Download or read book Essays on Self employment of Young Workers written by Taehyun Ahn and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Academic interest in self-employment has grown rapidly in recent decades. However, relatively little is known about the longitudinal patterns of young self-employed workers. In the first essay, I examine the patterns of self-employment that appear in the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). I find that most of self-employed workers hold wage jobs before entering self-employment and come back to wage sector after experiencing one or two self-employment spells. Self-employment jobs differ in terms of industry distribution, for both men and women and they are - female self-employment jobs, in particular - likely to entail changes in industry. Additionally, I find that female self-employment spells are more likely to be followed by a large percent of time nonemployed and a small percent of time in the same industry compared to the wage employment while the opposite are true for the male self-employment spells. Risk tolerance and liquidity constraints are widely believed to be key determinants of self-employment, but their independent effects have proved difficult to identify. In the second essay, I specify a theoretical model that illustrates how individual risk tolerance and liquidity constraints affect the decision to become self-employed. I then tackle the empirical identification problem by constructing a measure of risk tolerance that is corrected for reporting error, varies with age and assets, and allows for the endogeneity of assets. In contrast to previous studies that use regional variation in housing prices as an instrument for assets, I address the fact that housing appreciation affects homeowners and nonowners differently. I find that risk tolerant workers are more likely to be self-employed than are their less risk tolerant counterparts. However, net asset levels have an insignificant effect on self-employment entry once absolute risk tolerance is properly taken into account. The absence of successful businesses owned by minorities, and by blacks in particular, is a concern for policy makers. In the third essay, I exploit detailed work history data in the NLSY79 to provide new evidence on the reasons behind the race gap in self-employment. My analysis of an "age uniform" sample of men, all of whom are observed from age 22 to age 40, reveals that racial differences in cross-sectional self-employment rates are largely due to the fact that minority workers' self-employment spells are relatively short-lived. Moreover, I find that minority workers' relatively high exit rates from self-employment are caused primarily by transitions to nonemployment. Estimates from a multinomial logit model of self-employment exits suggest that minority workers' weak attachment to the labor market prior to entering self-employment is an important determinant of their self-employment to nonemployment transitions, while lack of prior industry and self-employment experience contributes to minorities' transitions to nonself-employment.

Download or read book Essays on Self employment written by Moira K. Daly and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Self employment written by Sadaf Sadaf and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Self employment and Entrepreneurship written by Alejandro Gabriel Rasteletti and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Four Essays on Self employment written by Pernilla Andersson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on the Determinants of Self employment written by Edvard Johansson and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Self employment written by Danny Leung and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Comparative Advantages in Self employment and on Formerly Unemployed Founders written by Dirk Oberschachtsiek and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Physician Self employment written by Augustine D. Faucher and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Business Ownership and Self employment written by Robert Munk and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation contains three chapters on self-employment and business ownership. In the first chapter, I re-examine the earnings differential between self- and wage-employed men. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that the timing and (voluntary or involuntary) nature of men’s transitions into self-employment are important determinants of whether they receive wage-gains. I find that when a man transitions from wage-employment to self-employment voluntarily and early in his career, his wage is predicted to increase contemporaneously by 31%. The magnitude of this increase is 2.6 times larger than the predicted wage change associated with a voluntary, early-career transition to a new wage job. Conversely, I find that when a man transitions from wage-employment to self-employment involuntarily and late in his career, his predicted wage decreases contemporaneously by 18%. The magnitude of this decrease is larger than the predicted 13% wage decrease associated with an involuntary, late career transition to a new wage job. In the second chapter, motivated by the finding that partnered men and women are more likely to become business owners than are their single counterparts, I ask whether the observed marriage and cohabitation effects are a result of partner income. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I first show that when partner income is included as a control, the marriage and cohabitation effects decrease substantially for women, while the effects persist for men. Second, I show that the marriage and cohabitation effects vary with partner income for women but not men. For example, a woman whose husband’s income is in the fifth quintile is 1.9 times more likely to transition to business ownership than a woman whose husband’s income is in the second quintile for men. On the other hand, a married man with a high-income wife is no more or less likely to transition to business ownership than a married man with a low-income wife. In the third chapter, re-examine Lazear’s (2005) jack-of-all-trades theory. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I ask, what are the wage gains associated with a self-employed worker’s prior occupational experience? Overall, I find results consistent with Lazear’s theory, which suggests that the returns to occupational specialization are substantially larger for wage workers than the self-employed. I predict that self-employed workers with ten years of prior occupational experience earn a wage that is only 3.2% greater than do self-employed workers with two years of prior occupational experience. However, for wage workers I predict that the wage gains associated with a ten year increase in prior occupational experience (zero to ten years) is 2.1 times larger than the wage gains associated with a two year increase (zero to two years) in prior occupational experience.

Download or read book Essays on Self employment in Africa written by Jonathan Lain and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays on Ethnic and Racial Self employment written by Robert William Fairlie and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Entrepreneurship and Education written by Christopher J. Youderian and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first essay tests whether the returns to education are different between entrepreneurs and regular employees. If the signaling model of education is correct, entrepreneurs should receive lower returns from education (relative to employees) because they have no need to signal their productivity to an employer. However, this result should only hold if the researcher is able to control for selection into self-employment and the endogeneity of education. This is illustrated using a stylized model of signaling. The relationship between self-employment and the returns to education is tested using data from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation. This rich panel dataset makes it possible to control for many business-specific characteristics, like business equity, that have been previously unaccounted for in the literature. Ordinary least squares regressions find the correlation between education and earnings to be weaker for entrepreneurs. To control for selection, I utilize a Heckman selection model using spousal health insurance and housing equity as instruments. It shows that selection biases downward the correlation between education and income for entrepreneurs. Finally, a fixed effects model is employed to control for any time invariant unobserved heterogeneity. This approach indicates that education is as valuable, if not more valuable, to entrepreneurs as it is to employees. This does not support the signaling hypothesis. The finding is robust to different measures of entrepreneurial earnings. The second essay explores whether unemployed workers make successful transitions into self-employment. It is well established that unemployed workers are more likely to transition into self-employment than individuals coming from paid employment. A growing body of literature suggests that these formerly unemployed entrants tend to exit self-employment earlier than typical entrants. It is tempting to attribute this result to differences in ability between the two groups. However, using an adapted version of Frank (1988)'s Intertemporal Model of Industrial Exit, I show that this is not the case. In this model, entrants to self- employment receive noisy information about their true entrepreneurial ability from their earnings in the market. I show that low ability entrants to entrepreneurship should be no more likely to exit self-employment than high ability entrants to self-employment. This is because although low ability entrants will earn less as entrepreneurs, their outside wage in paid employment will also be proportionately lower. Survival in self-employment, therefore, is a function of how initial expectations match reality. This leads me to suggest that the high exit rates out of self-employment for the formerly unemployed may be because this group systematically overestimates their entrepreneurial ability at entry. This hypothesis is justified by evidence from the psychology literature that low ability individuals tend to overestimate their performance. Duration analysis on data from the 1996 and 2001 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation confirms that the formerly unemployed are more likely to exit self-employment. I also find preliminary evidence consistent with the hypothesis that the unemployed overestimate their likelihood of success in self-employment. These findings should give policymakers pause before incentivicing the unemployed to enter self-employment.

Download or read book Essays on Macroeconomics Self employment and Small Business in Cities written by Maksim Belitski and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first essay studies the effects of exogenous and endogenous shocks on output sustainability in Central Eastern Europe and Russia during the 2000s. It expands traditional vector autoregressive model to a multi-country model that relates bank real lending, the cyclical component of output and spreads and accounts for cross-sectional dependence across the countries. Impulse response functions show that exogenous positive shock lead to a drop in output sustainability for nine over twelve Central Eastern European countries, when the endogenous shock is mild and ambiguous. Moreover the effect of the exogenous shock is more significant in the aftermath the crises. The second essay investigates variation in entrepreneurial activity, as proxied by the rate of self-employment, across 374 European cities during the period of 1989-2010. While controlling for various spillover effects across cities we find that the rate of self-employment is largely explained by the level of education, urbanisation economies, institutional environment and industrial structure of a city. Self-employment rates are higher in agriculture and fishing industry; trade, hotels and restaurants industry; meanwhile mining, manufacturing and energy sector with higher positive effect of scale abandon self-employment. At the same time a U-shaped relationship per resident income determines existence of both necessity driven and genuine self-employment. The third essay explains variation in entrepreneurship across cities of Commonwealth of Independent States during 1995-2008, utilizing a unique database and employing dynamic panel data analysis. The findings suggest that banking reform facilitates entrepreneurship, whereas the size of the state discourages it. A U-shaped relationship between per capita income and entrepreneurship is confirmed. It's established that a city with a higher concentration of universities is likely to have higher entrepreneurial entry that provides some evidence for the importance of agglomeration economies in terms of knowledge concentration which leads to intensified exchange of ideas and drive knowledge-based entrepreneurship.

Download or read book Essays on Immigrant Self employment and Labour Supply written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Segregation Gender Economics and Self employment written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Empirical Essays on the Drivers and Constraints for Self employment and Non farm Enterprises in Emerging Countries written by Katharina Grabrucker and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: