Download or read book Essays in Female Labor Supply and Marriage in Developing Countries written by Neha Agarwal and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents three chapters on female labor supply and marital stability in developing countries. The first two chapters focus on female labor supply in India. In the first chapter, I study the relationship between husband's earning and female labor supply of married women in India. Despite economic growth, fertility reductions, and improvement in education, female labor force participation in India declined from 35% to 27% between 1999 and 2012. This chapter examines the degree to which the decline can be attributed to an increase in the earnings of married males. Using two datasets and three sources of variation in married male earnings, I find a robust and negative elasticity of married female labor supply with respect to married male earnings. Subgroup and robustness analyses indicate the presence of a household-level income effect. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that this relationship can account for over 40% of the above decline in married female labor supply. Continuing with this investigation in the second chapter, I study the role of other spatial and individual characteristics behind the changes in female labor supply in India during the same period. Based on the decomposition analysis of changes in labor supply for paid versus unpaid work in rural areas, I find that geographical characteristics, such as the capital intensity of agriculture, are important drivers of changes in married female labor force participation in paid jobs but not in unpaid jobs. Individual-level variables, such as age, education, caste, and religion, are significant determinants of both paid and unpaid labor jobs of married women in rural India. In the third chapter, we study the effect of fertility challenges faced by couples on divorce in developing countries. Using the Demographic and Health Surveys from 66 countries over 23 years, we find that, infertility, the first-born child being a daughter, and death of the first-born child significantly increase the likelihood of divorce in a marriage. These findings lend support for the implications of theoretical analysis by Becker (1977), which says that unanticipated shocks increase marital instability by generating greater differences between the expected and actual utility from a union.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.

Download or read book Essays on Development Economics written by Iffat Ara Chowdhury and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is a collection of essays that study women's labor market decisions and outcomes in developing countries. Chapter 1 studies how fear of sexual assault limits women's labor supply. Numerous criminology survey studies show that women, much more than men, are afraid of being a victim of sexual assault. In response to this fear, women adjust their lives and their behavior in a way to minimize the risk of sexual victimization. I exploit the variation created by the sampling framework of Bangladesh's Quarterly Labor Force Survey (QLFS) to see how individuals in the labor force react to news reports on sexual violence within a small time frame of their survey interview. My results show that women decrease their labor hours and the probability of working on a particular day if there is a high level of reporting on rape that day or one day ago. Women decrease the hours they work 0.0539 hours and 0.0625 hours on a day of and the day after both newspapers have articles on sexual violence, respectively. There is a 0.4 percentage point (PP) reduction in the likelihood a woman works at all on the day of and a 1 PP decrease on the day after both newspapers report on sexual assault. I find that these effects are largely driven by women who work outside the home. Women who must commute to work decrease hours worked by 0.0975 hours and 0.1025 hours on the day of and day after. They decrease the likelihood of working at all by 1.5PPs and 1.76PPs the day of and day after, respectively. Women who work from home marginally increase their hours. Women begin to increase their hours two days after the headlines are released. However, in aggregate, the total effect on hours is still negative. Interestingly, I also find effects on men. Men increase their labor supply, in terms of hours and the probability of working that day, in response to a news report shock. It may be that men compensate for the reduced work from women. However, men increase their hours and likelihood of working even on two and three days after reports when women are also increasing their hours. The increase in men's labor supply, both in hours and likelihood of working, does not strictly coincide with women's decreasing their supply. This does not seem to be driven by men in households where women work outside of their home. Chapter 2 presents joint work with Aneesh Mannava, Elizaveta Perova and Alana Teaman and explores the effects of women participating in a Laotian public work program (PWP) on their exposure to gender based violence (GBV) and intimate partner violence (IPV). We find that treatment increases women's employment in wage work and their household earnings. Their increase in earnings account for nearly 83- 86% of household earnings. We do not find that participation in the program changes their exposure to GBV or IPV but does increase her performance on a decision making index by 1.06 to 1.24 standard deviations. This is a particularly interesting result, since although increasing women's economic opportunities have shown to improve their human capital accumulation, reduce early marriage, delay fertility and generally increase female empowerment, the effect on GBV, and more specifically, intimate partner violence (IPV) is unclear. To our knowledge, we are the only study exploring the causal relationship between workfare programs and gender-based violence. Chapter 3 is joint work with Aneesh Mannava, Elizaveta Perova and Alana Teaman and it evaluates the impacts of the same Laotian work-fare program on household income, investments and expenditure. Despite significant increases in a woman's own earned income and household income we do not find any evidence of increased investments, savings or large purchases. This suggests that much of this extra income was used to for consumption. Despite the success of the program in increasing employment and income, it is unlikely that this program will increase income in the long term.

Download or read book Of Marriage and the Market written by Kate Young and published by London : CSE Books. This book was released on 1981 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monograph of essays identifying elements and mechanisms of women's continuing subordination, social status and sex discrimination - examines sexual division of labour, woman worker issues, human relations, homemaker tasks, unpaid work and men domination in the household and in employment within capitalist and socialist societys. Bibliography pp. 203 to 220 and map.

Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Outcomes for Women in Developing Countries written by Laine Rutledge and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation focuses on labor market issues for women in developing countries. The first chapter investigates adult life outcomes of a child sponsorship program in six developing countries, with particular attention paid to differing outcomes for men and women. Results show positive impacts on total years of education, and primary, secondary, and university school completion. Particularly large impacts are seen for women in areas where baseline female education is low. The second chapter analyzes the return to child sponsorship, and how these returns vary between men and women. We find positive effects of child sponsorship on men’s income, while the positive return to sponsorship for women is limited to increased income due to increased labor market participation. The third chapter studies labor market migration in Brazil. I use individual and firm fixed-effects to examine the return to moving for men and women. The addition of firm fixed effects does not greatly impact the return to moving for men but eliminates the positive returns measured for women when only using individual fixed-effects. This indicates that any promotion and geographical movement that women experience is not reflected in earnings.

Download or read book Of Marriage and the Market written by Kate Young and published by Other. This book was released on 1984 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gender China and the World Trade Organization written by Günseli Berik and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China’s joining the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001 signifies a milestone in the country’s global integration after two decades of economic reforms that have fundamentally transformed the economic organization of China. This collection seeks to identify the gendered implications within China of the country’s transition from socialism to a market economy and its opening up to international trade and investment. The changes have created greater wealth for some, while at the same time, serious gender, class, ethnic, and regional disparities have also emerged. Drawing from historical, analytical, and policy-oriented work, the essays in this collection explore women’s well-being relative to men’s in rural and urban China by looking at land rights, labor-market status and labor rights, household decision-making, health, the representation of women in advertising and beauty pageants. This book was previously published as a special issue of the journal, Feminist Economics, the official journal of the International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE). All contributions have been subjected to the journal's rigorous peer review process and comply with the journal's editorial policies, as overseen by the editor, Diana Strassmann, and the journal's editorial team, including the associate editors, the editorial board, numerous volunteer reviewers, and the journal's in-house editorial staff and freelance style editors. The special issue and book have been made possible by the generous financial support of Rice University and the Ford Foundation-Beijing.

Download or read book Women and Work in Developing Societies written by Nadia Haggag Youssef and published by Berkeley : Institute of International Studies, University of California. This book was released on 1974 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monograph comprising a comparison of woman worker labour force participation and the social role of women in Latin America and the Middle East - covers cultural factors, sociological aspects, social control systems, labour supply and the education of women, the role of the family and social structures, etc. Bibliography pp. 129 to 137, and statistical tables.

Download or read book Essays on Female Labor Supply and Fertility Responses to Marital Dissolution written by Tsu-Yu Tsao and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries written by Isis Gaddis and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Female Labor Supply written by Marina Mendes Tavares and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Women s Empowerment in a Developing World written by Clémentine Sadania and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women's empowerment increasingly appears in the headlines of development programs, in the pursuit of inclusive growth. This dissertation explores the determinants and consequences of one dimension of women's empowerment, women's ability to make choices within the household. Chapter 1 offers a critical review of the related literature. The chapters which follow consist of empirical analyses on Egypt and shed new lights on a understudied setting. Chapter 1 is a discussion of the concept under study and its measurement. It identifies means of actions available to individuals and policy-makers, limitations of the existing literature and future research avenues. Chapter 2 revisits the relationship between women's work and employment in Egypt, by addressing jointly the endogeneity and the heterogeneity of types of economic activities. The study shows that outside work has the greatest impact on women's participation in household decisions. Nevertheless, home-based work is able to increase joint decision-making on major investment decisions. Chapter 3 provides evidence on an unexplored channel: the role of the mother's empowerment in the transmission of shocks on youths' time allocation. We find that a positive shock on the father's labor market reduces daughters' participation in domestic work only when the mother has a high level of bargaining power. Chapter 4 explores how gender unbalanced migration affects the marriage market of the sending country. Results are consistent with a deterioration of women's relative position in the marriage market during high migration periods.

Download or read book The Ambition Decisions written by Hana Schank and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2019-06-11 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "These are the 'know your value' conversations that we need to have. These women--their challenges, choices, and successes--are all of us." --Mika Brzezinski Over the last sixty years, women's lives have transformed radically from generation to generation. Without a template to follow--a way to peek into the future to catch a glimpse of what leaving this job or marrying that person might mean to us decades from now--women make important decisions blindly, groping for a way forward, winging it, and hoping it all works out. As they faced unexpectedly fraught decisions about their own lives, journalists Hana Schank and Elizabeth Wallace found themselves wondering about the women they'd graduated alongside. What happened to these women who seemed set to reap the rewards of second-wave feminism, on the brink of taking over the world? Where did their ambition lead them? So they tracked down their classmates and, over several hundred hours of interviews, gathered and mapped data about real women's lives that has been missing from our conversations about women and the workplace. Whether you're deciding if you should pass up a promotion in favor of more flex time, planning when to get pregnant, or wondering what the ramifications are of being the only person in your house who ever unloads the dishwasher, The Ambition Decisions is a guide to the changes that may seem arbitrary but are life defining, by women who've been there. Organized by theme, each chapter draws on real women's stories of facing down crisis, transition, and decision-making to illustrate broader trends Schank and Wallace observed. Each chapter wraps up with a useful bulleted list of questions to consider and tips to integrate that will guide women of all ages along the way to finding purpose and passion in work and life.

Download or read book Women Labour and the Economy in India written by Deepita Chakravarty and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-10-30 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last available census estimated around 10 per cent of total urban working women in India are concentrated in the low paid domestic services such as cleaning, cooking, and taking care of the children and the elderly. This is found to be much higher in certain parts of India, emerging as the single most important avenue for urban females, surpassing males in the service since the 1980s. By applying an imaginative and refreshing mix of disciplinary approaches ranging from economic models of the household, empirical analysis and literary conventions, this book analyses the changing labour economy in post-partition West Bengal. It explains how and why women and girl children have replaced this traditionally male bias in the gender segregated domestic service industry since the late 1940s, and addresses the question of whether this increase in vulnerable individuals working in domestic service, the growth of the urban professional middle class in the post liberalization period, and the increasing incidences of reported abuses of domestics, in urban middleclass homes in the recent years, are related. Covering five decades of the history of gender and labour in India, this book will be of interest to scholars working in the fields of gender and labour relations, development studies, economics, history, and women and gender studies.

Download or read book On The Economics Of Marriage written by Shoshana Grossbard-schectman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-11 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marriage is an institution that plays a central role in most societies. As it affects decisions regarding labor supply, consumption, reproduction, and other important decisions, marriage receives considerable attention in academic circles. Much research has been done about marriage, principally by sociologists, psychologists, and anthropologists.

Download or read book Essays on Marriage Markets and Fertility in Developing Countries written by Raj Arunachalam and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Economic and Demographic Relationships in Development written by Ester Boserup and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 25 essays in this collection analyze developmental problems from an unusually broad perspective. The first seven essays emphasize the relationships between agriculture and population, while the next four are concerned with food supplies. Other essays address the role of women in economic development; the determinants of fertility in low-income countries; economic development in Africa; and public policy issues. ISBN 0-8018-3929-7: $45.00.