacterial invasion and intracellular growth. Bacterial toxins are also discussed. This volume is comprised of 20 chapters and begins with an overview of pathogenesis, paying particular attention to common elements and genetic mechanisms of regulation. The discovery that many bacterial pathogens are clonal, with individual clones often having a greater virulence than others, is then considered. The next section deals with the regulation of synthesis of surface components and their role in colonization of the host and/or evasion of the host immune defense systems; antigenic variation and its role in evasion of the host immune response; and the role of iron acquisition systems in the colonization of the host. Subsequent chapters explore the invasion and intracellular growth of facultative and obligate intracellular parasites. The last section is devoted to studies on the role of bacterial toxic products in pathogenesis. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) and exotoxins are described. This book should be of interest to molecular biologists, physiologists, clinical specialists, pathologists, and geneticists.
Download or read book Persister Cells and Infectious Disease written by Kim Lewis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-13 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a collection of chapters from the leading experts in the relatively new and burgeoning field of persister cell studies. Persisters play a leading role in the recalcitrance of chronic infections, and enable the development of classical antibiotic resistance. The focus of the book is on studies that provide an understanding of the mechanisms of persister formation, antibiotic tolerance and role in disease, at the molecular level.
Download or read book Understanding Tuberculosis written by Pere-Joan Cardona and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-02-15 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a disease that is transmitted through aerosol. This is the reason why it is estimated that a third of humankind is already infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vast majority of the infected do not know about their status. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a silent pathogen, causing no symptomatology at all during the infection. In addition, infected people cannot cause further infections. Unfortunately, an estimated 10 per cent of the infected population has the probability to develop the disease, making it very difficult to eradicate. Once in this stage, the bacilli can be transmitted to other persons and the development of clinical symptoms is very progressive. Therefore the diagnosis, especially the discrimination between infection and disease, is a real challenge. In this book, we present the experience of worldwide specialists on the diagnosis, along with its lights and shadows.
Download or read book Buruli Ulcer written by Gerd Pluschke and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-29 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major objective of this open access book is to summarize the current status of Buruli Ulcer (BU) research for the first time. It will identify gaps in our knowledge, stimulate research and support control of the disease by providing insight into approaches for surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of Buruli Ulcer. Book chapters will cover the history, epidemiology diagnosis, treatment and disease burden of BU and provide insight into the microbiology, genomics, transmission and virulence of Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Download or read book Strain Variation in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Its Role in Biology Epidemiology and Control written by Sebastien Gagneux and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-31 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until about 10 years ago, the general view in the field was that Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of human tuberculosis was a “clone” with insufficient natural sequence variation between clinical strains to be considered biologically and epidemiologically “relevant”. This view has now changed quite dramatically thanks to the –omics revolution, particularly the advent of next generation DNA sequencing. Large-scale comparative genomic studies over the last few years have revealed that M. tuberculosis clinical strains are more genetically diverse than appreciated previously. Moreover, an increasing number of experimental and epidemiological studies are showing that this genetic diversity also translates into important phenotypic variation. Taken together, these findings have led to a paradigm shift, such that currently phylogenetic diversity among M. tuberculosis clinical strains is being considered in the development of new tools to combat tuberculosis. The purpose of this book is to bring together a series of contributions from some of the most influential groups working on various aspects of M. tuberculosis diversity, and which through their work have contributed to the this paradigm shift. This includes authors focusing on the evolution of M. tuberculosis in relation to other members of the M. tuberculosis complex adapted to animals, the co-evolution between M. tuberculosis and humans, the phenotypic consequences of strains diversity both from an experimental and epidemiological point of view, the ecology and evolution of drug resistant tuberculosis, the diversity and evolution of the BCG vaccine strains, and the use of mathematical modelling to study strain diversity and drug resistance in human tuberculosis. No such book has ever been published, and given the paradigm shift described above, this book will be a valuable resource both for established researchers as well as new scientists, clinicians and public health officials joining the growing field of tuberculosis research.
Download or read book Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors written by Douglas I. Johnson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-23 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial Pathogens and their Virulence Factors contains a detailed description of 32 major bacterial pathogens that affect human health and their associated virulence determinants. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the different types and classes of general virulence factors involved in host cell adherence and invasion, dissemination within the host, host cell damage, and evasion of host defense systems, as well as mechanisms by which these virulence factors are regulated. Chapters 2 through 33 give concise descriptions of the disease states associated with the 32 bacterial genera and their major pathogenic species, along with an in-depth description of the individual virulence factors that have been found to be functionally involved in pathogenicity. A detailed bibliography derived from primary literature and review articles accompanies each of these chapters, allowing the reader to delve more deeply into individual pathogens and their virulence determinants. Chapter 34 discusses the exciting possibilities and initial successes of using detailed information on a pathogen’s virulence toolkit to design new therapeutics aimed at specific virulence traits.
Download or read book Molecular Genetics of Mycobacteria written by Graham F. Hatfull and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-09-02 with total page 1428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive collection of perspectives by experts in mycobacterial molecular biology Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes one in four avoidable deaths in the developing world and kills more adults than malaria, AIDS, and all tropical diseases combined. Tuberculosis was named a global health emergency by the World Health Organization, a distinction no other disease has received. Although the study of mycobacterial genetics has expanded dramatically, with new investigations into mycobacterial growth, replication, metabolism, physiology, drug susceptibility, and virulence, most of the problems in tuberculosis control that existed in 2000 remain today. Advances in our understanding of mycobacterial genetics have been reflected in exciting recent developments. New diagnostic approaches can identify drug resistance within a few hours, promising new drugs are progressing through the pipeline and into the clinic, and a range of newly developed vaccines are being evaluated. It is an exciting time as the fruits of 30 years of intensive genetic investigation are finally beginning to emerge. Written by leading experts in the field, Molecular Genetics of Mycobacteria, Second Edition, Discusses key areas of current research in mycobacterial genetics Explains the genetics of the physiology, metabolism, and drug sensitivities of M. tuberculosis Presents genetic approaches for manipulating M. tuberculosis This book is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the molecular genetics and molecular biology of mycobacteria.
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 854 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Protein Secretion in Bacteria written by Maria Sandkvist and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-07-02 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protein transport into and across membranes is a fundamental process in bacteria that touches upon and unites many areas of microbiology, including bacterial cell physiology, adhesion and motility, nutrient scavenging, intrabacterial signaling and social behavior, toxin deployment, interbacterial antagonism and collaboration, host invasion and disruption, and immune evasion. A broad repertoire of mechanisms and macromolecular machines are required to deliver protein substrates across bacterial cell membranes for intended effects. Some machines are common to most, if not all bacteria, whereas others are specific to Gram-negative or Gram-positive species or species with unique cell envelope properties such as members of Actinobacteria and Spirochetes. Protein Secretion in Bacteria, authored and edited by an international team of experts, draws together the many distinct functions and mechanisms involved in protein translocation in one concise tome. This comprehensive book presents updated information on all aspects of bacterial protein secretion encompassing: Individual secretory systems–Sec, Tat, and T1SS through the newly discovered T9SS Mechanisms, structures, and functions of bacterial secretion systems Lipoprotein sorting pathways, outer membrane vesicles, and the sortase system Structures and roles of surface organelles, including flagella, pili, and curli Emerging technologies and translational implications Protein Secretion in Bacteria serves as both an introductory guide for students and postdocs and a ready reference for seasoned researchers whose work touches on protein export and secretion. This volume synthesizes the diversity of mechanisms of bacterial secretion across the microbial world into a digestible resource to stimulate new research, inspire continued identification and characterization of novel systems, and bring about new ways to manipulate these systems for biotechnological, preventative, and therapeutic applications.
Download or read book Bacterial Physiology written by Walid El-Sharoud and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-07 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application of new molecular methodologies in the study of bacterial behavior and cell architecture has enabled new revolutionary insights and discoveries in these areas. This new text presents recent developments in bacterial physiology that are highly relevant to a wide range of readership including those interested in basic and applied knowledge. Its chapters are written by international scientific authorities at the forefront of the subject. The value of this recent knowledge in bacterial physiology is not only restricted to fundamental biology. It also extends to biotechnology and drug-discovery disciplines.
Download or read book The New Paradigm of Immunity to Tuberculosis written by Maziar Divangahi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illustrates the intimate relationship between alveolar macrophages and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), and the former’s role in both innate and adaptive immunity against M.tb. It covers research done over the last decade. It also explores the role of macrophage death following infection with M.tb. in determining whether successful immunity is stimulated, or whether clinical disease develops; furthermore, the function of host lipid mediators in macrophage death modality are addressed. The book also illustrates how the balance between prostaglandins and lipoxins determines whether infected macrophages undergo apoptosis or necrosis, which is the ultimate factor in the outcome of infection. Finally, it is a synthesis of the authors’ recent studies and the studies of others to offer a new understanding of immunity to tuberculosis.
Download or read book Veterinary Herbal Medicine written by Susan G. Wynn and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2006-11-29 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This full-color reference offers practical, evidence-based guidance on using more than 120 medicinal plants, including how to formulate herbal remedies to treat common disease conditions. A body-systems based review explores herbal medicine in context, offering information on toxicology, drug interactions, quality control, and other key topics. More than 120 herbal monographs provide quick access to information on the historical use of the herb in humans and animals, supporting studies, and dosing information. Includes special dosing, pharmacokinetics, and regulatory considerations when using herbs for horses and farm animals. Expanded pharmacology and toxicology chapters provide thorough information on the chemical basis of herbal medicine. Explores the evolutionary relationship between plants and mammals, which is the basis for understanding the unique physiologic effects of herbs. Includes a body systems review of herbal remedies for common disease conditions in both large and small animals. Discusses special considerations for the scientific research of herbs, including complex and individualized interventions that may require special design and nontraditional outcome goals.
Download or read book Lectin in Host Defense Against Microbial Infections written by Shie-Liang Hsieh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book systemically presents the latest research on lectins, covering all the major topics in the field, including the heterocomplex of lectins and Toll-like receptors, protective versus pathogenic functions in connection with microbial infections, and novel strategies for enhancing host immunity against infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Lectins are a large group of glycan-binding proteins that recognize diverse glycan and non-glycan structures expressed on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and are vital to cell-cell interactions, the attachment of microbes to host cells, and the recognition and activation of immune responses to exogenous and endogenous danger signals. The composition and structure of microbes are complex and include numerous ‘pathogen-associated molecular patterns’ or ‘damage-associated molecular patterns’. As such, microbes’ interactions with immune cells activate multiple innate immunity receptors and produce distinct inflammatory reactions, which can be protective to contain microbial invasion, or pathogenic to cause tissue damage and shock syndrome in the host. The book shares lessons learned from state-of-the art research in this field, highlights the latest discoveries, and provides insightful discussions on lectin-mediated inflammatory reactions, while also outlining future research directions.
Download or read book Global Tuberculosis Report 2017 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017-12-13 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WHO's Global Tuberculosis Report provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic and of progress in care and prevention at global, regional and country levels. This is done in the context of recommended global TB strategies and associated targets, and broader development goals. For the period 2016-2035, these are WHO's End TB Strategy and the United Nations' (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which share a common aim: to end the global TB epidemic. The main data sources for the report are annual rounds of global TB data collection implemented by WHO's Global TB Program since 1995 and databases maintained by other WHO departments, UNAIDS and the World Bank. In WHO's 2017 round of global TB data collection, 201 countries and territories that account for over 99% of the world's population and TB cases reported data.
Download or read book Handbook of Sepsis written by W. Joost Wiersinga and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-13 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practically oriented book provides an up-to-date overview of all significant aspects of the pathogenesis of sepsis and its management, including within the intensive care unit. Readers will find information on the involvement of the coagulation and endocrine systems during sepsis and on the use of biomarkers to diagnose sepsis and allow early intervention. International clinical practice guidelines for the management of sepsis are presented, and individual chapters focus on aspects such as fluid resuscitation, vasopressor therapy, response to multiorgan failure, antimicrobial therapy, and adjunctive immunotherapy. The closing section looks forward to the coming decade, discussing novel trial designs, sepsis in low- and middle-income countries, and emerging management approaches. The book is internatio nal in scope, with contributions from leading experts worldwide. It will be of value to residents and professionals/practitioners in the fields of infectious diseases and internal medicine, as well as to GPs and medical students.
