Download or read book Essays on the Role of Ethnicity in Labor Market Outcomes and Human Capital written by Agnieszka Postepska and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the second chapter we examine whether ethnicity plays a significant role in inter-generational transfer of human capital. Relying on heteroskedasticity to identify parameters in presence of endogeneity, we revisit the Borjas ethnic capital hypothesis. In line with the literature, we find evidence that the OLS estimates of the effect of parental human capital on the children's educational attainment is biased upwards. The same is true for the estimates of the effects of the ethnic capital on intergenerational transmission of education. We also find that while parental capital has a relatively constant effect over time, the effect of ethnic capital has declined over the years. Interestingly, we also find evidence that women benefit from the quality of their ethnic environment while men appear to be unaffected by it.
Download or read book Ethnicity and Labor Market Outcomes written by Amelie F. Constant and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2009-11-02 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How immigrants and their descendents fare in the host society and in particular in the labor market is a very important question. This work helps to understand the complex relationship between ethnic or minority groups, the role of ethnic identity and their disparate economic performance.
Download or read book Immigrant Communities Human Capital Externalities and Labor Market Outcomes written by Liliana Do Couto Sousa and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three essays that encompass this dissertation contribute to our understanding of the economic impact of ethnic communities on immigrants while also addressing issues associated with the identification and measurement of ethnic enclaves. Immigrant enclaves provide access to ethnic goods and trade partners with shared language and culture, potentially resulting in increased job opportunities. However, these same amenities may also decrease incentives to assimilate, or acquire U.S.specific human capital, and can ultimately keep some immigrants from achieving economic success. The first essay considers whether the human capital of an ethnic community influences the decision to become self-employed, for example by affecting certain costs, such as transaction and information costs, associated with entrepreneurship. I find that immigrants with low levels of human capital are more likely to enter into self-employment if their ethnic communities have higher levels of human capital while immigrants with more human capital, such as those with a college education, enter into self-employment independently of the human capital available in their ethnic communities. These ethnic human capital externalities may play an important role in the economic assimilation of low human capital immigrants by potentially offsetting some of the economic costs associated with low education and limited English skills. The second and third essays use unique linked employer-household data available through the U.S. Census Bureau's Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics program to identify individuals as part of an enclave economy based not only on their neighbors - the strategy employed by the current literature - but also on their coworkers. In the second essay, I create and analyze measurements of immigrant enclaves based on both residential and employment clustering behavior. These measures show that, even among the largest immigrant groups in five of the biggest immigrant population centers in the U.S., few immigrants live or work in neighborhoods and workplaces with high co-ethnic exposure rates. Though ethnic enclaves can provide economic opportunities for their members by generating or matching individuals to employment opportunities, they may also stifle assimilation and create human capital traps by limiting interactions between enclave members and non-members. In the third essay, I find that higher residential and workplace clustering is consistently correlated with lower earnings. While negative self-selection fully explains the lower earnings attributed to higher co-ethnic exposure for immigrants with a high school education or less, I find evidence of human capital traps for immigrants with more than a high school education who enclave. Their earnings decrease with higher levels of co-ethnic exposure both residentially and in the workplace.
Download or read book THREE ESSAYS ON EDUCATIONAL DECISIONS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES OF YOUTHS written by Xingfei Liu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Three Essays on Causes of Skill Racial and Ethnic Labor Market Differences written by Linda Andrea Bailey and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Three Essays on the Economic Integration of Caribbean Immigrants Into the US Labor Market written by Valerie Lacarte and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than four million Caribbean immigrants live in the United States and the great majority comes from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago. Since the 1960s, they have been migrating to the US in search of better economic opportunities. This begs the question, do Caribbean immigrants integrate into the US labor market? Integration on the labor market is defined as becoming more similar to the population. In other words, I am interested in the change in immigrant labor outcomes as they gain more experience in the host country. To answer this, I combine quantitative results from econometric analysis using microdata from the US Census Bureau with qualitative information from my fieldwork with the Caribbean Diaspora living in the US. Overall, I find that integration does happen but that human capital, ethnicity and cultural gender norms are the best predictors of immigrant labor outcomes. After discussing the literature in Chapter 1, I study the earnings gap between Caribbean female immigrants and All Other Women in the US to see after how many years there is a convergence point (Chapter 2). I propose a framework where immigrants are divided into cohorts that arrived in the 1970s, 1980, 1990s and 2000s. Results indicate that it takes Caribbean immigrant women on average 13 years to integrate. At the exception of the Dominican Republic, immigrants who arrived in the 1970s and 1980s all earn significantly more than the reference group. Considering the intersectionality of education, race, ethnicity and culture, I conclude that Anglophones and higher-educated immigrants generally do better. Ethnicity is also a good predictor of outcomes: Black immigrant women integrate faster than Latinas. I also assess variation in quality for successive cohorts and find a definite slowdown in the performance of immigrants who arrived in the decade of the Great Recession. The only exception is for Jamaican women who have maintained a high level of growth in their earnings profile since the 1970s. In contrast, the last wave of Haitian immigrants (2000s) has a clearly negative performance compared to the three previous cohorts. In Chapter 3, I examine the role of cultural gender norms in explaining the gender gap in labor force participation (LFP) in Caribbean immigrant communities. Using the Female labor force participation rate (LFPR) and the Gender Gap in LFPR from the home countries, I find that there is a small but statistically meaningful impact on the probability that Caribbean immigrant women will join the US labor force, less so for men. Generally, the results indicate that coming from a country where female labor force participation is high also encourages women from that country to adopt a similar behavior in the US. Interestingly, there is also a residual effect of the country of ancestry and of cultural gender norms on US born generations of Caribbean descent. In Chapter 4, I present descriptive statistics from surveys and qualitative interviews collected during the fieldwork I conducted between March 2016 and April 2017. The objective is to understand how social capital contributes to the integration patterns found in Chapters 2 and 3. Moreover, interviews with Caribbean immigrants living in New York, Miami and Washington, DC allowed for an in-depth discussion on: 1) the push and pull factors of migration, 2) their experience on the labor market 3) their views on cultural gender norms, and 4) the importance of social capital and cultural assimilation in the US. Overall, the data collected confirms trends from earlier chapters: education, ethnicity and cultural gender norms are relevant predictors of the labor outcomes for Caribbean immigrants. To conclude, in Chapter 5, I present arguments in support of quantitative-qualitative research in economics. By triangulating all the information gathered in previous chapters, I summarize the main conclusions on Caribbean immigrant integration and discuss the complementarity between the econometric analysis and my fieldwork. There are many benefits to conducting fieldwork and collecting qualitative data: it provides deeper explanations on real-world situations to support the quantitative analysis. Many of the findings in this dissertation are consistent with existing literature but by adopting a quantitative-qualitative analytical lens, I produce new estimates on Caribbean immigrants communities, while also analyzing the intersectionality of gender, education, race, ethnicity and culture. While the pace and levels of integration vary, it can be said that Caribbean immigrants, especially women, are successful in integrating the US labor market.
Download or read book Unfair Advantage written by World Bank and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Download or read book Innovation and Public Policy written by Austan Goolsbee and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2022-03-25 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A calculation of the social returns to innovation /Benjamin F. Jones and Lawrence H. Summers --Innovation and human capital policy /John Van Reenen --Immigration policy levers for US innovation and start-ups /Sari Pekkala Kerr and William R. Kerr --Scientific grant funding /Pierre Azoulay and Danielle Li --Tax policy for innovation /Bronwyn H. Hall --Taxation and innovation: what do we know? /Ufuk Akcigit and Stefanie Stantcheva --Government incentives for entrepreneurship /Josh Lerner.
Download or read book OECD Employment Outlook 2012 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2012-07-10 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 30th edition of the OECD Employment Outlook examines the labour market performance of OECD countries as well as the prospects in the short term.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
Download or read book Mastering Metrics written by Joshua D. Angrist and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-12-21 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible and fun guide to the essential tools of econometric research Applied econometrics, known to aficionados as 'metrics, is the original data science. 'Metrics encompasses the statistical methods economists use to untangle cause and effect in human affairs. Through accessible discussion and with a dose of kung fu–themed humor, Mastering 'Metrics presents the essential tools of econometric research and demonstrates why econometrics is exciting and useful. The five most valuable econometric methods, or what the authors call the Furious Five--random assignment, regression, instrumental variables, regression discontinuity designs, and differences in differences--are illustrated through well-crafted real-world examples (vetted for awesomeness by Kung Fu Panda's Jade Palace). Does health insurance make you healthier? Randomized experiments provide answers. Are expensive private colleges and selective public high schools better than more pedestrian institutions? Regression analysis and a regression discontinuity design reveal the surprising truth. When private banks teeter, and depositors take their money and run, should central banks step in to save them? Differences-in-differences analysis of a Depression-era banking crisis offers a response. Could arresting O. J. Simpson have saved his ex-wife's life? Instrumental variables methods instruct law enforcement authorities in how best to respond to domestic abuse. Wielding econometric tools with skill and confidence, Mastering 'Metrics uses data and statistics to illuminate the path from cause to effect. Shows why econometrics is important Explains econometric research through humorous and accessible discussion Outlines empirical methods central to modern econometric practice Works through interesting and relevant real-world examples
Download or read book Higher Education and the Labour Market written by Robert M. Lindley and published by Society for Research Into Higher Education. This book was released on 1981 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication is the first from the Leverhulme program of study, which focused on the major strategic options likely to be available to higher education institutions and policy-making bodies in the 1980s and 1990s. It resulted from a specialist seminar on higher education and the labor market. The chapters are: "Employers' Perceptions of Demand" (Laurence C. Hunter); "Technological Manpower" (Derek L. Bosworth); "Response to Change in the United States" (Richard B. Freeman); "Higher Education Policy" (Maurice Peston); and "The Challenge of Market Imperatives" (Robert M. Lindley). Lindley notes that the British higher education system has never come to grips with the role it might play in economic development and examines some areas of need and improvement: the search for more students; the need to get the labor market more involved in the environment of higher education and to get education to respond to market need with qualified persons; the role of higher education in the screening and credentialism process; to encourage industry's role in funding and organizing higher education; and stabilizing the labor market environment. It is concluded that labor market issues have to be handled at a more sophisticated level than the debate about manpower alone. (LC)
Download or read book The Urban Underclass written by Christopher Jencks and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2001-08-09 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many believe that the urban underclass in America is a large, rapidly increasing proportion of the population; that crime, teenage pregnancy, and high school dropout rates are escalating; and that welfare rolls are exploding. Yet none of these perceptions is accurate. Here, noted authorities, including William J. Wilson, attempt to separate the truth about poverty, social dislocation, and changes in American family life from the myths that have become part of contemporary folklore.
Download or read book Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality written by Ms.Era Dabla-Norris and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.
Download or read book The Economics of Discrimination written by Gary S. Becker and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2010-08-15 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of Gary S. Becker's The Economics of Discrimination has been expanded to include three further discussions of the problem and an entirely new introduction which considers the contributions made by others in recent years and some of the more important problems remaining. Mr. Becker's work confronts the economic effects of discrimination in the market place because of race, religion, sex, color, social class, personality, or other non-pecuniary considerations. He demonstrates that discrimination in the market place by any group reduces their own real incomes as well as those of the minority. The original edition of The Economics of Discrimination was warmly received by economists, sociologists, and psychologists alike for focusing the discerning eye of economic analysis upon a vital social problem—discrimination in the market place. "This is an unusual book; not only is it filled with ingenious theorizing but the implications of the theory are boldly confronted with facts. . . . The intimate relation of the theory and observation has resulted in a book of great vitality on a subject whose interest and importance are obvious."—M.W. Reder, American Economic Review "The author's solution to the problem of measuring the motive behind actual discrimination is something of a tour de force. . . . Sociologists in the field of race relations will wish to read this book."—Karl Schuessler, American Sociological Review
Download or read book Measuring Racial Discrimination written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-07-24 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and others, have historically faced severe discriminationâ€"pervasive and open denial of civil, social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. Today, large differences among racial and ethnic groups continue to exist in employment, income and wealth, housing, education, criminal justice, health, and other areas. While many factors may contribute to such differences, their size and extent suggest that various forms of discriminatory treatment persist in U.S. society and serve to undercut the achievement of equal opportunity. Measuring Racial Discrimination considers the definition of race and racial discrimination, reviews the existing techniques used to measure racial discrimination, and identifies new tools and areas for future research. The book conducts a thorough evaluation of current methodologies for a wide range of circumstances in which racial discrimination may occur, and makes recommendations on how to better assess the presence and effects of discrimination.
