Download or read book Essays on the Relationships Between Education Policies Achievement Labor Market Outcomes and Inequality written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Inequality of Opportunities in Education written by Ana Carolina Trindade Ribeiro and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is generally accepted that education is a powerful enabler of social mobility in the modern world. However, access to quality and specialized education is still highly unequal, creating pathways for some groups of people and barriers to others. This dissertation explores three approaches to understanding and addressing inequalities of opportunity in three separate chapters. The first chapter examines the importance of test design, in particular the time limit component, as a driver of gender gaps in performance. The second chapter evaluates the potential of a growth mindset intervention for narrowing gender gaps in challenge-seeking and competitive behavior. The third chapter investigates the educational attainment and labor market outcomes of an affirmative action policy for college admission that targets low-income and underrepresented racial minorities. Respective results show that changing the time limit of a test may increase female representation in competitive programs, teaching growth mindset may help some women become more challenge-seeking and competitive, and that affirmative action can more than double the chances of black low-income students entering a prestigious career without negatively impacting the prospects of students displaced by the policy. In summary, these studies provide evidence that informs the potential of an institution, a practice, and a policy to open pathways for more equitable opportunities in education and the labor market.

Download or read book Essays on Education and Labor Market written by Shoya Ishimaru and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first chapter examines the importance of college and labor market options associated with childhood location in shaping educational and labor market outcomes experienced by a person later in life. I estimate a dynamic model that considers post-high school choices of whether and where to attend college and where to work, subject to home preferences, mobility costs, and spatial search frictions. The estimated model suggests that spatial gaps in local college and labor market options in the United States give rise to a 6 percentage point gap in the college attendance rate and an 11% gap in the wage rate at 10 years of experience between the 90th and 10th percentiles of across-county variation in each outcome. The second chapter suggests how the difference between linear IV and OLS coefficients can be interpreted and empirically decomposed when the treatment effect is nonlinear and heterogeneous in the true causal relationship. I show that the IV-OLS coefficient gap consists of three components: the difference in weights on treatment levels, the difference in weights on observables, and the difference in identified marginal effects. Using my framework, I revisit return to schooling estimates with compulsory schooling and college availability instruments. The third chapter investigates equilibrium impacts of federal policies such as free-college proposals, taking into account that human capital production is cumulative and that state governments have resource constraints. In the model, a state government cares about household welfare and aggregate educational attainment. Realizing that household choices vary with its decisions, the government chooses income tax rates, per-student expenditure levels on public K-12 and college education, college tuition and the provision of other public goods, subject to its budget constraint. We estimate the model using data from the U.S. Using counterfactual simulations, we find that free-public-college policies, mandatory or subsidized, would decrease state expenditure on and hence the quality of public education. More students would obtain college degrees due to increased enrollment. Over 86% of all households would lose while about 60% of the lowest income quintile would gain from such policies.

Download or read book Essays on the Effects of Education Policy and Tax Policy on Labor Market and Other Outcomes written by Tung Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is composed of three essays. First chapter. The Impact of Bilingual Education on Economic and Social Assimilation: Evidence from California’s Proposition 227. Bilingual education is one of the main educational programs schools in the U.S. use to help limited English proficient students, yet very little evidence exists about the causal impacts of bilingual education on adulthood outcomes. I use a triple-differences strategy, in which I compare the outcomes of foreign-born Hispanics to US-born Hispanics who attended elementary school before and after the policy change in California, and address the potential issue of differential cohort trend between foreign-born and US-born using Hispanics from Texas. This paper exploits the 1998 ban on bilingual education in California to identify the causal impact of exposure to bilingual education on the social and labor market outcomes of young adults. Second chapter. The Impact of Bilingual Education on Long-run Outcomes: Evidence from Arizona’s Proposition 203. In this chapter, I investigate the causal impact of exposure to bilingual education on different outcomes of young adults exploiting the ban on bilingual education in Arizona resulting from a voter referendum in 2000. Third chapter. The Effects of Marginal Tax Rate on Self-employment Entry. This chapter investigates the effects of marginal tax rates on the decision to become self-employed.

Download or read book Three Essays on Higher Education and Inequality written by Noah Hirschl and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three studies that shed light on the ongoing transformation of higher education's role in producing inequality and transmitting advantages across generations in the United States. The first chapter examines the most educated Americans: graduate and professional degree holders. The subsequent two chapters, by contrast, shift focus to young adults' transition into higher education, examining how schools and local labor markets shape racial inequality in the transition from high school to college.The first empirical chapter examines horizontal stratification among graduate and professional degree programs and their connection to the new economic elite. Compared to the baccalaureate level, there has been relatively little empirical research on distinctions among graduate and professional degrees and how they relate to labor market inequality. I add to this emerging literature with 30 years of linked survey data containing an unprecedented level of detail on the lives of the most educated Americans. I track recent historical changes in who attains top-ranked MBAs, JDs, MDs, and PhDs, finding a marked increase in the influence of parental education on elite degree attainment. This novel evidence suggests the solidifying of an intergenerational class of highly educated professionals in the United States. Second, I explore the earnings returns to program rank across different degree types, and by gender and parental education, with a particular focus on the top percentile of the earnings distribution. Unlike at the baccalaureate level, the earnings returns to prestige vary significantly across fields, such that they are much higher in MBA and JD programs than research doctorate or medical programs. I also find that the earnings returns to prestige are higher for children from less-educated families, suggesting a potential equalizing effect of elite postbaccalaureate programs. The second empirical chapter examines how local labor markets shape college attendance behavior differently by race and gender. A long-standing sociological literature has established that white students are substantially less likely to attend four-year colleges than are Black students with similar socioeconomic resources and academic performance. Drawing on accounts of racial labor market segregation among workers without bachelor's degrees, I hypothesize that racialized and gendered access to good sub-baccalaureate jobs-for instance, jobs in the trades-may account for racial differences in college attendance. I test this hypothesis empirically using administrative data on students attending high school in Wisconsin, examining net racial differences in college attendance across labor markets with varying degrees of racial occupational segregation. I do not find clear support for my hypothesis. However, I do find that white boys are more likely than Black boys to attend two-year colleges in places with more racially segregated labor markets. This finding suggests that a net-White advantage in vocational education pathways parallels the net-Black advantage in four-year college attendance, and provides some support for the hypothesized labor market mechanism. The third empirical chapter, co-authored with Christian Michael Smith, examines how high school course enrollment policies and school officials' decision-making affect racial inequality in high school tracking on the path to college. Prior work in sociology has produced conflicting evidence on whether and to what extent school officials' decision-making contributes to these patterns. We advance this literature by examining the effects of schools' enrollment policies for Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Using a unique combination of school survey data and administrative data from Wisconsin, we examine what happens to racial inequality in AP participation when school officials enforce performance-based selection criteria, which we call "course gatekeeping." We find that course gatekeeping has racially disproportionate effects. Although racialized differences in prior achievement partially explain the especially large negative effects among students of color, course gatekeeping produces Black-white and Hispanic-white disparities in participation even among students with similar, relatively low prior achievement. We further find that course gatekeeping has longer-run effects, particularly discouraging Black and Asian or Pacific Islander students from attending highly selective four-year colleges.

Download or read book Handbook of Labor Economics written by Orley Ashenfelter and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-11-18 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the continually evolving field of labour economics.

Download or read book Essays on Education Inequality and Society written by Julie Ann Pechacek and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three chapters on labor economics. The first two chapters focus on education, and the third examines inequality and incarceration. Chapter one explores whether college students strategically delay exiting college in response to poor labor market conditions. It exploits variation in U.S. state unemployment rates to identify the causal impact of unemployment rates on time to graduation. Strategic delay is observed among both men and women. Results indicate that students delay graduation by approximately 0.4 months for each percentage point increase in junior-year unemployment rates, implying the average student delays by approximately half a semester during a typical recession. Effects are greatest for men with freshman majors in education, professional and vocational technologies, the humanities, business, and the sciences, and for women in education, the sciences, or undeclared. Delays are robust to fluctuations in students' in-school work hours, earnings, and job market conditions. Chapter two assesses the impact of over-the-counter access to emergency contraception on women's educational attainment using variation in access produced by state legislation since 1998. Approximately 5% of American women of reproductive age experience an unintended pregnancy annually, indicating a significant unmet need for contraception. Results indicate that cohorts with greater access to emergency contraception are more likely to graduate from high school and attain the associate's degree. Effects for high school graduation are most pronounced among black women, while increases in associate's degree attainment are driven primarily by white and Hispanic women. Chapter three explores the relationship between incarceration and generational inequality. Using a calibrated OLG model of criminal behavior with race, inheritance and endogenous education, I calculate how much longer prison sentences, and a higher likelihood of capture and conviction contribute to income inequality. Results indicate that changes to criminal policy mirroring those of the "tough on crime" legislation of the 1980s and 1990s, including an 18% increase in criminal apprehension and a 68% increase in prison sentence length, have little impact on inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient. Instead, the model provides evidence that these enhanced enforcement measures deter crime and decrease incarceration rates.

Download or read book Education Occupation and Social Origin written by Fabrizio Bernardi and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Questioning the assumption that education is the ‘great social equalizer’, this book takes a comparative approach to the social origin–education–destination triangle by examining advantage in 14 different countries, including case studies from Europe, Israel, the USA, Russia and Japan. Contributions from leading experts examine the relation between family background, education and occupational achievement over time and across educational levels, focusing on the relationship between individuals’ social origins and their income and occupational outcomes. Providing new theoretical insights, this book eloquently analyzes a variety of barriers to social mobility. Using concepts of compensatory and boosting advantage to explain the intergenerational transmission of social inequality, it refutes the notion of contemporary societies as education-based and meritocratic, showing that in most of the countries studied there is no sign of decreasing intergenerational association, despite the expansion of education. With its multitude of pertinent case studies, Education, Occupation and Social Origin will be of interest to academics and students of social policy as well as those interested in social inequalities and their evolution over time. It will also be a useful reference for governmental policymakers in the wake of the current economic crisis.

Download or read book Resources in Education written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Brookings Papers on Education Policy 2003 written by Diane Ravitch and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2010-12-01 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1983 the seminal report issued by the National Commission on Excellence in Education, "A Nation at Risk," charged that most American high schoolers were following a general course of instruction, choosing neither the college-preparatory track nor the vocational option. This pattern, the report complained, had fostered low expectations and a curricular hodge-podge of classes that failed to prepare students for college or work. The commission called on states to implement academic requirements for all students, regardless of background, including four years of English and three years each of science, mathematics, and social studies. Students should not be sorted by their presumed future destinations, the commission reasoned, but should be offered an equal opportunity to get a high-quality education to fit them either for postsecondary education or the modern workplace. Two decades after the commission called on states to reform the high school environment and raise graduation requirements, the Brown Center on Education Policy at the Brookings Institution convened a a group of prominent scholars to explore the current state of America's high schools, focusing on new research about reforming these institutions that are so important in the lives of the nation's adolescents. The questions considered reflected the diversity of the participants and covered a variety of areas—historical, international, sociological, and practical. Data gathered by the U.S. Department of Education show students today are taking many more advanced courses in mathematics and the sciences, while at the same time test scores do not reflect the increases in enrollments in academic courses. In addition, large score gaps remain among students from different social groups. Reform of the high schools must take into account the elementary and middle schools that prepare students and the postsecondary institutions to which students aspire. Adolescent culture and students' views about school and academic work play important roles in student achievement, as do the family and contemporary society in shaping of adolescent behavior. No matter their background, all participants agreed that the key to a successful high school rests with the extent to which it recognizes and strengthens its commitment to the intellectual growth of its students.

Download or read book Essays on Determinants of Disparity in Education and Labor Market Outcomes written by Anjali Priya Verma and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines the determinants of disparity in education and labor market outcomes. The first chapter, co-authored with Imelda, examines the impact of clean energy access on adult health and labor supply outcomes by exploiting a nationwide roll-out of clean cooking fuel program in Indonesia. This program led to a large-scale fuel switching, from kerosene, a dirty fuel, to liquid petroleum gas, a cleaner one. Using longitudinal survey data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey and exploiting the staggered structure of the program rollout, we find that access to clean cooking fuel led to a significant improvement in women’s health, particularly among those who spend most of their time indoors doing housework. We also find an increase in women’s work hours, suggesting that access to cleaner fuel can improve women’s health and plausibly their productivity, allowing them to supply more market labor. For men, we find an increase in the work hours and propensity to have an additional job, mainly in households where women accrued the largest health and labor benefits from the program. These results highlight the role of clean energy in reducing gender disparity in health and point to the existence of positive externalities from the improved health of women on other members of the household. The second paper studies the labor supply response of women to changes in expected alimony income. Using an alimony law change in the US that significantly reduced the post-divorce alimony support among women, I first show that this led to an increase in divorce probability. Second, consistent with the theoretical prediction from a simple model of labor supply, the reform led to an increase in the female labor force participation, with a larger increase among ever-married and more educated samples of women. As a result, the average female wage income increased after the reform. While labor supply increased, I show that most of this increase was concentrated in part-time employment, which may not be sufficient to compensate for the expected loss in alimony income. In light of the recent movement in the US to reform alimony laws, these findings are pertinent to understand its implications on women’s labor supply and economic well-being. The third chapter, co-authored with Akiva Yonah Meiselman, studies the long-run effects of disruptive peers in disciplinary schools on educational and labor market outcomes of students placed at these institutions. Students placed at disciplinary schools tend to have significantly worse future outcomes. We provide evidence that the composition of peers at these institutions plays an important role in explaining this link. We use rich administrative data of high school students in Texas which provides a detailed record of each student’s disciplinary placements, including their exact date of placement and assignment duration. This allows us to identify the relevant peers for each student based on their overlap at the institution. We leverage within school-year variation in peer composition at each institution to ask whether a student who overlaps with particularly disruptive peers has worse subsequent outcomes. We show that exposure to peers in highest quintile of disruptiveness relative to lowest quintile when placed at a disciplinary school increases students’ subsequent removals, reduces their educational attainment, and worsens labor market outcomes. Moreover, these effects are stronger when students have a similar peer group in terms of the reason for removal, or when the distribution of disruptiveness among peers is more concentrated than dispersed around the mean. Our findings draw attention to an unintended consequence of student removal to disciplinary schools, and highlights how brief exposures to disruptive peers can affect an individual’s long-run trajectories

Download or read book Inequality and Growth Patterns and Policy written by Kaushik Basu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It was part of common wisdom that in the early stages of development inequality would rise, but it would, eventually, decline. As time passed and growth persisted, inequality has, however, continued to grow, casting doubt on the received wisdom.

Download or read book Meritocracy and Economic Inequality written by Kenneth Arrow and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most Americans strongly favor equality of opportunity if not outcome, but many are weary of poverty's seeming immunity to public policy. This helps to explain the recent attention paid to cultural and genetic explanations of persistent poverty, including claims that economic inequality is a function of intellectual ability, as well as more subtle depictions of the United States as a meritocracy where barriers to achievement are personal--either voluntary or inherited--rather than systemic. This volume of original essays by luminaries in the economic, social, and biological sciences, however, confirms mounting evidence that the connection between intelligence and inequality is surprisingly weak and demonstrates that targeted educational and economic reforms can reduce the income gap and improve the country's aggregate productivity and economic well-being. It also offers a novel agenda of equal access to valuable associations. Amartya Sen, John Roemer, Robert M. Hauser, Glenn Loury, Orley Ashenfelter, and others sift and analyze the latest arguments and quantitative findings on equality in order to explain how merit is and should be defined, how economic rewards are distributed, and how patterns of economic success persist across generations. Moving well beyond exploration, they draw specific conclusions that are bold yet empirically grounded, finding that schooling improves occupational success in ways unrelated to cognitive ability, that IQ is not a strong independent predictor of economic success, and that people's associations--their neighborhoods, working groups, and other social ties--significantly explain many of the poverty traps we observe. The optimistic message of this beautifully edited book is that important violations of equality of opportunity do exist but can be attenuated by policies that will serve the general economy. Policy makers will read with interest concrete suggestions for crafting economically beneficial anti-discrimination measures, enhancing educational and associational opportunity, and centering economic reforms in community-based institutions. Here is an example of some of our most brilliant social thinkers using the most advanced techniques that their disciplines have to offer to tackle an issue of great social importance.

Download or read book Education Productivity and Inequality written by John B. Knight and published by World Bank. This book was released on 1990 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between resources devoted to education and the economy of developing nations is explored. The research seeks to understand if and how investment in education translates into increased economic growth and labor productivity. Additionally, the function of education in reducing various dimensions of economic inequality is examined. The two East African nations that are the study's focus, Kenya and Tanzania, have similar levels of income, but they differ markedly in their public policy toward the provision of secondary education and thus in the educational attainment of the labor force. The research findings provide strong backing for the human capital paradigm: educational expansion is shown to raise labor productivity. The results also show that making education less scarce diminishes inequality in access to education and in income. Numerous figures and tables of data appear throughout this volume; a list of 170 references is included. (DB)

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and the Economics of Education written by Mayuri Chaturvedi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation discusses some of the causes and consequences of inequality, vertical and horizontal, some theoretically and others empirically. In doing so, I try to touch upon old and new themes in the economics literature, as old as rent seeking and as new as the effect of cultural norms.The first essay reflects on the inequality of opportunity as manifest in the quality of education available to families in India. The paper explores the relative roles of the quality of schools and household attributes on a household's choice of school in India. I find that income is the most important predictor of a household's choice of school, with a doubling of per capita income increasing the likelihood of choosing a private school over a public school by 10 percentage points. Public schools can rarely compete with private schools even with comparable infrastructure and free school supplies. As incomes rise (India's GDP has nearly doubled in the last 10 years), it is reasonable to expect that there will be de facto higher demand for private schooling and not public.The second essay is a theoretical examination of inequality-generating rent seeking and the feedback mechanism between the two. In this paper, I model rent seeking in an unequal endowment economy to analyze the conditions under which more inequality leads to more rent seeking. I find that, when rent-seeking costs are fixed, a more unequal economy fosters a greater proportion of rentiers. When rent-seeking costs are flexible, the proportion of rentiers shrinks with more inequality. However, both the quantity of rents per person and the resources wasted in pursuing rent-seeking activities increase.In the third essay, I link the education choices of women to gender-specific norms of marriage. Hypergamy (the practice of women "marrying up" by caste, age, education or any indicator of economic well-being) implies that too much education could lower women's prospects of finding a suitable spouse. To understand its impact on pre-marital investments in education, this project studies women's choice of educational attainment as a function of men's. To do so, I examine the impact of an exogenous change in the schooling level of men on the schooling level of women in the United States in the last 50 years. The source of variation is the change in US' immigration policy in 1965, which has been documented to have considerably altered the demography and skill pool in the US since 1965. I find evidence of a positive relationship between men and women's education outcomes. This is a result suggestive of hypergamy and its dragging effect on women's education. The result is robust to the use of another control group: immigrant women in the US.

Download or read book Socioeconomic Inequality and Student Outcomes written by Louis Volante and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-08-31 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines socioeconomic inequality and student outcomes across various Western industrialized nations and the varying success they have had in addressing achievement gaps in lower socioeconomic status student populations. It presents the national profiles of countries with notable achievement gaps within the respective school-aged student populations, explains the trajectory of achievement results in relation to both national and international large-scale assessment measures, and discusses how relevant education policies have evolved within their national contexts. Most importantly, the national profiles investigate the effectiveness of policy responses that have been adopted to close the achievement gap in lower socioeconomic status student populations. This book provides a cross-national analysis of policy approaches designed to address socioeconomic inequality.

Download or read book The Lost Dream of Equality written by Alan Scott and published by Brill / Sense. This book was released on 2007 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the international hopes for equality in education over the past 60 years by looking at the current evidence and theory on social class and schooling. For more than half a century the relation between social class and education has been the subject of intense debate and political struggle, as well as the focus for the aspirations of millions of citizens and their children in Western democracies. This book will be relevant to teachers, advanced undergraduates and graduate students in the areas of the history, sociology and politics of education as well as policy analysis and applied social theory.