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Book Environmental Biological and Genetic Factors Influencing Local Adaptation of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha in Auke Creek Alaska

Download or read book Environmental Biological and Genetic Factors Influencing Local Adaptation of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha in Auke Creek Alaska written by Christopher V. Manhard and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific salmon form distinct, locally adapted populations because of the spatial and temporal precision with which they home to their natal streams. Local adaptation is recognized as an important component underlying the productivity and sustainability of salmonid populations, yet there remains uncertainty of the scale at which it occurs. This uncertainty was addressed by analysis of demographic, genetic, and experimental data collected from seasonally structured brood lines of Pink Salmon that spawn in Auke Creek, Alaska. An extensive background of research on this system has indicated that the timing of the adult and juvenile migrations is closely aligned with fitness and productivity in this stream; this background provided a framework for synthesizing the results of the analyses to address these questions: (1) What ecological factors influence productivity of the freshwater and marine life history stages; (2) Do these factors suggest a mechanism for evolution of migration time; (3) What are the consequences of disrupting fine-scale local adaptation of migration time? Freshwater productivity appeared to be influenced primarily by competition for spawning habitat, rather than variability in environmental conditions. Marine productivity, conversely, was associated with physical processes that influence survival of juveniles in the nearshore environment. Consistent with these findings, genetic evolution of earlier migration time, which was observed in both adults and juveniles over two generations, appeared to be driven by earlier vernal warming of the nearshore environment. Despite these environmental changes and resulting selection against late migrating fish, recruitment to Auke Creek has remained stable, thereby indicating that seasonal structure of migration time has supported sustained productivity in a changing climate. Experimental relaxation of natural barriers to gene flow that maintain the seasonal structure resulted in intermediate adult migration times in two generations of hybrid fish. These patterns were consistent with an additive genetic basis for migration time and suggest that ecological outbreeding depression is a post-zygotic mechanism that maintains adaptive variation of migration time in Auke Creek. Collectively, these results provide evidence that fine-scale local adaptation can enhance productivity of salmonid populations while providing resilience to climate change.

Book First generation Effects on Development Time of Outcrossing Between Geographically Isolated and Seasonally Isolated Populations of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

Download or read book First generation Effects on Development Time of Outcrossing Between Geographically Isolated and Seasonally Isolated Populations of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha written by Jesse D. Echave and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Bootstrap analyses of hatch data collected during two independent experiments revealed that hybridization between pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) breeding populations separated at either a large geographic scale or a fine temporal scale can influence development time. Restricted maximum likelihood estimators also revealed that sire, dam, cross, and parental interaction can influence genetic variance associated with development time at either scale. Few studies have investigated the extent of local adaptation that results from fine-scale ecological variation, the genetic underpinnings of that adaptation, or the potential impacts outbreeding at that level may have on fitness. We tested whether or not local adaptation contributed to genetic divergence among subpopulations of pink salmon that overlap temporally within the same spawning habitat (early-run fish and late-run fish within Auke Creek, near Juneau, Alaska) by determining whether or not outbreeding influenced development time (a fitness-related trait) in first-generation hybrids. We examined genetic divergence among populations isolated at a much broader scale (Pillar Creek on Kodiak Island, Alaska, and Auke Creek, 1,000 km great circle distance) as a more extreme reference to local adaptation. Results provide evidence that development time is locally adapted and expressed primarily in a locus-by-locus manner" -- Leaf iii.

Book Genetic and Environmental Effects on Developmental Timing Otolith Formation and Gill Raker Development in Pink Salmon from Auke Creek Alaska

Download or read book Genetic and Environmental Effects on Developmental Timing Otolith Formation and Gill Raker Development in Pink Salmon from Auke Creek Alaska written by Dion Oxman and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To determine how inheritance, environment, and hybridization influenced developmental timing, otolith formation, and gill raker development in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus oorbuscha), full and half-sibling families from Auke Creek, Alaska and third generation outbred hybrids between Auke Creek females and Pillar Creek males from Kodiak Island, Alaska (1,000 km distant) were incubated in ambient, chilled, and warmed water. Variation in development time of embryos from the odd-year broodline was primarily influenced by additive genetic factors, whereas no genetic effect was detected in the even-year run. No genotype-by environment (GxE) effects were associated with sires or families in either broodline, indicating that the observed variation in development time was likely the result of phenotypic plasticity. Hybridization (outbreeding) significantly prolonged development time in both broodlines, indicating that the phenotypic effects of outbreeding can last at least three generations. Early otolith development was genetically conserved and canalized, but the phenotypic expression of these genes is plastic and strongly influenced by environmental factors. There was no evidence that local adaptation or outbreeding influenced otolith morphology or shape. Otoliths from fish exposed to thermal stress were bilaterally asymmetrical, whereas the bilateral symmetry of otoliths from outbred fish exhibited evidence of heterosis because they were more symmetrical than their native counterparts. Unlike development time and otoliths, gill raker development was linear and consistently stable in the face of both hybridization and environmental stress. These results make it clear that different biological attributes respond to genetic control and stress in different ways.

Book A Test of Local Adaptation in Seasonally Separate Subpopulations of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha

Download or read book A Test of Local Adaptation in Seasonally Separate Subpopulations of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha written by Christopher V. Manhard and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Differences in fitness related traits were observed between first generation (F1) hybrid and control lines of temporally distinct subpopulations of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). The lines were cultured in a common freshwater environment, released to sea together, and collected at their natal stream as adults. Early-and late-run pink salmon, which are partially genetically isolated by the time at which they return to Auke Creek in Southeast Alaska to spawn, were crossed to create F1 and F2 hybrid groups in the even- and odd-year brood lines. Marine survival of controls exceeded that of F1 hybrids of the even-year brood line, whereas no difference in marine survival between those experimental groups was detected in the odd-year brood line. First generation hybrids expressed intermediate time of return relative to controls in both brood lines. Second generation hybrids exhibited similar embryonic development rates to controls in both brood lines. These results demonstrate that removal of a genetic barrier as fine as that which occurs within a brood line and location can disrupt local adaptation in a population of pink salmon, which may cause outbreeding depression in hybrids and may potentially reduce the overall biodiversity and productivity of the population.

Book Biological Characteristics of Intertidal and Fresh water Spawning Pink Salmon at Olsen Creek Prince William Sound Alaska 1962 63

Download or read book Biological Characteristics of Intertidal and Fresh water Spawning Pink Salmon at Olsen Creek Prince William Sound Alaska 1962 63 written by John H. Helle and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Genetic Variation in the Embryonic Development Rate of Odd and Even Year Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha in Auke Creek Alaska

Download or read book Genetic Variation in the Embryonic Development Rate of Odd and Even Year Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha in Auke Creek Alaska written by John Edward Joyce and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Species Profiles

Download or read book Species Profiles written by Scott A. Bonar and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Using Genetic Tools to Inform Management and Study Local Adaptation in Pacific Salmon

Download or read book Using Genetic Tools to Inform Management and Study Local Adaptation in Pacific Salmon written by Wesley Alan Larson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic analysis represents a powerful tool for informing management and studying adaptation in wild populations. For example, genetic tools can be used to delineate conservation units, assign individuals of unknown ancestry back to their populations of origin, and identify genes that are important for local adaptation. The overall goal of my thesis was to apply genetic tools to improve population-specific management and identify the genetic basis of local adaptation in Pacific salmon. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) return to their natal spawning habitats with high fidelity, promoting the formation of distinct populations that are highly adapted to their local environment. Pacific salmon are also an extremely important economic, cultural, and subsistence resource. These characteristics make Pacific salmon ideal candidates for population-specific management and facilitate the study of local adaptation. My dissertation consists of six chapters divided into two major themes. The first three chapters focus on applied research questions aimed at developing and utilizing genetic tools to improve management of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and the last three chapters focus on understanding the genetic basis of local adaptation in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). In chapter one, we used an existing genetic baseline to elucidate the migration patterns of Chinook salmon in the marine environment. Chapters two and three explored the use of genomics in a management context, applying data from thousands of genetic markers to develop novel resources that will aid in the conservation of Chinook salmon from western Alaska. For chapter four, we investigated patterns of selection at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in populations of sockeye salmon from the Wood River basin in southwestern Alaska. In chapter five, we constructed a genetic linkage map and conducted QTL analysis in five families of sockeye salmon. Finally, in chapter six we merged the linkage map with population data to study the genomic basis of adaptive divergence among three ecotypes of sockeye salmon from the Wood River basin. Taken together, these studies highlight the utility of genetic tools, especially genomics, for improving management and studying local adaptation in Pacific salmon.

Book Spatio temporal Genetic Structure Effective Population Size and Parentage Simulations from Contemporary Genetic Samples and Historic Demographic Data of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka in Auke Lake Alaska

Download or read book Spatio temporal Genetic Structure Effective Population Size and Parentage Simulations from Contemporary Genetic Samples and Historic Demographic Data of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus Nerka in Auke Lake Alaska written by Patrick D. Barry and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) have great ecological, economic, and cultural importance. Accordingly, understanding the genetic diversity of Pacific salmon populations is critical for their effective management and conservation. Spatial and temporal homing fidelity, a central life-history characteristic of Pacific salmon, generates genetic structure through reproductive isolation. Within and among populations, heterogeneity in the freshwater environment should lead to selection for traits that maximize fitness resulting in local adaptation. This adaptation increases productivity of individual populations while diversity among populations can promote long-term stability. Additionally, the demographic properties (age structure, generation length, size) of a population will affect genetic structure by regulating its response to the evolutionary forces of selection, migration, and genetic drift. The scale and extent to which reproductive isolation can produce genetic structure is incompletely understood. In this dissertation, I investigated spatial and temporal trends in population genetic structure and estimated the effective population size (Ne) of Sockeye Salmon from Auke Lake in Southeast Alaska from contemporary genetic samples (2008, 2009, 2011) and historic demographic data (1980–2017). A simulation library in the R statistical environment was developed to assess the accuracy of parentage and sibship inference from genetic markers. This library proved useful in evaluating the sibship method for estimating Ne from genetic data and evaluating genetic markers for a large-scale parentage project. I detected substantial genetic differentiation between Auke Lake and other Southeast Alaska populations (average FST = 0.1137) and an isolation-by-time pattern within the Auke Lake population. A genetically distinct cluster was identified in the late portion of the 2008 return. This group may represent a spatially segregated spawning aggregation previously described in tagging studies; however, because fish were sampled as they passed through the weir, spatial structure within Auke Lake could not be evaluated. Genetic tests for demographic change within the population indicated that the Auke Lake Sockeye Salmon population underwent a historical bottleneck event but has since increased in size. Demographic estimates of Ne from a long-term dataset from the Auke Creek weir revealed that the effective population size was low in the early 1980s and has since increased. Over the six generations evaluated, the major demographic factors that determined Ne were variance in family size, variable contribution to the next generation by brood years within a generation, and fluctuations in population size. Contemporary estimates of Ne from genetic methods were smaller than those from demographic methods and indicated that Ne may be roughly the size of an individual return year. Genetic estimates of the ratio of the effective population size to the census size (Ne/Nc = 0.21) were consistent with values previously reported for other salmonids. Collectively, these chapters contribute to an improved understanding of Sockeye Salmon population genetics and provide a useful tool to assess the power of genetic markers for parentage and sibship inference.

Book A Biochemical Genetic Analysis of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha from Selected Streams in Northern Southeast Alaska

Download or read book A Biochemical Genetic Analysis of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha from Selected Streams in Northern Southeast Alaska written by Andrew James McGregor and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: