Download or read book Enumerability Decidability Computability written by Hans Hermes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The task of developing algorithms to solve problems has always been considered by mathematicians to be an especially interesting and im portant one. Normally an algorithm is applicable only to a narrowly limited group of problems. Such is for instance the Euclidean algorithm, which determines the greatest common divisor of two numbers, or the well-known procedure which is used to obtain the square root of a natural number in decimal notation. The more important these special algorithms are, all the more desirable it seems to have algorithms of a greater range of applicability at one's disposal. Throughout the centuries, attempts to provide algorithms applicable as widely as possible were rather unsuc cessful. It was only in the second half of the last century that the first appreciable advance took place. Namely, an important group of the inferences of the logic of predicates was given in the form of a calculus. (Here the Boolean algebra played an essential pioneer role. ) One could now perhaps have conjectured that all mathematical problems are solvable by algorithms. However, well-known, yet unsolved problems (problems like the word problem of group theory or Hilbert's tenth problem, which considers the question of solvability of Diophantine equations) were warnings to be careful. Nevertheless, the impulse had been given to search for the essence of algorithms. Leibniz already had inquired into this problem, but without success.
Download or read book Enumerability Decidability Computability written by Hans Hermes and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Enumerability Decidability Computability written by Hans Hermes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Once we have accepted a precise replacement of the concept of algo rithm, it becomes possible to attempt the problem whether there exist well-defined collections of problems which cannot be handled by algo rithms, and if that is the case, to give concrete cases of this kind. Many such investigations were carried out during the last few decades. The undecidability of arithmetic and other mathematical theories was shown, further the unsolvability of the word problem of group theory. Many mathematicians consider these results and the theory on which they are based to be the most characteristic achievements of mathe matics in the first half of the twentieth century. If we grant the legitimacy of the suggested precise replacements of the concept of algorithm and related concepts, then we can say that the mathematicians have shown by strictly mathematical methods that there exist mathematical problems which cannot be dealt with by the methods of calculating mathematics. In view of the important role which mathematics plays today in our conception of the world this fact is of great philosophical interest. Post speaks of a natural law about the "limitations of the mathematicizing power of Homo Sapiens". Here we also find a starting point for the discussion of the question, what the actual creative activity of the mathematician consists in. In this book we shall give an introduction to the theory of algorithms.
Download or read book Enumerability Decidability Computability written by Hans Hermes and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Computability Theory written by Neil D. Jones and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-06-20 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computability Theory: An Introduction provides information pertinent to the major concepts, constructions, and theorems of the elementary theory of computability of recursive functions. This book provides mathematical evidence for the validity of the Church–Turing thesis. Organized into six chapters, this book begins with an overview of the concept of effective process so that a clear understanding of the effective computability of partial and total functions is obtained. This text then introduces a formal development of the equivalence of Turing machine computability, enumerability, and decidability with other formulations. Other chapters consider the formulas of the predicate calculus, systems of recursion equations, and Post's production systems. This book discusses as well the fundamental properties of the partial recursive functions and the recursively enumerable sets. The final chapter deals with different formulations of the basic ideas of computability that are equivalent to Turing-computability. This book is a valuable resource for undergraduate or graduate students.
Download or read book Computability and Decidability written by J. Loeckx and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present Lecture Notes evolved from a course given at the Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven and later at the Technische Hogeschool Twente. They are intended for computer science students; more specifically, their goal is to introduce the notions of computability and decidability, and to prepare for the study of automata theory, formal language theory and the theory of computing. Except for a general mathematical background no preliminary knowledge is presupposed, but some experience in programming may be helpful. While classical treatises on computability and decidability are oriented towards the foundation of mathematics or mathematical logic, the present notes try to relate the subject to computer science. Therefore, the expose is based on the use of strings rather than on that of natural numbers; the notations are similar to those in use in automata theory; in addition, according to a common usage in formal language theory, most of the proofs of computability are reduced to the semi-formal description of a procedure the constructivity of which is apparent to anybody having some programming experience. Notwithstanding these facts the subject is treated with mathematical rigor; a great number of informal comments are inserted in order to allow a good intuitive understanding. I am indebted to all those who drew my attention to some errors and ambiguities in a preliminary version of these Notes. I want also to thank Miss L.A. Krukerink for her diligence in typing the manuscript.
Download or read book Computability and Logic written by George S. Boolos and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-09-17 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fifth edition of 'Computability and Logic' covers not just the staple topics of an intermediate logic course such as Godel's incompleteness theorems, but also optional topics that include Turing's theory of computability and Ramsey's theorem.
Download or read book Computable Functions written by Nikolai Konstantinovich Vereshchagin and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2003 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the lectures for undergraduates at Moscow State University, this book presents a lively and concise introduction to the central facts and basic notions of the general theory of computation. It begins with the definition of a computable function and an algorithm, and discusses decidability, enumerability, universal functions, numberings and their properties, the fixed point theorem, arithmetical hierarchy, oracle computations, and degrees.
Download or read book Computability and Complexity written by Neil D. Jones and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computability and complexity theory should be of central concern to practitioners as well as theorists. Unfortunately, however, the field is known for its impenetrability. Neil Jones's goal as an educator and author is to build a bridge between computability and complexity theory and other areas of computer science, especially programming. In a shift away from the Turing machine- and G�del number-oriented classical approaches, Jones uses concepts familiar from programming languages to make computability and complexity more accessible to computer scientists and more applicable to practical programming problems. According to Jones, the fields of computability and complexity theory, as well as programming languages and semantics, have a great deal to offer each other. Computability and complexity theory have a breadth, depth, and generality not often seen in programming languages. The programming language community, meanwhile, has a firm grasp of algorithm design, presentation, and implementation. In addition, programming languages sometimes provide computational models that are more realistic in certain crucial aspects than traditional models. New results in the book include a proof that constant time factors do matter for its programming-oriented model of computation. (In contrast, Turing machines have a counterintuitive "constant speedup" property: that almost any program can be made to run faster, by any amount. Its proof involves techniques irrelevant to practice.) Further results include simple characterizations in programming terms of the central complexity classes PTIME and LOGSPACE, and a new approach to complete problems for NLOGSPACE, PTIME, NPTIME, and PSPACE, uniformly based on Boolean programs. Foundations of Computing series
Download or read book Computability Theory written by S. Barry Cooper and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-11-17 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computability theory originated with the seminal work of Gödel, Church, Turing, Kleene and Post in the 1930s. This theory includes a wide spectrum of topics, such as the theory of reducibilities and their degree structures, computably enumerable sets and their automorphisms, and subrecursive hierarchy classifications. Recent work in computability theory has focused on Turing definability and promises to have far-reaching mathematical, scientific, and philosophical consequences. Written by a leading researcher, Computability Theory provides a concise, comprehensive, and authoritative introduction to contemporary computability theory, techniques, and results. The basic concepts and techniques of computability theory are placed in their historical, philosophical and logical context. This presentation is characterized by an unusual breadth of coverage and the inclusion of advanced topics not to be found elsewhere in the literature at this level. The book includes both the standard material for a first course in computability and more advanced looks at degree structures, forcing, priority methods, and determinacy. The final chapter explores a variety of computability applications to mathematics and science. Computability Theory is an invaluable text, reference, and guide to the direction of current research in the field. Nowhere else will you find the techniques and results of this beautiful and basic subject brought alive in such an approachable and lively way.
Download or read book Mathematical Logic written by H.-D. Ebbinghaus and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introduction to first-order logic clearly works out the role of first-order logic in the foundations of mathematics, particularly the two basic questions of the range of the axiomatic method and of theorem-proving by machines. It covers several advanced topics not commonly treated in introductory texts, such as Fraïssé's characterization of elementary equivalence, Lindström's theorem on the maximality of first-order logic, and the fundamentals of logic programming.
Download or read book Aspects of Mathematical Logic written by E. Casari and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-06 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: H. Hermes: Basic notions and applications of the theory of decidability.- D. Kurepa: On several continuum hypotheses.- A. Mostowski: Models of set theory.- A. Robinson: Problems and methods of model theory.- S. Sochor, B. Balcar: The general theory of semisets. Syntactic models of the set theory.
Download or read book Mathematical Logic written by Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-28 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introduction to first-order logic clearly works out the role of first-order logic in the foundations of mathematics, particularly the two basic questions of the range of the axiomatic method and of theorem-proving by machines. It covers several advanced topics not commonly treated in introductory texts, such as Fraïssé's characterization of elementary equivalence, Lindström's theorem on the maximality of first-order logic, and the fundamentals of logic programming.
Download or read book Computability written by Richard L Epstein and published by Advanced Reasoning Forum. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in a new edition!--the classic presentation of the theory of computable functions in the context of the foundations of mathematics. Part I motivates the study of computability with discussions and readings about the crisis in the foundations of mathematics in the early 20th century while presenting the basic ideas of whole number, function, proof, and real number. Part II starts with readings from Turing and Post leading to the formal theory of recursive functions. Part III presents sufficient formal logic to give a full development of Gödel's incompleteness theorems. Part IV considers the significance of the technical work with a discussion of Church's Thesis and readings on the foundations of mathematics. This new edition contains the timeline "Computability and Undecidability" as well as the essay "On mathematics".
Download or read book Logic Logic and Logic written by George Boolos and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: George Boolos was one of the most prominent and influential logician-philosophers of recent times. This collection, nearly all chosen by Boolos himself shortly before his death, includes thirty papers on set theory, second-order logic, and plural quantifiers; on Frege, Dedekind, Cantor, and Russell; and on miscellaneous topics in logic and proof theory, including three papers on various aspects of the Gödel theorems. Boolos is universally recognized as the leader in the renewed interest in studies of Frege's work on logic and the philosophy of mathematics. John Burgess has provided introductions to each of the three parts of the volume, and also an afterword on Boolos's technical work in provability logic, which is beyond the scope of this volume.
Download or read book Limits of Computation written by Bernhard Reus and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-25 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook discusses the most fundamental and puzzling questions about the foundations of computing. In 23 lecture-sized chapters it provides an exciting tour through the most important results in the field of computability and time complexity, including the Halting Problem, Rice's Theorem, Kleene's Recursion Theorem, the Church-Turing Thesis, Hierarchy Theorems, and Cook-Levin's Theorem. Each chapter contains classroom-tested material, including examples and exercises. Links between adjacent chapters provide a coherent narrative. Fundamental results are explained lucidly by means of programs written in a simple, high-level imperative programming language, which only requires basic mathematical knowledge. Throughout the book, the impact of the presented results on the entire field of computer science is emphasised. Examples range from program analysis to networking, from database programming to popular games and puzzles. Numerous biographical footnotes about the famous scientists who developed the subject are also included. "Limits of Computation" offers a thorough, yet accessible, introduction to computability and complexity for the computer science student of the 21st century.
Download or read book Lectures on the Philosophy of Mathematics written by Joel David Hamkins and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introduction to the philosophy of mathematics grounded in mathematics and motivated by mathematical inquiry and practice. In this book, Joel David Hamkins offers an introduction to the philosophy of mathematics that is grounded in mathematics and motivated by mathematical inquiry and practice. He treats philosophical issues as they arise organically in mathematics, discussing such topics as platonism, realism, logicism, structuralism, formalism, infinity, and intuitionism in mathematical contexts. He organizes the book by mathematical themes--numbers, rigor, geometry, proof, computability, incompleteness, and set theory--that give rise again and again to philosophical considerations.
