Download or read book Epidemiological Studies of Soybean Vein Necrosis Virus and Potential Resistance Mechanisms to Its Vector Neohydatothrips Variabilis Beach written by Jing Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one the most important crops in global agriculture with annual production of over 260 million metric tons. As the dependence of a growing global population to soybean has increased, so does the importance of soybean diseases and pests. Over 200 pathogens attack soybean; among them, viruses pose a major threat to the soybean industries accounting for approximately 10% of the annual yield reduction caused by diseases in the past two decades. Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) is a relatively newly discovered virus causing the homonymous disease. The widespread occurrence of the disease in major soybean producing regions in North America and its negative impact on seed quality led to the work presented here; research that aims to better understand virus epidemiology so as to develop effective virus control and disease management tools. In order to further understand the potential roles of weeds in SVNV cycle, surveys were conducted to determine the presence of SVNV among 32 weed species collected from soybean fields in Arkansas. Kudzu (Pueraria montana), a common weed present in millions of acres in Southeastern United States, can sustain SVNV replication in a systemic manner without developing virus-like symptoms. SVNV - a localized virus in soybean, could move systemically with the assistance of bean pod mottle virus, one of the most economically important soybean viruses. The ineffectiveness of pesticides in thrips management highlights the need to identify potential resistance mechanisms to the primary and highly efficient vector of SVNV - Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach). The comparison of transmission efficiency of thrips fed with polypeptides containing RGD motif and N-linked glycosylation sites of SVNV glycoproteins indicated that blocking putative cellular receptors prior to virus acquisition could significantly reduce the virus transmission efficiency. Due to the lack of resistance to SVNV, efforts were made to identify genotypes with resistance to the vector, which could modify vector behavior and reduce the incidence of transmission and disease. Screening of soybean accessions with differential leaf pubescence levels revealed that feeding damage caused by thrips differs among accessions and is weakly correlated to their pubescence levels.

Download or read book A Review on Ecology of Interactions in Soybean Vein Necrosis Orthotospovirus SVNV written by Asifa Hameed and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus (SVNV, Genus: Orthotospovirus, Family: Tospoviridae, Order Bunyavirales) is a vector and seed transmitted virus that infects soybean in different countries around the world. The purpose of this review paper was to provide information about SVNV, its geographic dispersal, vectors, disease transmission mode, alternative host plants, diagnostic tools and management. SVNV is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus reported in all soybean growing states in the USA, Egypt and Canada. SVNV can replicate in plants belonging to six different families, including the Leguminosae member mung bean, which is a major component of the diet of poor people of Asia. The most efficient and abundant SVNV vector species is Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach.) (Sericothripinae: Thripidae). Five other insect species have the potential to transmit the virus, but their rate of transmission is very low. In addition to leaf necrosis, this virus can decrease seed oil content by 0.1% that may lead to a decrease in quality of SVNV infected seed in oilseed markets. In fact, in the infected seeds the quantity of the undesirable linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid is increased. Broad presence of SVNV in all soybean growing regions points to the need to manage vector and virus. However, research is needed to determine various management options for the virus and vector including breeding for genetic resistance.

Download or read book Tripartite Interactions Among Soybean Vein Necrosis Orthotospovirus Vector Thrips and Soybean Plants written by Asifa Hameed and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean is an important food, forage, oil seed and potential biodiesel crop, exported throughout the world mainly by three leaders- Brazil, United States and Argentina (Shahbande, 2020). During 2019-2020, the export volume of soybeans by Brazil, United States and Argentina was 84, 45.59, and 8.0 million metric tonnes respectively (Shahbande, 2020). The rest of the world purchases this valuable commodity for food, oil and feed purposes. Orthotospoviruses cause billions of dollars in losses to many agricultural commodities around the world. Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) is one of the eight economically important seed and vector transmitted viruses presently infecting soybeans in the United States, Canada and Egypt. Being a seed and vector transmitted virus, SVNV poses a risk of virus propagation to other countries as well as reduction in oil quality and quantity of soybeans. The purpose of this thesis is to provide information to the farmers, scientists and others about the effect of SVNV on vectors and soybean plants. The information thus obtained could be utilized by IPM specialists to create strategies against the virus and vector, by better understanding the chemical ecology, nutritional chemistry of virus infected plants and vector biology, including feeding preference, and population changes. This thesis is comprised of seven chapters. In chapter 1, I described the literature on the geographical dispersal of the SVNV and its vectors species throughout the world, reservoir host plants of the vector and virus, disease diagnostics tools for SVNV, effect of SVNV on the seed qualitative parameters and management perspectives of the vectors. In chapter 2, I described the duration of each larval and pupal instar of SVNV infected and SVNV uninfected thrips and established the life table of soybean thrips infected with SVNV. I found that SVNV infected thrips had increased fertility and longevity. I postulated that SVNV changed the plant nutritional chemistry or defense pathways which ultimately improved the survival of soybean thrips. The information gained through this chapter would be useful to design the experiments to understand the transcriptomics and proteomics of the virus infected plants and vectors and to assess if modulation in the insect hormones ecdysone and juvenile hormone occur. Chapter 3 describes the external and internal genitalia of female thrips. I found similarities and differences with the Bode (1975) description of female ovipositor of Thrips physapus. Overall, both the T. physapus and Neohydatothrips variabilis had an ADR gland (appendage gland) which opens into the ovipositor. Secretions from this gland might have some significant role in thrips biology and future research would provide valuable information about that. I found that the N. variabilis female lays eggs along the sides of veins. Chapter 4 describes the alternative host reservoirs of thrips vector species in Pennsylvania and the overwintering behavior of N. variabilis, role of weather factors on the thrips population dynamics, thrips abundance, preference and non-preference for different cultivars of soybeans, effect of thrips on the protein, carbohydrate, fiber and oil content in different soybean cultivars, effect of virus on the plant physiology and morphology. Under field conditions thrips on average were less than 2 per plant but their numbers increased rapidly in the month of August, when rainfall is abundant and humidity is high. I also observed thrips preferred feeding and oviposition sites (near the leaf veins in upper canopy) which would help the IPM specialist to scout thrips number. On this basis I suggest scouting for thrips numbers in the month of July and August. Under controlled conditions, thrips numbers become much higher and have a negative impact on plants. Plant photosynthesis was also affected by virus presence under growth chamber conditions. Since SVNV is potentially moving along with seeds throughout the world, I wanted to determine if SVNV is present in Pakistan. To do so, I interviewed many farmers and scientists to determine their awareness of SVNV. I found that in Pakistan farmers and scientists were not aware of this disease by the name of soybean vein necrosis (SVND), but the color photographs of SVNV infected leaves helped them to identify its presence. There are some fundamental differences between the production of soybean in the US and Pakistan and between the timing of symptom appearance in the two countries. In the United States, even though soybean is planted in May, virus symptoms appear in August (northern states PA, Indiana, Iowa) while in Pakistan, soybean is planted in July and symptoms were evident in August, just one month after crop planting. In Pakistan, a very high diversity of thrips fauna is present, and due to the tropical climate, no hibernation or overwintering of thrips takes place. Thrips remain active throughout the year, and they shift to soybeans when the crop becomes available, affecting its quality and productivity. Another observation was that scientists and farmers were relying on the heavy use of insecticides to control the pests on soybean crop, which tended to mask the underlying problems. In addition, soybean was cultivated along with mung beans and mash beans. Mung beans and mash beans are considered the diet of poor people in Asia and mung beans can host SVNV. While N. variabilis was not found by me in Pakistan, other species of thrips were found on soybeans and may serve as SVNV vectors. I also found SVNV in soybean plants and thrips in Pakistan. I confirmed this through ELISA and real time PCR. In Pakistan, soybean cultivars vary in their susceptibility or resistance to SVNV. In Pakistan farmers in the Punjab region location do not cultivate much soybean. However, we found that most farmers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) region were growing soybeans. A soybeans ancestor, Glycine soja, is a traditional crop of Kashmir in Pakistan. Farmers have the ability to grow them for livestock and feed purposes including human consumption. That may be a reason people of KPK warmly accepted the introduction of this crop, but not in Punjab, Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. My research in Pakistan provides a valuable information that SVNV is not only present in United States, Canada and Egypt but is also present in Pakistan. Further research on the SVNV isolates from Pakistan and the world would clarify the similarities and origin of SVNV. Another important aspect of SVNV is its epidemiology. The virus infected thrips move between SVNV infected and healthy plants. Exactly how thrips choose to settle on the plants is mediated by olfactory, gustatory and tactile cues. I determined the volatile profile of SVNV inoculated and naturally infected plants infested with thrips. I also analyzed free essential, non-essential amino acids and metabolites, other organic acids and lipids in different plant niches. I found that virus infection reduces the essential free amino acids in the plant leaf but in SVNV infected via thrips & thrips infested plants, the non-essential and essential amino acids were reduced. I conclude that SVNV infected plants via mechanical inoculation emit volatile which attract vectors for oviposition, and that the progeny leaves the plants due to poor nutritional quality. The volatile profile of the upper canopy leaves can be used to attract soybean thrips to yellow sticky traps and hence increase the efficacy of pest management programs. However, the individual role of each compound needs to be determined through Y-tube tests to determine what compound or compounds could be responsible for this preference. Overall, my thesis generates information for the scientists and the farming community about SVNV, its vectors and plant interactions which could be utilized for further pest management.

Download or read book Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis written by Barbara H. Iglewski and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis focuses on the molecular mechanism of disease associated with bacterial pathogens. Topics covered include the population genetics of bacterial pathogenesis; environmental modulation of gene expression in gram-negative pathogens; and bacterial invasion and intracellular growth. Bacterial toxins are also discussed. This volume is comprised of 20 chapters and begins with an overview of pathogenesis, paying particular attention to common elements and genetic mechanisms of regulation. The discovery that many bacterial pathogens are clonal, with individual clones often having a greater virulence than others, is then considered. The next section deals with the regulation of synthesis of surface components and their role in colonization of the host and/or evasion of the host immune defense systems; antigenic variation and its role in evasion of the host immune response; and the role of iron acquisition systems in the colonization of the host. Subsequent chapters explore the invasion and intracellular growth of facultative and obligate intracellular parasites. The last section is devoted to studies on the role of bacterial toxic products in pathogenesis. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) and exotoxins are described. This book should be of interest to molecular biologists, physiologists, clinical specialists, pathologists, and geneticists.

Download or read book Bioinformatics and Genomes written by M.A. Andrade and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2003-11-19 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A plethora of bioinformatics tools are available for exploiting the rapidly growing genomic, proteomic and structural data and the related databases. However, many researchers are unaware of these tools because they were published in a journal of narrow distribution or because they were described in technical language unfamiliar to the life scientist. In this book, leading bioinformaticists critically review the latest developments in their fields of expertise. Each chapter provides a clear explanation of the use, purpose and future potential of the tools for a given application. Topics include the use of multiple alignment methods, analysis of expression data, structural genomics, and protein structure prediction.

Download or read book Thrips Biology and Management written by Bruce L. Parker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thrips (fhysanoptera) are very small insects, widespread throughout the world with a preponderance of tropical species, many temperate ones, and even a few living in arctic regions. Of the approximately 5,000 species so far identified, only a few hundred are crop pests, causing serious damage or transmitting diseases to growing crops and harvestable produce in most countries. Their fringed wings confer a natural ability to disperse widely, blown by the wind. Their minute size and cryptic behavior make them difficult to detect either in the field or in fresh vegetation transported during international trade of vegetables, fruit and ornamental flowers. Many species have now spread from their original natural habitats and hosts to favorable new environments where they often reproduce rapidly to develop intense damaging infestations that are costly to control. Over the past decade there have been several spectacular examples of this. The western flower thrips has expanded its range from the North American continent to Europe, Australia and South Africa. Thrips palmi has spread from its presumed origin, the island of Sumatra, to the coast of Florida, and threatens to extend its distribution throughout North and South America. Pear thrips, a known orchard pest of Europe and the western United States and Canada has recently become a major defoliator of hardwood trees in Vermont and the neighboring states. Local outbreaks of other species are also becoming problems in field and glasshouse crops as the effectiveness of insecticides against them decline.

Download or read book Myxomycetes written by Steven L. Stephenson and published by Timber Press. This book was released on 2000-06-15 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book identifies all the species one is likely to encounter, with extensive information on their structural features, distribution, and ecological associations. Superbly illustrated, including keys, it is an introduction to their biology as well as a field guide. This book is only available through print on demand. All interior art is black and white.

Download or read book Molecular Host Plant Resistance to Pests written by S. Sadasivam and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-07-15 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Host Plant Resistance to Pests examines environmentally safe and integrated techniques for effective pest management. Offering more than 1500 references for further exploration of the topic, this reference details the bioactivity, biosynthetic pathways, mechanisms of action, and genetic regulation for improved methods of crop protection a

Download or read book Blood of the Dawn written by Claudia Salazar Jiménez and published by Deep Vellum Publishing. This book was released on 2016-11-14 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This novel follows three women whose lives intertwine and are ripped apart during what’s known as “the time of fear” in Peruvian history when the Shining Path militant insurgency was at its peak. The novel rewrites the armed conflict in the voice of women, activating memory through a mixture of politics, desire, and pain in a lucid and brutal prose.

Download or read book Plant Surfaces written by Barrie Edward Juniper and published by Hodder Arnold. This book was released on 1983 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Techniques for the study of plant surfaces. The anatomy, ultrastructure and biosynthesis of the plant surface. The plant surface in action. Plant surfaces in defence and attack. Plant surfaces in reproduction and dispersal. Plant surfaces as a source of materials. The plant surface as a habitat. The wound response, grafting and chimeras.

Download or read book Slash and Burn written by Claudia Hernandez and published by . This book was released on 2021-01-05 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A woman fights to keep her daughters safe in the wake of war and political trauma in Central/ Latin America.

Download or read book Bean Common Mosaic written by Francisco José Morales and published by CIAT. This book was released on 1989 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Brain of the Chick Gallus Domesticus written by Wayne J. Kuenzel and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dimensional Psychopathology written by Massimo Biondi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-30 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an innovative approach to clinical assessment in psychiatry based on a number of psychopathological dimensions with a presumed underlying pathophysiology, that are related to fundamental phenomenological aspects and lie on a continuum from normality to pathology. It is described how the evaluation of these dimensions with a specific, validated rapid assessment instrument could easily integrate and enrich the classical diagnostic DSM-5 or ICD-10 assessment. The supplemental use of this dimensional approach can better capture the complexity underlying current categories of mental illness. The findings from a large patient sample suggest how this assessment could give a first glance at how variable and multifaceted the psychopathological components within a single diagnostic category can be, and thereby optimise diagnosis and treatment choices. Being short and easy to complete, this dimensional assessment can be done in a busy clinical setting, during an ordinary psychiatric visit, and in an acute clinical context, with limited effort by a minimally trained clinician. Therefore, it provides interesting and useful information without additional costs, and allows research work to be performed even in difficult settings.

Download or read book Of Women and Salt written by Gabriela Garcia and published by Flatiron Books. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AN INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER THE WASHINGTON POST NOTABLE BOOK OF 2021 A GOOD MORNING AMERICA BOOK CLUB PICK WINNER of the Isabel Allende Most Inspirational Fiction Award, She Reads Best of 2021 Awards • FINALIST for the 2022 Southern Book Prize • LONGLISTED for Crook’s Corner Book Prize • NOMINEE for 2021 GoodReads Choice Award in Debut Novel and Historical Fiction A sweeping, masterful debut about a daughter's fateful choice, a mother motivated by her own past, and a family legacy that begins in Cuba before either of them were born In present-day Miami, Jeanette is battling addiction. Daughter of Carmen, a Cuban immigrant, she is determined to learn more about her family history from her reticent mother and makes the snap decision to take in the daughter of a neighbor detained by ICE. Carmen, still wrestling with the trauma of displacement, must process her difficult relationship with her own mother while trying to raise a wayward Jeanette. Steadfast in her quest for understanding, Jeanette travels to Cuba to see her grandmother and reckon with secrets from the past destined to erupt. From 19th-century cigar factories to present-day detention centers, from Cuba to Mexico, Gabriela Garcia's Of Women and Salt is a kaleidoscopic portrait of betrayals—personal and political, self-inflicted and those done by others—that have shaped the lives of these extraordinary women. A haunting meditation on the choices of mothers, the legacy of the memories they carry, and the tenacity of women who choose to tell their stories despite those who wish to silence them, this is more than a diaspora story; it is a story of America’s most tangled, honest, human roots.

Download or read book The Mexican Bean Beetle written by United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: