Download or read book Estimating Regional Nitrous Oxide Emissions Using Isotopic Ratio Observations and a Bayesian Inverse Framework written by Michael James McClellan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) significantly impacts Earth's climate due to its dual role as an inert potent greenhouse gas in the troposphere and as a reactive source of ozone-destroying nitrogen oxides in the stratosphere. Global atmospheric concentrations of N2O, produced by natural and anthropogenic processes, continue to rise due to increases in emissions linked to human activity. The understanding of the impact of this gas is incomplete as there remain significant uncertainties in its global budget. The experiment described in this thesis, in which a global chemical transport model (MOZART-4), a fine-scale regional Lagrangian model (NAME), and new high-frequency atmospheric observations are combined, shows that uncertainty in N2O emissions estimates can be reduced in areas with continuous monitoring of N2O mole fraction and site-specific isotopic ratios. Due to unique heavy-atom (15N and 18O) isotopic substitutions made by different N2O sources, the measurement of N2O isotopic ratios in ambient air can help identify the distribution and magnitude of distinct sources. The new Stheno-TILDAS continuous wave laser spectroscopy instrument developed at MIT, recently installed at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station in western Ireland, can produce high-frequency timelines of atmospheric N2O isotopic ratios that can be compared to contemporaneous trends in correlative trace gas mole fractions and NAME-based statistical distributions of the origin of air sampled at the station. This combination leads to apportionment of the relative contribution from five major N2O sectors in the European region (agriculture, oceans, natural soils, industry, and biomass burning) plus well-mixed air transported from long distances to the atmospheric N2O measured at Mace Head. Bayesian inverse modeling methods that compare N2O mole fraction and isotopic ratio observations at Mace Head and at Diibendorf, Switzerland to simulated conditions produced using NAME and MOZART-4 lead to an optimized set of source-specific N2O emissions estimates in the NAME Europe domain. Notably, this inverse modeling experiment leads to a significant decrease in uncertainty in summertime emissions for the four largest sectors in Europe, and shows that industrial and agricultural N2O emissions in Europe are underestimated in inventories such as EDGAR v4.3.2. This experiment sets up future work that will be able to help constrain global estimates of N2O emissions once additional isotopic observations are made in other global locations and integrated into the NAME-MOZART inverse modeling framework described in this thesis.
Download or read book Nitrous Oxide and Molecular Nitrogen Isotopic Compositions and Aerosol Optical Properties written by Philip Louis Croteau and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrous oxide (N2O) and molecular nitrogen (N2) isotopic compositions and aerosol optical properties were investigated through experiments and observations to elucidate their roles in atmospheric radiative transfer and chemistry. In Earth's atmosphere, the isotopic composition of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas, is a useful tool for investigating its sources and sinks. N2 is the main component of the atmospheres of Earth and Titan, and isotope effects in its photoionization may lead to isotopic fractionation. The optical properties of aerosols, a component of most planetary atmospheres, determine how they affect radiative transfer. A polarimeter was developed to measure aerosol optical properties in situ in an existing apparatus. Three sets of measurements of N2O isotopic composition provide new insight into its budget. First, a time-series from 1940 to 2005 from firn and archived air samples is consistent with the observed N2O increase being largely due to isotopically light N2O emissions from agriculture and reveals seasonal cycles due to the seasonally-varying influences of multiple N2O sources and stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Second, measurements from the tropical free troposphere show coherent vertical variations in N2O isotopic compositions consistent with the persistent influence of a regional surface source, most likely the ocean. Third, samples from the marine boundary layer with anomalously high N2O mixing ratios and perturbed isotopic compositions were used to deduce a source isotopic composition that is perhaps representative of N2O emitted from the South Atlantic Ocean. Isotope effects in the non-dissociative photoionization of N2 -- investigated by measuring the photoionization efficiency spectrum for its three isotopologues -- clarify peak identities and show that these previously ignored isotope effects may be important in planetary atmospheres. The shifts in peak energy due to isotopic substitution show that the controversial peak at 15.68 eV for 14N2 is most likely due to a Rydberg state converging to the v'=2 level of the A2[pi]u N2+ state. A model of Titan's atmosphere shows that isotopic self-shielding in 14N2 photoionization may cause isotopic fractionation between N2 and other N-bearing molecules distinct from that caused by N2 photodissociation, providing a possible mechanism for determining the relative importance of ion versus neutral photochemistry.
Download or read book Balancing Greenhouse Gas Budgets written by Benjamin Poulter and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-05-05 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Balancing Greenhouse Gas Budgets: Accounting for Natural and Anthropogenic Flows of CO2 and other Trace Gases provides a synthesis of greenhouse gas budgeting activities across the world. Organized in four sections, including background, methods, case studies and opportunities, it is an interdisciplinary book covering both science and policy. All environments are covered, from terrestrial to ocean, along with atmospheric processes using models, inventories and observations to give a complete overview of greenhouse gas accounting. Perspectives presented give readers the tools necessary to understand budget activities, think critically, and use the framework to carry out initiatives. Written by a combination of experts across career stages, presenting an integrated perspective for graduate students and professionals alike Includes sections authored by those involved in both early and later IPCC assessments Provides an interdisciplinary resource that spans many topics and methodologies in oceanic, land and atmospheric processes
Download or read book Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-08-25 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Download or read book Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XVII written by Carlos Borrego and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-04-05 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) established the Committee on Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS). The subject of air pol- tion was from the start, one of the priority problems under study within the fra- work of various pilot studies undertaken by this committee. The organization of a periodic conference dealing with air pollution modeling and its application has become one of the main activities within the pilot study relating to air pollution. The first five international conferences were organized by the United States as the pilot country; the second five by the Federal Republic of Germany; the third five by Belgium; the next four by The Netherlands; and the next five by Denmark; and with this one, the last three by Portugal. th This volume contains the papers and posters presented at the 27 NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application held in Banff, Canada, 24-29 October 2004. The key topics at this ITM included: Role of Atmospheric Models in Air Pollution Policy and Abatement Strategies; Integrated Regional Modeling; Effects of Climate Change on Air Quality; Aerosols as Atmospheric Contaminants; New Developments; and Model Assessment and Verification. 104 participants from North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia attended th the 27 ITM. The conference was jointly organized by the University of Aveiro, Portugal (Pilot Country) and by The University of Calgary, Canada (Host Country). A total of 74 oral and 22 poster papers were presented during the conference.
Download or read book Summary Report written by Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Livestock Production written by Pierre J. Gerber and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2013 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential of nutritional, manure and animal husbandry practices for mitigating methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) - i.e. non-carbon dioxide (CO2) - GHG emissions from livestock production. These practices were categorized into enteric CH4, manure management and animal husbandry mitigation practices. Emphasis was placed on enteric CH4 mitigation practices for ruminant animals (only in vivo studies were considered) and manure mitigation practices for both ruminant and monogastric species. Over 900 references were reviewed; simulation and life cycle assessment analyses were generally excluded
Download or read book Quaternary Dating Methods written by Mike Walker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introductory textbook introduces the basics of dating, the range of techniques available and the strengths and limitations of each of the principal methods. Coverage includes: the concept of time in Quaternary Science and related fields the history of dating from lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy the development and application of radiometric methods different methods in dating: radiometric dating, incremental dating, relative dating and age equivalence Presented in a clear and straightforward manner with the minimum of technical detail, this text is a great introduction for both students and practitioners in the Earth, Environmental and Archaeological Sciences. Praise from the reviews: "This book is a must for any Quaternary scientist." SOUTH AFRICAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, September 2006 “...very well organized, clearly and straightforwardly written and provides a good overview on the wide field of Quaternary dating methods...” JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE, January 2007
Download or read book Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture written by Todd S. Rosenstock and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides standards and guidelines for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and removals in smallholder agricultural systems and comparing options for climate change mitigation based on emission reductions and livelihood trade-offs. Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for about 11% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostly in developing countries. Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdings smaller than ten hectares. However, little to no information exists on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in smallholder agriculture. Greenhouse gas measurements in agriculture are expensive, time consuming, and error prone, challenges only exacerbated by the heterogeneity of smallholder systems and landscapes. Concerns over methodological rigor, measurement costs, and the diversity of approaches, coupled with the demand for robust information suggest it is germane for the scientific community to establish standards of measurements for quantifying GHG emissions from smallholder agriculture. Standard guidelines for use by scientists, development organizations will help generate reliable data on emissions baselines and allow rigorous comparisons of mitigation options. The guidelines described in this book, developed by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) and partners, are intended to inform anyone conducting field measurements of agricultural greenhouse gas sources and sinks, especially to develop IPCC Tier 2 emission factors or to compare mitigation options in smallholder systems.
Download or read book RAMIRAN 2017 Sustainable Utilisation of Manures and Residue Resources in Agriculture written by Tom Misselbrook and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-12-30 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook presents highlight papers from the 17th International conference of the Recycling of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial Residues to Agriculture Network (RAMIRAN) that was held in Wexford, Ireland in September 2017. The book contains a broad range of papers around this multidisciplinary theme covering topics including regional and national organic resource use planning, impact of livestock diet on manure composition, fate and utilisation of excreta from grazing livestock, anaerobic digestion, overcoming barriers to resource reuse, hygienic aspects of residue recycling and impacts on soil health. The overarching theme being addressed is the sustainable recycling of organic residues to agriculture, to promote effective nutrient use and minimise environmental impact.
Download or read book Stable Isotope Ecology written by Brian Fry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-15 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A solid introduction to stable isotopes that can also be used as an instructive review for more experienced researchers and professionals. The book approaches the use of isotopes from the perspective of ecological and biological research, but its concepts can be applied within other disciplines. A novel, step-by-step spreadsheet modeling approach is also presented for circulating tracers in any ecological system, including any favorite system an ecologist might dream up while sitting at a computer. The author’s humorous and lighthearted style painlessly imparts the principles of isotope ecology. The online material contains color illustrations, spreadsheet models, technical appendices, and problems and answers.
Download or read book Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding written by Clive D. Rodgers and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2000 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Rodgers (U. of Oxford) provides graduate students and other researchers a background to the inverse problem and its solution, with applications relating to atmospheric measurements. He introduces the stages in the reverse order than the usual approach in order to develop the learner's intuition about the nature of the inverse problem. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.
Download or read book Ecological Geography of the Sea written by Alan R. Longhurst and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-08-03 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an in-depth discussion of the biological and ecological geography of the oceans. It synthesizes locally restricted studies of the ocean to generate a global geography of the vast marine world.Based on patterns of algal ecology, the book divides the ocean into four primary compartments, which are then subdivided into secondary compartments. *Includes color insert of the latest in satellite imagery showing the world's oceans, their similarities and differences*Revised and updated to reflect the latest in oceanographic research*Ideal for anyone interested in understanding ocean ecology -- accessible and informative
Download or read book Climate Change 2013 The Physical Science Basis written by Intergouvernemental panel on climate change. Working group 1 and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 1553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report also provides a comprehensive assessment of past and future sea level change in a dedicated chapter.
Download or read book Inverse Problems in Atmospheric Constituent Transport written by I. G. Enting and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-06-20 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes mathematical techniques for interpreting measurements of greenhouse gases in order to learn about their sources and sinks. It is aimed at researchers and graduate students embarking upon studies in this area. Established researchers will also find its extensive referencing invaluable.
Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Olivier Boucher and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-18 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook aims to be a one stop shop for those interested in aerosols and their impact on the climate system. It starts with some fundamentals on atmospheric aerosols, atmospheric radiation and cloud physics, then goes into techniques used for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosols, data assimilation, and discusses aerosol-radiation interactions, aerosol-cloud interactions and the multiple impacts of aerosols on the climate system. The book aims to engage those interested in aerosols and their impacts on the climate system: graduate and PhD students, but also post-doctorate fellows who are new to the field or would like to broaden their knowledge. The book includes exercises at the end of most chapters. Atmospheric aerosols are small (microscopic) particles in suspension in the atmosphere, which play multiple roles in the climate system. They interact with the energy budget through scattering and absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation. They also serve as cloud condensation and ice nuclei with impacts on the formation, evolution and properties of clouds. Finally aerosols also interact with some biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols are responsible for a cooling effect that has masked part of the warming due to the increased greenhouse effect since pre-industrial time. Natural aerosols also respond to climate changes as shown by observations of past climates and modelling of the future climate.
Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Estuaries written by Thomas S. Bianchi and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to the study of biochemical cycling in estuaries, this text utilises numerous illustrations and an extensive literature base in order to impart the current state-of-the-art knowledge in the field.
