Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Dynamics and Policies written by Arnau Valladares-Esteban and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquesta tesi estudia les interaccions entre les dinàmiques del mercat laboral i l'estructura de les famílies, i com aquestes interaccions afecten les polítiques públiques. Als EUA, s'observen patrons molt diferents pel que fa a participació laboral, ocupació i desocupació entre les persones casades i solteres. Fins i tot un cop es controla per la distinta composició dels dos grups, encara apareixen comportaments molt diferents entre casats i solters en termes del mercat de treball. L'explicació proposada en aquesta tesi és simple: la gent es comporta de manera diferent quan forma part d'una família comparat amb quan està sola. A partir d'aquesta premissa, la tesi explora dues qüestions fonamentals. La primera és analitzar quina part de les diferencies que observem a les dades és deguda a l'efecte de la família. La segona tracta d'entendre com canvien les implicacions d'una política bàsica del mercat laboral, com és l'assegurança d'atur, quan introduïm la família en l'anàlisi. En el primer capítol, escrit amb en Sekyu Choi, documentem una diferència remarcable i estable entre la taxa d'atur de la gent casada i la soltera, als EUA. A través d'una descomposició estàndard de les transicions laborals, trobem quins són els canals que expliquen millor les diferències tant en termes de gènere com a d'estructura familiar. Després, construïm un model simple del mercat laboral, on els agents presenten diferències en termes de xocs d'ingressos, béns, gènere i estat civil. A través del model, demostrem que la família genera dos efectes de signe oposat sobre la taxa d'atur. Per una banda, actua completant els mercats i, per tant, reduint els incentius per treballar, el que genera una menor ocupació i, ceteris paribus, major taxa d'atur. Per altra banda, augmenta la inclinació dels agents a sortir de l'atur a través de no participar en el mercat laboral, cosa que redueix la taxa d'atur. En el segon capítol, escrit amb en Nezih Guner i na Yuliya Kulikova, estudiem les transicions conjuntes de les parelles en el mercat laboral. La literatura empírica existent s'ha centrat en analitzar els moviments entre ocupació i atur, ignorant la participació. Una altre característiques de la literatura existent és que analitza individus, en canvi, nosaltres focalitzem en nostre anàlisi en parelles. Els homes i les dones casades son diferents pel que fa a les seves dinàmiques en el mercat laboral. Les transicions entre atur i inactivitat tenen un paper més important per a les dones que per als homes. Per tant, tenir en compte el marge de participació és clau per entendre les dinàmiques laborals de les parelles. Els nostres resultats mostren que el component de coordinació per explicar els moviments de les parelles a través dels estats laborals és fonamental. En el tercer capítol, estudio un programa d'assegurança d'atur, semblant al que està en marxa als EUA, en un entorn on la principal font d'heterogeneïtat entre els agents és el tipus de llar on viuen: alguns viuen sols mentre els altres viuen amb la seva parella formant una família. La principal conclusió, es que l'assegurança d'atur beneficia als solters però no als casats. Aquest resultat no depèn de les diferents característiques entre solters i casats. Fins i tot si els solters formessin una família amb els seus clons, no es beneficiarien de l'assegurança. En canvi, si els casats visquessin sols, si que la valorarien. Per tant, la principal raó per la qual els casats no es beneficien de l'assegurança és que la família, amb els seus dos treballadors, és un mecanisme suficient de suport.

Download or read book Essays in Labor Market Dynamics and Policy Implications During COVID 19 and Beyond written by Lien Ta and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis comprises three chapters that delve into various labor market dynamics and the policy implications in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath. In the first chapter (joint with Andre Kurmann and Etienne Lale), we investigate the dynamics of small businesses and employment using real-time data from the private sector throughout the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic has led to an explosion of research using private-sector data to measure small business activity. Yet important questions remain about sample representativeness and how to identify business openings and closings. We propose new methods to address these issues by exploiting information on business activity from Google, Facebook, and Safegraph. We apply our methods to Homebase data and show that the resulting estimates closely fit official statistics. We then use the data to study whether small businesses have been hit harder by the pandemic and the extent to which the Paycheck Protection Program helped mitigate these effects. The second chapter (joint with Andreas Hornstein, Marios Karabarbounis, Andre Kurmann, Etienne Lale) focus on the effects of pandemic unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. UI acts as both a disincentive for labor supply and as a stimulus for labor demand. In equilibrium, the two effects combine, which may explain why several studies have found only small negative effects of the generous UI expansions during the pandemic on job finding rates and employment. In this paper we propose a new research design to estimate independently the disincentive effects of pandemic unemployment benefits. Using high-frequency worker-firm matched data from Homebase, we document that employment of low-wage businesses recovered more slowly from the initial pandemic shock than neighboring high-wage businesses, and that this recovery gap is significantly related to the relative generosity of UI benefits. By comparing neighboring businesses that are largely sharing the benefits of the local UI stimulus, our research design identifies more closely the disincentive effects of pandemic UI benefits. We use an equilibrium model of labor search with heterogeneity in firms and workers to translate the reduced-form estimate of the recovery gap into an unemployment duration elasticity and an aggregate employment loss. Our model, which captures well the recovery gap between low- and high-wage businesses, implies relatively low duration elasticities. Yet, the sheer size and multitude of the pandemic programs implies that the disincentive effects arising from the pandemic UI benefits are substantial and amount to 5 percent of normal employment. The third chapter studies work-from-home (WFH) work mode's implications on labor market. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a widespread adoption of WFH practices and accelerated the advancement of remote work technologies. Surprisingly, even after the pandemic has subsided, a substantial shift towards WFH remains evident among workers. However, the accessibility to WFH is not uniform across all types of workers. Notably, high-tech industries, characterized by a predominantly high-skilled workforce, exhibit a higher prevalence of WFH. This raises concerns about the effects of WFH on workers employed in industries where remote work is unfeasible. In this paper, I develop a spatial equilibrium model that incorporates WFH to examine the implications on workers' mobility, local market outcomes, and overall welfare. I find 3 key insights: (1) there is a productivity threshold for WFH adoption, (2) there is a one-way dependence of low-skilled workers on high-skilled workers' mobility, and (3) if workers are fully mobile, both types of workers benefit from the introduction of WFH.

Download or read book Essays in Labor Market Dynamics written by Manuel E. Toledo and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Two Essays on Labor Market Dynamics and Government Intervention written by Christina Gathmann and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Dynamics and the Existence of Political Equilibrium written by Audra Jann Bowlus and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Dynamics written by Christina Hyde Patterson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis consists of three chapters on labor market dynamics. In the first chapter, I show empirically that the unequal incidence of recessions is a core channel through which aggregate shocks are amplified. I show that the aggregate marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is larger when income shocks disproportionately hit high-MPC individuals, and I define the Matching Multiplier as the increase in the output multiplier originating from the matching of workers to jobs with different income elasticities - a greater matching multiplier translates into more powerful amplification in a range of business cycle models. Using administrative data from the United States, I document that the earnings of individuals with a higher marginal propensity to consume are more exposed to recessions. I show that this covariance between worker MPCs and the elasticity of their earnings to GDP is large enough to increase shock amplification by 40 percent over a benchmark in which all workers are equally exposed. Using local labor market variation, I validate this amplification mechanism by showing that areas with higher matching multipliers experience larger employment fluctuations over the business cycle. Lastly, I derive a generalization of the matching multiplier in an incomplete markets model and show numerically that this mechanism is quantitatively similar within this structural framework. In the second chapter, joint with David Autor, David Dorn, Lawrence Katz, and John Van Reenen, we explore the well-documented fall of labor's share of GDP in the United States and many other countries. Existing empirical assessments typically rely on industry or macro data, obscuring heterogeneity among firms. In this paper, we analyze micro panel data from the U.S. Economic Census since 1982 and document empirical patterns to assess a new interpretation of the fall in the labor share based on the rise of "superstar firms." If globalization or technological changes advantage the most productive firms in each industry, product market concentration will rise as industries become increasingly dominated by superstar firms. Since these firms have high markups and a low labor share of firm value-added and sales, this depresses the aggregate labor share. We empirically assess seven predictions of this hypothesis: (i) industry sales will increasingly concentrate in a small number of firms; (ii) industries where concentration rises most will have the largest declines in the labor share; (iii) the fall in the labor share will be driven largely by reallocation rather than a fall in the unweighted mean labor share across all firms; (iv) the between-firm reallocation component of the fall in the labor share will be greatest in the sectors with the largest increases in market concentration; (v) the industries that are becoming more concentrated will exhibit faster growth of productivity and innovation; (vi) the aggregate markup will rise more than the unweighted firm markup; and (vii) these patterns should be observed not only in U.S. firms, but also internationally. We find support for all of these predictions. In the third chapter, I explore how the distribution of tasks across industries affects labor market responses to shocks. I present a model in which task-level wages connect industries employing the same tasks, meaning that the distribution of tasks across industries insures some workers against shocks and alters their labor market experiences. Workers trained in more dispersed tasks (e.g. accountants) face less unemployment risk from industry-specific shocks than workers who do tasks that are concentrated in few industries (e.g. petroleum engineers). Using industry and regional data, I show empirical evidence that supports the model's predictions - industries that employ more specialized labor contract less in response to demand shocks than industries with less specialized labor. JEL Classifications: E21, J23, D33

Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Dynamics written by Franziska Lembcke and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Dynamics written by Franziska Lembcke and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Labor Markets in Action written by Richard Barry Freeman and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on the Dynamics of the Labor Market written by Leena Rudanko and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation explores the business cycle dynamics of the aggregate labor market. In two essays I advance the theoretical modelling of these markets and examine whether the new theory does quantitatively better at accounting for empirical evidence than existing models. Both essays examine models where market incompleteness faced by workers implies that long term wage contracts play a role in providing consumption smoothing to workers. The terms of these state contingent contracts depend on: (1) the preferences of the contracting parties, (2) whether parties can commit to contracts. The essays embed such optimal dynamic contracting problems into a Mortensen-Pissarides style model of labor market flows with aggregate shocks, contributing to the theoretical modelling of wage determination in this model framework. I find that market incompleteness has quantitatively only limited ability to explain the volatility puzzle facing existing models: unemployment varies strongly over the business cycle, while labor productivity varies much less. Whether the models are consistent with wage data hinges both on the preferences of contracting parties: entrepreneurs versus workers, as well as constraints on contracting.

Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Dynamics with Worker Heterogeneity written by Carlo Pizzinelli and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Environmental Policies Heterogeneous Firms Labor Market Dynamics and Inflation written by Zhe Li and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis covers three issues: the aggregate and welfare effects of environmental policies when plants are heterogeneous; what causes the different patterns of employment dynamics in small versus large firms over business cycles; and the welfare costs of expected and unexpected inflation.In the first chapter, we show that accounting for plant heterogeneity is important for the evaluation of environmental policies. We develop a general equilibrium model in which monopolistic competitive plants differ in productivity, produce differentiated goods and choose optimally a discrete emission-reduction technology. Emission-reduction policies affect both the fraction of plants adopting the advanced emission-reduction technology and the market shares of those with high levels of productivity. Calibrated to the Canadian data, the model shows that the aggregate costs of an emission tax to implement the Kyoto Protocol are 40 percent larger than the costs that would result with homogenous plants.In the second chapter, we incorporate labor search frictions into a model with lumpy investment to explain a set of firm-size-related facts about the United States labor market dynamics over business cycles. Contrary to the predictions of standard models, we observe that job destruction is procyclical in small firms but countercyclical in large ones. Calibrated to U.S. data, the model generates this asymmetric pattern of employment dynamics in small versus large firms. This is because a favorable aggregate productivity shock tightens the labor market. A tighter labor market hurts investing small firms. As a result, workers move from small to large firms during booms.In the third chapter, we analyze the welfare costs of inflation when money is essential to facilitate trades among anonymous agents and information about nominal shocks is incomplete as in Lucas (1972). In the model, the transactions in which money is essential coincide with those in which agents are affected by monetary shocks. Consequently, the average value of money and its variation in value in different markets affect agents simultaneously when the supply of money changes. Calibrated to U.S. data, we find that the welfare costs of expected inflation are almost three orders higher than the welfare costs of unexpected inflation.

Download or read book Three Essays on the Determinants of Labor Market Dynamics written by Dario S. Judzik and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Esta tesis está constituida por tres ensayos empíricos sobre los determinantes de las dinámicas del mercado laboral. Cada uno de estos ensayos se centra en tres variables fundamentales para el mercado laboral: el salario real, la intensidad de capital (o capital por trabajador), y el empleo a nivel sectorial. El primer ensayo presenta un análisis sobre el proceso de fijación de salarios aplicado a 8 países, de acuerdo con la clasificación del mercado de trabajo de Daveri y Tabellini (2000): anglosajón (EE.UU. y Reino Unido), Europa continental (Francia, Italia y España), los países nórdicos (Suecia y Finlandia), y Japón. Los resultados muestran que la determinación de los salarios en las últimas décadas ha estado condicionada por tres factores estructurales, independientemente de las diferencias entre estos modelos económicos. Es decir, los resultados son robustos a diferentes estructuras institucionales, por ejemplo, si el mercado laboral se ve afectado por una más o menos estricta legislación de protección del empleo. La identificación de estos principales motores de la determinación de los salarios es fundamental para el diseño de políticas de desempleo porque éstos determinan los resultados del mercado laboral a través de la presión sobre los salarios. Dichos factores estructurales son: el crecimiento de la productividad, la desafiliación sindical, y el comercio internacional. También se pone de manifiesto que la desafiliación sindical y el comercio, mediante evitar que los salarios reales suban aún más, y aumentando así la brecha entre salario y productividad, han actuado como importantes contribuyentes a la continua caída en la participación de las rentas del trabajo. El segundo ensayo se centra en la intensidad de capital (es decir, la relación capital por trabajador), que generalmente se considera como un factor en crecimiento económico, y la evaluación empírica de sus factores determinantes ha sido un tema en general descuidado. Se presenta un marco analítico que incluye consideraciones del lado de la demanda en el modelo uniecuacional estándar de intensidad de capital. Los resultados de las estimaciones confirman el coste relativo de los factores de producción como motor de la oferta fundamental de la intensidad de capital generando, también, estimaciones plausibles de la elasticidad de sustitución entre capital y trabajo. Los dos proxies que consideramos para las presiones del lado de la demanda resultan también relevantes. Este resultado requiere un enfoque más amplio que el habitual cuando se trabaja con los factores de la demanda de producción y, como lo hemos hecho, al examinar los determinantes de la intensidad de capital. Este ensayo también revela la posibilidad de una naturaleza diferente de los cambios tecnológicos en Japón y los EE.UU. Como se ha argumentado, esta misma diferencia proporciona una explicación de la diferente evolución de la intensidad de capital en Japón y los EE.UU., e incluso de sus modelos de crecimiento ya bien conocidos, siendo Japón, tradicionalmente, uno de los grandes exportadores netos mundo; y los EE.UU. una de las mayores economías importadoras netas. Nuestros resultados alertan sobre un diseño simplista de las políticas basadas exclusivamente en consideraciones relativas a la oferta, y requieren un cuidadoso diseño de las políticas que afectan a las decisiones de las empresas sobre la inversión y la contratación de trabajo. La razón es que estas políticas afectan de manera crucial el comportamiento procíclico de la relación entre las tasas de utilización de la capacidad instalada y el empleo, ya que en las expansiones económicas la tasa de utilización de la capacidad tiende a aumentar proporcionalmente más que la tasa de empleo, probablemente debido a que en el muy corto plazo es menos costoso utilizar una mayor proporción de la capacidad ya instalada que contratar a nuevos trabajadores. En el tercer ensayo se analiza la heterogeneidad de la demanda laboral desde dos perspectivas empíricas. Por un lado, se calcula la elasticidad a nivel sectorial de la demanda de mano de obra y encontramos que estos valores varían significativamente entre las actividades económicas. Éstos son, generalmente, más altos en los EE.UU. y en Suecia que los que se encuentran en el caso de Alemania. Por otra parte, se investigan los efectos sobre el empleo de una mayor exposición al comercio internacional. Hacemos esto mediante la ampliación de un modelo de demanda de trabajo sectorial con apertura al comercio en la ecuación empírica. Luego, se desagrega la apertura al comercio en cuatro variables de acuerdo a cuatro tipos de mercancías: manufacturas, servicios, agricultura y combustibles. Por último, este ensayo también verifica la presencia de cambio tecnológico ahorrador de trabajo (labor-saving) en los tres países estudiados. Este descubrimiento es un resultado común en la literatura relacionada (Klump et al. 2012, Feldmann 2013). En particular, en los EE.UU. y Suecia se detecta una tasa de crecimiento de la eficiencia del trabajo similar. Dado que hay un efecto negativo sobre el empleo del cambio técnico, esta menor tasa de crecimiento de la eficiencia en el caso de Alemania puede explicar, en parte, su desempeño laboral diferenciado en la última década.

Download or read book Essays on Dynamics of the Labor Market written by Hiroaki Miyamoto and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book An essay on labor market dynamics theory and evidence written by William Franklin Shughart and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Markets Unemployment and Economic Policy written by Philip Arestis and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume more than 40 leading economists critically evaluate the work of Geoff Harcourt. Contributors include Tony Atkinson, Tony Lawson, Edward Nell and Ian Steedman.

Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Market Transitions written by Huanan Xu and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: