Download or read book Essays on Networks and Labor Market Mobility written by Ian Schmutte and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation applies the tools of network analysis to study job mobility. Job mobility is a complex phenomenon, and network theory provides a novel and practical framework for dealing with this complexity in understanding how individuals move from job to job. My first essay measures the effect of job referral networks on search outcomes. The key contribution of this essay is providing evidence of one mechanism by which social interactions affect earnings. An on-the-job search model extended to include social transmission of job information yields an empirical specification in which ones current job offer depends on the average offer of his social contacts. Using block level variation in the quality of jobs held by ones residential neighbors, I find that when changing jobs an individual with better local network contacts will obtain a higher quality job. In addition to the main result, this paper provides new evidence on the spatial structure of the wage distribution within urban areas. In the second essay I apply network algorithms to detect groups of workers and employers with relatively homogeneous patterns of job mobility. Workers with interchangeable skills should have similar patterns of mobility across employers that use those skills in roughly the same way. Grouping workers and jobs solely on the basis of similar mobility patterns reveals labor market sectors with distinct compensation structures. My final essay, joint with John Abowd, uses network models to facilitate identification of employer-specific wage premia in a decomposition of log earnings from matched employer-employee data.
Download or read book Three Essays on Social Networks in Labor Markets written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three essays examining the important role of job connections, references, and word of mouth information in labor markets. The first essay examines the importance of job connections for internal migrants. In this chapter, I develop a theoretical model where labor market networks provide labor market information with less noise than information obtained in the formal market. This model predicts lower initial wages and greater wage growth after migration for migrants without contacts. I then use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) to examine whether migrants who used social connections when finding their first job assimilate faster in the new region. Consistent with the theoretical model, I find that migrants who did not use social connections take longer to assimilate in the new region. The second essay models how screening workers through social networks impacts labor mobility in markets with adverse selection. When there is asymmetric information in labor markets, worker mobility is constrained by adverse selection in the market for experienced workers.
Download or read book Labor Markets Migration and Mobility written by William Cochrane and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is devoted to three key themes central to studies in regional science: the sub-national labor market, migration, and mobility, and their analysis. The book brings together essays that cover a wide range of topics including the development of uncertainty in national and subnational population projections; the impacts of widening and deepening human capital; the relationship between migration, neighborhood change, and area-based urban policy; the facilitating role played by outmigration and remittances in economic transition; and the contrasting importance of quality of life and quality of business for domestic and international migrants. All of the contributions here are by leading figures in their fields and employ state-of-the art methodologies. Given the variety of topics and themes covered this book, it will appeal to a broad range of readers interested in both regional science and related disciplines such as demography, population economics, and public policy.
Download or read book Essays in Labor Economics and Networks written by Carl Marc Nadler and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Network-based connections are pervasive in hiring and mobility patterns. While the theoretical impacts of network connections on the inequality of labor market outcomes are well known (Calvo-Armengol and Jackson, 2004), the empirical magnitude of actual network effects is less certain. A key issue is the difficulty of disentangling the causal effect of network connections from differences in the characteristics of workers in better and worse networks. In the first chapter of my dissertation, I study this question using data on freelance workers in Hollywood, who, like many workers in the "freelance economy," are hired for short-term jobs through an informal process that relies in part on previous connections. In such a labor market, the fortunes of an individual worker are closely linked to the careers of key agents who make the hiring decisions for jobs. In Hollywood, workers who know position supervisors who manage more jobs will have more job opportunities. To measure the size of the network effects, I follow cohorts of freelance grips and lighting technicians who first work on a major movie production between 1988 and 2002. I develop two alternative models for the probability that workers are hired on subsequent productions--based on random effects and fixed effects specifications--that incorporate network effects, experience effects, and unobserved heterogeneity. Both models yield large estimates of the effect of experience-based connections on hiring outcomes. I then use the random effects model to develop simulation-based estimates of the fraction of overall inequality in job outcomes for workers in a given cohort that is attributable to inequality in the career success of the key supervisors they met during their initial year of work. I find that about half of the wide dispersion of career outcomes in Hollywood is generated by differences in the career trajectories of these initial key supervisors. In the second chapter, I study the asymptotic properties of the fixed effects estimator I employ in the first chapter. The estimator is robust to unobserved heterogeneity across workers and movies. It is based on subgraphs of worker-movie dyads that I call pairs. Inference is non-standard, because pairs within a sample are only independent when they do not share any workers or movies in common. The underlying criterion is a two-sample U-process. I show that the U-statistic derived from the estimator's first order condition is asymptotically equivalent to a certain projection which involves summation over all the worker-movie dyads in the sample. I use this result to derive a consistent estimator of the variance of the estimator.
Download or read book Three Essays on the Importance of Social Networks in the Labor Market written by Mauro Sylos Labini and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays on Urban Spatial Structure Job Search Job Mobility written by Rucker Charles Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays on Information Technologies Social Networks and Individual Economic Outcomes written by Guillaume B. Saint-Jacques and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This four-part thesis focuses on the effect of Information Technologies and individual economic outcomes. The first two papers investigate the relationship between technology and individual pay. The last two focus on connectivity through social and communication networks and labor market outcomes. The first paper offers a simple model of how technology may be reshaping the distribution of individual income in the US between 1960 and 2008. First, is shows fractal patterns of the income distribution, which indicate the presence of an increasingly unequal power law distribution at the top. Then, using IRS individual tax data, it shows two main trends: first, more and more individuals seem to draw their income from a Pareto distribution rather than a Lognormal distribution (typical of the "industrial economy"). Second, the tail index of the Pareto distribution seems to be getting lower, indicating increasing inequality at the top. The second paper investigates the relationship between Information Technologies and CEO Pay. It shows, both at the industry and at the firm level, that IT intensity seems to increase CEO Pay. It shows support for three distinct mechanisms: first, IT makes firms bigger. Second, it increases their effective size (the size effectively affected by CEO decisions). Third, it increases mobility of CEOs, possibly because managing IT-intensive companies requires relatively more general skills. The third paper is the first to match, at the individual level, complete Call Detail Records data with individual income for over 100,000 individuals. This allows to describe the associations between individual income and patterns of individual's social networks. We find that wealthier individuals have higher degree, much higher network diversity, higher local centrality, and more social engagement, but lower density and reciprocity in their individual networks. The last paper attempts a causal study of the relationship between social tie strength and individual labor market outcomes (measured as job mobility) using LinkedIn's People-You- May-Know randomizations. It shows an inverted U-shape relationship between tie strength and job transmissions, as well as a globally negative relationship between clustering coefficient and labor market mobility, suggesting that even individually, strong ties are not always more useful than weak ties.
Download or read book Economy in Society written by Michael J. Piore and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prominent economists discuss internal labor markets, the dynamics of immigration, labor market regulation, and other key topics in the work of Michael J. Piore. In Economy in Society, five prominent social scientists honor Michael J. Piore in original essays that explore key topics in Piore's work and make significant independent contributions in their own right. Piore is distinctive for his original research that explores the interaction of social, political, and economic considerations in the labor market and in the economic development of nations and regions. The essays in this volume reflect this rigorous interdisciplinary approach to important social and economic questions. M. Diane Burton's essay extends our understanding of internal labor markets by considering the influence of surrounding firms; Natasha Iskander builds on Piore's theory of immigration with a study of Mexican construction workers in two cities; Suzanne Berger highlights insights from Piore's work on technology and industrial development; Andrew Schrank takes up the theme of regulatory discretion; and Charles Sabel discusses theories of public bureaucracy.
Download or read book The Economic Sociology of Immigration written by Alejandro Portes and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 1995-06-22 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Portes suggests that immigration constitutes an especially appropriate Mertonian 'strategic research site' for economic sociology in that it provides very good opportunities for investigating the embeddedness of economic relationships in social situations....the contributors expand the conventional domain of economic sociology quite literally in both time and space."—Contemporary Sociology "Alejandro Portes and his splendid band of collaborators make clear that the causes, processes, and consequences of migration vary dramatically from group to group, that a group's history makes a profound difference to its fate in the American economy. They have produced a sinewy book, a book worth arguing with."—Charles Tilly, Columbia University The Economic Sociology of Immigration forges a dynamic link between the theoretical innovations of economic sociology with the latest empirical findings from immigration research, an area of critical concern as the problems of ethnic poverty and inequality become increasingly profound. Alejandro Portes' lucid overview of sociological approaches to economic phenomena provides the framework for six thoughtful, wide-ranging investigations into ethnic and immigrant labor networks and social resources, entrepreneurship, and cultural assimilation. Mark Granovetter illustrates how small businesses built on the bonds of ethnicity and kinship can, under certain conditions, flourish remarkably well. Bryan R. Roberts demonstrates how immigrant groups' expectations of the duration of their stay influence their propensity toward entrepreneurship. Ivan Light and Carolyn Rosenstein chart how specific metropolitan environments have stimulated or impeded entrepreneurial ventures in five ethnic populations. Saskia Sassen provides a revealing analysis of the unexpectedly flexible and vital labor market networks maintained between immigrants and their native countries, while M. Patricia Fernandez Kelly looks specifically at the black inner city to examine how insular cultural values hinder the acquisition of skills and jobs outside the neighborhood. Alejandro Portes also depicts the difference between the attitudes of American-born youths and those of recent immigrants and its effect on the economic success of immigrant children.
Download or read book Labor Mobility and Economic Opportunity written by E. Wight Bakke and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays on Labour Markets written by Sebastian Buhai and published by Rozenberg Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays on Networks and Macroeconomics written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis consists of three essays related by the themes of networks and macroeconomics. The first essay examines the role of networks in workers' search for employment. Unemployed workers gain employment by sending resumes directly to employers, and indirectly through employed friends. I find that the amount of search effort a worker undertakes is related to how many employed friends it has, and whether networks are substitutes or complements in search. When search costs are linear I find that complementary networks cause those with the most friends to search, while substitutable networks cause search effort to be independent of an individual's network position. Finally, I examine the role of aggregate links on aggregate matching. The second essay examines the impact of networks on aggregate labour market variables, such as unemployment and unfilled vacancies. It is concluded that networks lead to wage heterogeneity, increased unemployment volatility, and higher autocorrelation of vacancy rates. The conclusions follow analytically using an approximation method, and quantitative magnitudes are discussed using numerical simulations. Finally, issues of network formation and multiple equilibria are addressed. The final essay analyzes the role of imitation on firm pricing decisions. A generalization of Calvo pricing is developed. It is shown that price dynamics are much different in a model with imitation. I demonstrate analytically that sticky inflation can arise. I partially characterize equilibrium prices and inflation. I finish the chapter by generalizing the network effects.
Download or read book Essays on Imperfect Competition in the Labor Market written by Sydnee Christian Caldwell and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis consists of three chapters on imperfect competition in the labor market. The first chapter (joint with Nikolaj Harmon) explores the relationship between an individual's wages and the quality of her opportunities at other firms (her outside options). To overcome the fact that many factors that shift an individual's outside opportunities also impact her productivity at her current job, we develop a novel identification strategy that generates within-individual (and within-firm-by-occupation) variation in workers' information about their outside options. This strategy, which we implement using linked employer-employee data from Denmark, exploits the fact that individuals often learn about labor market opportunities through their social networks. We find that increases in labor demand at former coworkers' current firms increases an incumbent worker's job-to-job mobility and wage growth. Consistent with theory, larger changes are necessary to induce a job-to-job transition than to induce a wage gain. Tests that exploit within-firm or within-firm-and-occupation variation and tests that exploit different subsets of an individual's former coworkers confirm that the results are not driven by unobserved changes in demand for workers' skills. Finally, we use our reduced form moments to identify a structural search model incorporating both posting and bargaining firms. We find that bargaining is more prevalent among high skilled workers. The second chapter (joint with Oren Danieli) investigates the role that cross-sectional differences in individuals' outside options play in generating between-group wage inequality. We use a two-sided matching model to micro-found a measure of workers' outside options, which we call the "Outside Options Index" (001). The index is similar to those used in the industrial organization literature to measure concentration (e.g. the Herfindal-Hirschman Index, the HHI). We then use German administrative data to estimate this index and use two sources of quasi-random variation: (1) the introduction of high-speed trains and (2) a standard shift-share instrument to identify the elasticity between our index and wages. When we combine these two ingredients, we find that roughly 1/3 of the gender wage gap in Germany can be explained by differences in options, mostly the result of differences in effective labor market size (commuting costs). The third chapter (joint with Emily Oehlsen) asks whether, in the absence of commuting costs, firms with market power have an incentive to pay women less than men. We use data from a series of experiments at Uber where we offered random subsets of male and female drivers higher "wages". Drivers varied both in the size of the wage increase and in whether they could drive for Uber's main competitor, Lyft. These two sources of variation allow us to experimentally identify: (1) Frisch elasticities and (2) firm substitution elasticities. We find that women have Frisch elasticities double those of men on both the intensive and extensive margin. However, unlike the prior literature, we find that women are not less likely to shift between firms in response to changes in relative wages. The results suggest that, at least in the gig economy, firms have little incentive to wage discriminate between men and women based on their labor supply choices. JEL Codes: JOO, J31, J42
Download or read book Essays on Macroeconomics and Labor Markets written by Miren Azkarate-Askasua and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis contains three essays on the macroeconomic effects of labor markets with a special emphasis on market power and the determination of wages. In the first chapter, Miguel Zerecero and I study the efficiency and welfare effects of employer and union labor market power. We use data of French manufacturing firms to first document a negative relationship between employment concentration and wages and labor shares. At the micro-level, we identify the effects of employment concentration thanks to mass layoff shocks to competitors. Second, we develop a bargaining model in general equilibrium that incorporates employer and union labor market power. The model features structural labor wedges that are heterogeneous across firms and potentially generate misallocation of resources. We propose an estimation strategy that separately identifies the structural parameters determining both sources of labor market power. Furthermore, we allow different parameters across industries which contributes to the heterogeneity of the wedges. We show that observing wage and employment data is enough to compute counterfactuals relative to the baseline. Third, we evaluate the efficiency and welfare losses from labor market distortions. Eliminating employer and union labor market power increases output by 1.6% and the labor share by 21 percentage points translating into significant welfare gains for workers. Workers' geographic mobility is key to realize the output gains from competition. In the second chapter, Miguel Zerecero and I propose a bias correction method for estimations of quadratic forms in the parameters of linear models. It is known that those quadratic forms exhibit small-sample bias that appears when one wants to perform a variance decomposition such as decomposing the sources of wage inequality. When the number of covariates is large, the direct computation for a bias correction is not feasible and we propose a bootstrap method to estimate the correction. Our method accommodates different assumptions on the structure of the error term including general heteroscedasticity and serial correlation. Our approach has the benefit of correcting the bias of multiple quadratic forms of the same linear model without increasing the computational cost and being very flexible. We show with Monte Carlo simulations that our bootstrap procedure is effective in correcting the bias and we compare it to other methods in the literature. Using administrative data for France, we apply our method by doing a variance decomposition of a linear model of log wages with person and firm fixed effects. We find that the person and firm effects are less important in explaining the variance of log wages after correcting for the bias. In the third chapter, I study peer effects at the workplace. I focus on how potential peers determine a worker's location and her future wage profile. I empirically disentangle if workplace peers affect each other through learning or network effects. Similarly to the literature, I document the importance of learning which is more pronounced for the youngest cohorts arguably with no networks. I propose a structural model to understand the mechanism behind learning. The final goal of the model is to quantify the impact of peer learning the firm geographical allocation of workers, and on the rising between firm wage inequality.
Download or read book Essays on Applied Network Theory written by Mariya Teteryatnikova and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays on the Geography of Innovation written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays in Public Sector Entrepreneurship written by David B. Audretsch and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-05 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores public sector entrepreneurship from an international perspective. It features essays from eminent scholars in the field addressing entrepreneurial public policies from different countries. Public sector entrepreneurship is at the cusp of becoming a watchword in international policy circles. This book is a pioneer volume in this emerging field and provides topics and policies that are broadly applicable across different economies. Public sector entrepreneurship refers to innovative public policy initiatives that generate greater economic prosperity by transforming a status-quo economic environment into one that is more conducive to economic units engaging in creative activities in the face of uncertainty. In today’s economy, public sector entrepreneurship affects that transformation primarily by increasing the effectiveness of knowledge networks; that is, by increasing the heterogeneity of experiential ties among economic units and the ability of those same economic units to exploit such diversity. Through policy initiatives that are characterized by public sector entrepreneurship, there will be more development of new technology and hence more innovation throughout the economy.
