Download or read book Essays in International Macroeconomics and Trade written by Diego Gruber and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays in International Macroeconomics and Trade written by Malgorzata Mitka and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays in International Macroeconomics written by Rudolfs Bems and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on International Trade and International Macroeconomics written by Ana Filipa Vieira Nadais and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This dissertation consists of three essays studying different aspects of international economics. The first two chapters focus on international trade, namely on estimating the size of trade barriers by looking at how firms manage their inventories, while Chapter 3 focus on international macroeconomics; in specific, the likelihood of a country to default on its debt when there is an informal sector. The first chapter provides evidence supporting the common assumption that international fixed ordering costs are higher than domestic fixed ordering costs. The canonical inventory model (the EOQ model) is extended to include two inputs sourced from different countries. Given the demand for each of the inputs, the fixed ordering costs and the inventory holding cost, the firm decides the optimal quantity to order each period. The model is estimated using firmlevel data on inventories of raw materials and inputs used from domestic and international sources. Assuming constant returns on inventory holding costs, the model reveals that it is between 20 and 60 times more expensive to place an order internationally than domestically, but yields an elasticity of inventories to demand much smaller than in the data. Allowing for a more general holding cost structure, that depends on the level of inventories in stock captures the variation of inventories' cost with firm's size. With this more general setup, foreign ordering costs are estimated to be between 3.5 and 5.2 times higher than domestic, suggesting that there are strong economies of scale in holding inventories. Those estimates are corroborated when I allow total fixed ordering costs to depend on total demand as this specification results in international fixed ordering costs between 4.1 and 7.2 times higher than domestic. The second chapter uses firm-level data on inventory holdings and source of inputs to estimate domestic and international trade barriers looking not only at fixed costs, but also at time lags and computing their tariff equivalents. It starts by documenting three features related to inventories, import decisions, and firm's size. First, inventories increase strongly in size, with an elasticity right below one. Second, importers hold more inventories than non-importers and third, inventories increase in import intensity. Given inventory carrying costs, the inventory holdings are used to infer relative domestic and international trade barriers. I develop a model of heterogeneous firms that produce using imperfectly substitutable domestic and imported intermediates and face demand and supply uncertainty. Given ordering costs and delivery lags that differ by source country, interest charges and inventory holding costs, producers use inventories to economize on trade costs. I find it is 5 times more costly to place an international than a domestic order but, when scaled by average shipment size, the international fixed ordering cost is just twice as large; the international time lag is 3 times larger than the domestic and there is complementarity in inputs, reflected in higher domestic inventories to domestic purchases ratio for importers than for non-importers. Overall, domestic and international trade frictions have a 17.3% tariff equivalent. I decompose these tariffs into their three components and observe that due to the substitutability between fixed ordering costs and inventory holding costs, these barriers have the same relevance while that of time lag is slightly smaller. This framework can then be used to evaluate the benefits of infrastructure investments and policy changes to reduce time delays, uncertainty or fixed ordering costs. The last chapter starts from the observation that, although emerging markets are often characterized by a large informal sector, frequent default and procyclical fiscal policies, sovereign default models proposing explanations for the high sovereign bonds interest rate spreads faced by developing economies have abstracted from the existence of the informal sector and its role. To address this concern, I propose a mechanism through which the size of the informal sector impacts a country's default decision. I extend a small open economy sovereign default model by including an informal and a formal sector and pro-cyclical fiscal policies, where a benevolent government makes default and tax decisions in order to maximize agent's utility and satisfy its level of public spending. I conclude that the taxable base decreases in the size of the informal sector leading to more distortions, which translate into higher tax rates, and more frequent defaults and that these results are magnified over the business cycle"--Pages vi-viii.

Download or read book Essays in International Macroeconomics and International Trade written by Yang Jiao and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quality of public institutions has been recognized as a crucial determinant of macroeconomic outcomes. We propose that a country's intrinsic level of openness (due to population size, geography, or exogenous trade opportunities) affects its incentives in investing in better institutions. We present a simple theory and extensive empirical evidence validating the role of intrinsic openness in determining institutional quality. This suggests an indirect but important channel for globalization to improve welfare by raising the quality of institutions.

Download or read book Studies in International Economics and Finance written by Naoyuki Yoshino and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-30 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This festschrift volume presents discussions on contemporary issues in international economics and finance. It is aimed to serve as a reference material for researchers. There are two broad sections of the book -- International Macroeconomics and International Finance. The chapters in the International Macroeconomics section discuss critical topics like aggregate level macro model for India with a new Keynesian perspective, balance of payments, service sector exports, foreign exchange constraints for import demands, foreign direct investment and knowledge spill over, the relationship between forex rate fluctuation and investment, Institutional quality-trade openness-economic growth nexus, currency crises and debt-deficit relationship in the BRICS countries in the backdrop of COVID-19. Apart from these, various analytical issues related to macroeconomic policies are also covered in this section. The topics discussed includes the nature of forex market interventions, the issue of disinvestment and privatization, changing nature of fiscal policy, the inflation-growth nexus, macroeconomic simulation modelling, measuring core inflation, central bank credibility, monetary policy, inflation targeting, Infrastructure, trade, unemployment and inequality nexus. In the International Finance section, topics such as COVID-19 induced financial crisis, commodity futures volatility, stock market connectivity, volatility persistence, determinants of sovereign bond yields, FII and stock market volatility, cryptocurrency price formation, financialization of Indian commodity market, and a Keynesian view of the financial crisis are discussed. Overall, thirty two chapters in the volume discuss cutting edge research in the areas of the two sections. A tour de force... a lucid guide to some of the diverse and complex issues in International Macroeconomics and Finance. This collection of scholarly works is a fitting tribute to respected Prof. Bandi Kamaiah and his enviable academic contributions. - Prof. Y V Reddy, Former Governor, Reserve Bank of India This volume comprising thoughtful essays by our leading scholars on some of important policy issues that India is facing is indeed a rich tribute to Professor Bandi Kamaiah . This book will greatly benefit the academic community as well as our policy makers. - Prof. Vijay Kelkar, Chairman, 13th Finance Commission of India; Chairman, India Development Foundation, Mumbai, India Noted economists from India and abroad gather to apply the rigorous searchlight that Professor Bandi Kamaiah used so effectively in his career. Major current topics in macroeconomics and international finance are effectively explored in the volume. - Prof. Ashima Goyal, Emeritus Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India; and Member, Monetary Policy Committee of Reserve Bank of India This volume of 32 papers in macroeconomics, international economics, and international finance is intended as a tribute to the eminent econometrician , Prof B Kamaiah. Post-graduate students and researchers will find much valuable literature in the volume, which is a fitting tribute to Prof Kamaiah. The editors and authors deserve rich compliments. - Prof. K L Krishna, Former Director, Delhi School of Economics, New Delhi, India I am so happy to hear that Dr. Kamaiah's colleagues and ex-students are bringing out a special volume of articles in his honor. Nothing can be more appropriate. Dr. Kamaiah, being a man of tremendous publications, deserves this tribute. I wish all the luck and success to the new book. - Prof. Kishore Kulkarni, Distinguished Professor of Economics, Metropolitan State University of Denver, USA

Download or read book Essays in International Macroeconomics written by Xuan Liu and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of two essays in international macroeconomics. The first essay shows that optimal fiscal and monetary policy is time consistent in a standard small open economy. Further, there exist many maturity structures of public debt capable of rendering the optimal policy time consistent. This result is in sharp contrast with that obtained in the context of closed-economy models. In the closed economy, the time consistency of optimal monetary and fiscal policy imposes severe restrictions on public debt in the form of a unique term structure of public debt that governments can leave to their successors at each point in time. The time consistent result is robust: optimal policy is time consistent when both real and nominal bonds have finite horizons. While in a closed economy, governments must have both nominal and real bonds, and have at least real bonds over an infinite horizon to render optimal policy time consistent.

Download or read book Three Essays in International Macroeconomics and Finance written by Enrique Martinez-Garcia and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays in International Macroeconomics written by Susanne Ingrid Karbe and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on International Macroeconomics written by Oscar Avila and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "International macroeconomics literature has made important contributions to understand how business cycles transmit across countries, and to analyze how trade policy affects welfare. This dissertation contains three papers that are closely related to these branches of the economic literature. On the one hand, we explore the effect of common trade partners on business cycle comovement and find that countries with more similar trade partners have more synchronized business cycles. Once we account for the effect of common trade partners, the overall effect of trade on business cycle comovement doubles. On the other hand, we study Colombia's trade integration over a 30 year period through the lens of a general equilibrium model with a dynamic export technology. We find that a decline in tariffs accounts for about 75 percent of the growth in exports as a share of manufacturing sales. The remaining 25 percent can be attributed to changes in the export technology and market access. These changes in policy and export technology boost welfare and production, specially in the short run. Finally, we develop a two-country multi-sector model with input-output linkages and dynamic export decisions to analyze aggregate and sector trade policies. This paper fills the gap between static-multi sector models and the literature of one-sector dynamic exporters. We use our set-up to analyze Colombia's trade liberalization in the early 1990's and find that a unilateral trade liberalization has a positive effect on welfare, exports, investment and output. Consistent with the static literature we observe that welfare gains are bigger when we include input-output linkages, add more sectors and liberalize sectors with no comparative advantage"--Pages xi-xii.

Download or read book Essays on International Macroeconomics written by Daniel Rees and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis examines the impact of terms of trade shocks on commodity-exporting small, open economies. The first chapter examines whether households, firms and policymakers in these economies can distinguish between temporary and permanent commodity price shocks. I find that they are largely unable to do so. In fact, my model suggests that the expected future path of commodity prices following a temporary price shock is almost identical to the expected future path of commodity prices following a permanent price shock. However, I also find that these information frictions reduce the magnitude of business cycle fluctuations, contrary to popular belief. In the second chapter I describe optimal monetary policy in an environment where agents cannot directly observe whether commodity price shocks are temporary or permanent and where an economy's non-commodity sector features a learning-by-doing externality. I find that under optimal monetary policy the non-commodity sector contracts by more during a transitory commodity price boom under incomplete information than it does under full information, but by less during a permanent boom. I also examine the performance of simple monetary policy rules. A policy of responding strongly to deviations of home-produced goods inflation from target with a modest response to changes in the nominal exchange rate comes close to replicating the welfare outcomes of optimal policy. In contrast, an exchange rate peg generally produces large welfare losses. The third chapter, co-authored with my classmate Patricia Gomez-Gonzales, examines the consequences of changes in the volatility of commodity price shocks on commodity exporters. We first demonstrate the existence of time-varying volatility in the terms of trade of a selection of commodity-exporting small open economies. We then show empirically that increases in terms of trade volatility trigger a contraction in domestic consumption and investment and an improvement in the trade balance in these economies. Finally, we construct a theoretical model and demonstrate that it can replicate our empirical results.

Download or read book Essays on International Trade and Macroeconomics written by Jaume Ventura and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on International Macroeconomics and Trade written by Paul Ko and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of four chapters. The first chapter introduces the global business cycle synchronization and empirically explores relationships between various shocks and the cross-country business cycle co-movement. The second chapter provides a multi-country, international real business cycle model that incorporates a comprehensive set of shocks that are mentioned in the first chapter. Then, the third chapter connects the model to the data and discusses how various shocks are backed out, by matching various data moments with the endogenous outcomes of the model. Then, the chapter answers the question of which set of shocks primarily affect the synchronization of cross-country business cycles. The fourth chapter explores the implications of the results in the previous chapters to the trade co-movement puzzle. In the first chapter, I empirically show that international business cycles have become highly synchronized across countries in the past three decades. Then, I document that there is a lack of consensus on whether this is due to an increase in the correlation of country-specific shocks or due to increased economic integration in the previous literature. In the second chapter, to understand this empirical phenomenon, I develop a multi-country real business cycle model with international trade that captures several potential explanations: shocks to productivity, demand, leisure, investment, sectoral expenditures, and trade-linkages. The third chapter describes the accounting procedure and the main results. In the first portion of the third chapter, I show a detailed accounting procedure: I match the data exactly with the endogenous outcomes of the model so that shocks fully account for the data. The data moments that I match are GDP, consumption expenditure, labor hours, PPI, CPI, and bilateral trade shares. Then, I calibrate the model to a panel of developed (G7) countries and the rest of the world (ROW). In the second portion of the third chapter, I discuss the main findings. During 1992--2014, I find that trade-linkage shocks, which capture increased economic integration and the volatility of bilateral trade flows, are essential in synchronizing international business cycles. In contrast, correlated country-specific shocks play relatively minor roles. This suggests that trade shocks due to economic integration have been the primary driver of the co-movement of international business cycles. Furthermore, I find that the sources of variation in trade-linkage shocks is predominantly driven by the rest of the world, followed by the United States and Germany -- which shows that the larger the presence of a country in global trade, the larger the impact of the country on international business cycle co-movement. In the fourth chapter, I use my model to address the \textit{trade co-movement puzzle}, which states that international real business cycle models should be predicting a much stronger positive link between trade and cross-country GDP correlations. When I do not account for the trade-linkage shocks in my counterfactuals, I find that the model does not exhibit positive relationship between trade and business cycle co-movement. On the other hand, the other sets of shocks are not sufficient enough to explain the positive relationship between trade and cross-country business cycles. This finding suggests that incorporating the dynamics of trade shocks is crucial when studying the trade co-movement puzzle.

Download or read book Essays in Macroeconomics and International Trade written by Amy Southard Brown and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays in Open Economy and International Macroeconomics written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation comprises three essays in open economy and international macroeconomics. The first essay investigates the propagation mechanism of real exchange rate shocks to key real sectors that constitute U.S. foreign trade. The analysis is carried out by decomposing the U.S. trade balance into agriculture, manufacturing and services and evaluating how these sectors respond through the monetary policy channel to a shock in the real exchange rate. A VAR model is constructed using quarterly data of the U.S. foreign trade from 1976Q2 to 2005Q1. The results show that a shock to the real exchange rate has a greater impact on manufacturing and services net trade relative to agriculture. Moreover, the results also indicate, at the sectoral level, that exports are more sensitive to the real exchange rate shocks than are imports. These results are important to researchers using dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models of small open economies because they show transmission features of real exchange rate and monetary policy disturbances to key sectoral components of exports, imports and the trade balance. The second essay employs a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium framework to an open economy setting in order to investigate the mechanism through which the key sectors of agriculture, manufacturing and services are affected by shocks in the real exchange rates. The essay investigates exchange rate movements as deviations from purchasing power parity, disregarding the changes in the prices of non-tradable goods relative to tradable goods among countries. The results suggest that exchange rate movements are a function of structural parameters that constitute the three sectors of agriculture, manufacturing and services such as labor shares and the elasticity of substitution between domestic and foreign goods. The third essay examines the key forces driving innovation among entrepreneurs of ICT (information and communications technology) firms within Bangalore, India0́9s leading software city. The essay employs the multinomial logistic technique on qualitative variables related to education, social strata, experience, and diaspora of Indian software entrepreneurs to show empirically their relevance in explaining Schumpeterian innovation in the Indian software industry. This study not only looks at the impact of years of schooling on innovation, but also the types of education received by an entrepreneur, such as technical or commercial type of education, whether the last degree was received from India or from abroad and whether the entrepreneur attended the Indian Institute of Technology. The empirical results indicate that, the level of education, in terms of number of years of schooling and types of education received by an Indian software entrepreneur are statistically significant in explaining innovation in the Indian software industry. The results also show that, more years of experience in the software industry by an entrepreneur, increases the probability that they become innovators and reduces the likelihood of imitation. Moreover, the likelihood of adaptation is invariant to years of experience in the industry. We also investigate whether exposure to foreign technology increases the likelihood of innovation in the industry by examining three types of diaspora networks, that is, living abroad, working abroad and being a CEO abroad at least 6 months before establishing a software company in India. The results suggest that this foreign exposure increases the likelihood of innovation and reduces imitation and adaptation. Among studies of Indian entrepreneurs examining caste, this study is unique in that caste has no statistical significance in explaining entrepreneurship.

Download or read book Three Essays in International Macroeconomics written by Adam Hubert Gulan and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three separate essays in the field of international macroeconomics. The objective of the first and third chapters is to add to the understanding of some of the aspects of international business cycle fluctuations, both of developed economies, as well as developing ones. The second chapter sheds some new light on the behavior of current account positions in advanced economies. In the first chapter, I revisit the consumption correlation as well as the Backus--Smith puzzles by inspecting the role of financial markets. Relative to the existing literature, I introduce explicit international trade in stocks and bonds in an otherwise standard model of international business cycles. The results show that markets with symmetric trade in stocks allow for a high degree of risk sharing and closely mimic the Arrow--Debreu economy despite being formally incomplete. Risk sharing decreases in asymmetric stock and nominal bond markets, but is still higher than in a single commodity bond economy. The results, therefore, cast doubt on the explanation of the two puzzles based on highly restricted asset trade and large degree of market incompleteness. I also provide empirical evidence that output net of investment and government spending tends to be less correlated across countries than consumption, much less than output itself. This constitutes a new form of the consumption correlation puzzle. The puzzle can be accounted for in the presence of high home bias and low elasticities of substitution between domestic and foreign baskets. In the second chapter, I apply the weak axiom of revealed preference theory (WARP) in the context of a 2-period model of the current account. According to this argument, certain changes in current account positions should be precluded. In particular, a country which initially ran a current account deficit, should remain in deficit after the exogenously given interest rate drops. Similarly, a country running a surplus should remain a lender if the interest rate goes up. The argument holds for both an endowment economy as well as for a model with production. To check whether the changes in CA positions are in line with WARP I employ econometric models of binary choice on a panel of 22 developed economies. The results suggest that the axiom is largely at work, i.e. I find no statistical evidence of violations of the revealed preference axiom in all but one regression. In the third chapter, I turn the attention to the peculiarities of business cycle fluctuations in developing countries. Countercyclical country interest rates have been shown to be both a distinctive characteristic and an important driving force of business cycles in emerging markets. In order to capture this, most business cycle models of emerging economies have nonetheless relied on ad hoc and exogenous countercyclical interest rate processes. I offer a solution to this shortcoming by embedding a financial contract a la citet{bgg1999} into a standard real business cycle model of a small open economy. Because of the existence of agency problems between foreign lenders and domestic borrowers, this financial structure allows me to fully endogenize the existence of an external finance premium that drives country interest rates. I then take the model to data from emerging economies and show that this modification allows to properly account for many of the stylized facts of business cycles in emerging economies, particularly the strong volatility and countercyclicality of interest rates. I also fit the model to data from developed small open economies and find that the estimated parameters that define the financial contract differ in nontrivial ways from those estimated to emerging economies.

Download or read book Essays in Macroeconomics and International Trade written by Mykola Ryzhenkov and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: