Download or read book Energy Security of the European Union and Russia A relationship of interdependence written by Lea Sarah Kulick and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2012-01-31 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - Region: Eastern Europe, grade: 9 out of 10, Maastricht University (Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences), course: Module D - Traid and Aid - European Studies, Specialisation in International Politics of the European Union, language: English, abstract: Energy security is a topic with growing importance on the global political agendas. Within the European Union (EU) the consideration of supply security is of particular significance as the member states depend on outside sources, meaning principally oil and gas, to satisfy their need of energy. The EU-27 was dependent on oil imports on 82.6% and on gas imports on 60.3% in 2007. Own resources are not sufficient and in the present days the EU merely covers 46.9% of the energy consumption by its own means. When the current trends proceed the EU will be dependent on 90% for oil, 70% for gas and 100% for coal in years 2030-40. Therefore, the role of producer countries becomes increasingly important, especially regarding Russia as it is the biggest importer to the EU in crude oil, gas and hard coal. The supply dependence on Russia could have severe consequences for the EU as gas disruptions leading to supply crises in several member states like in 2006 and 2009 had already shown. But also the Russian Federation is dependent because the EU is one of the most important consumers of its gas and oil exports. Russia’s economy is reliant on oil and gas production; in 2007 the energy sector generated about 64% of its exports revenues. Accordingly, Russia also has to deal with the problem of energy security, but in the perspective that it aims at securing demand and the purchase of its gas and oil resources, especially by the EU. As both parties depend on each other in their energy security there is a case of interdependence in the EU-Russian energy relationship. When examining this relation of interdependence it is interesting not just to regard the present state of affairs but also the trends and future development and how the EU and Russia deal with that. For the analysis the notions of sensitivity and vulnerability are used. The guiding research question of this paper is therefore: What is the degree of sensitivity and vulnerability for the EU and Russia regarding their relation of interdependence in energy security? It is hypothesized that the Russian Federation is more vulnerable, especially on the subject of its political strategy. The concept of interdependence by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye provides the theoretical basis for this paper. In order to conclude this paper, the degrees of sensitivity and vulnerability of the actors are evaluated and the hypothesis is proven right or wrong.
Download or read book European Energy Security written by Nataliya Esakova and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-01-24 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nataliya Esakova performs an analysis of the interdependencies and the nature of cooperation between energy producing, consuming and transit countries focusing on the gas sector. For the analysis the theoretical framework of the interdependence theory by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye and the international regime theory are applied to the recent developments within the gas relationship between the European Union and Russia in the last decade. The objective of the analysis is to determine, whether a fundamental regime change in terms of international regime theory is taking place, and, if so, which regime change explanation model in terms of interdependence theory is likely to apply.
Download or read book European Russian Energy Relations from Dependence to Interdependence written by Karina Galytska and published by Firenze University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-11 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the exploitation of international reservoirs, natural energy sources have become rare, disputed among States and therefore strategic. The reliance on these resources is linked to energy security and dependence in both terms of energy imports or exports. Furthermore, the access and reallocation of energy flows entail an alteration of the balance of power among States as well as the raise of national energy security strategies and debates. The aim of this volume is to analyze the evolution of energy relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation from a state of pure Dependence to the establishment of a balanced Interdependence, underling also the challenges facing the EU in terms of dependence and diversifications in the framework or the EU-Russian energy cooperation.
Download or read book Interdependencies between the EU and the Russian Federation in the current and future gas relationship written by Joseph Ammer and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2016-08-01 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2016 im Fachbereich Politik - Thema: Europäische Union, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: The following term paper aims to assess the current state of interdependencies as well as future developments in the gas relations between the European Union and Russia. The theoretical approach therefor is framed by Keohane and Nye’s Theory of Interdependence. It is used to analyze (a) the prevailing gas supply situation of the European Union, (b) the significance of the European gas demand for the Russian Federation, (c) diversification opportunities for both parties and (d) the progress and effects of a common EU approach in gas negotiations with Russia. It becomes evident that the EU’s Energy security is very reliant on consistent gas supplies. Yet, Russia can only slightly exploit this sensitivity dependency as a source of geopolitical power vis-à-vis the EU, because its own economy depends on Europe’s investments and the revenue from gas exports to EU countries. The analysis of the diversification potentials reveals that the mutual dependence will remain strong in the near future. In the medium term the EU has to expand its range of suppliers by investing in LNG infrastructure and the Southern Corridor. In contrast, Russia tries to get hold of the Union’s diversification plans, as exemplified by the competition between the Turkish Stream and TANAP pipeline projects. A common European approach towards gas negotiations with Russia would mainly be beneficial for the bargaining position of the Union’s eastern members, which are highly sensitive to Russian gas deliveries. Russia currently takes advantage of this by negotiating favorable long term contracts. However, contradictory positions between East and West complicate the realization of a joint European negotiation process. Viable and useful transitional measures would include regional trade associations and a revision of the current information exchange mechanism, providing greater competencies for the European Commission to gain insight in Member states’ bilateral negotiations with Russia.
Download or read book The Future of Energy written by Carla Fernandes and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the main conclusions reached by the academic project "Geopolitics of Gas and the Future of the Euro-Russian Relations (Geo4GER)." This project is being developed at IPRI -- Portuguese Institute of International Relations, NOVA University, an academic research institute dedicated to advanced studies in Political Science and International Relations, of NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal. Energy security is a key issue on the international political agenda, a prerequisite for political stability and economic development and an indivisible part of a state's overall security. For Europe, the high-energy insufficiency is a major challenge, given its dependence on external sources, especially from Russia, the lack of diversification of energy sources, and the poor branch of its transmission network. For Russia, energy has been a geopolitical factor of power and a potential strategic vector to its re-emergence as a great power in the international system. However, in terms of energy, Russia also faces some long-term challenges, given the fall of its production and the low competitiveness of its gas, which is currently saved from the market where competition can hardly enter. Given this scenario, and also the increasingly important role in the political and strategic discussion of energy issues between Europe and Russia, it becomes relevant to diagnose the past and the present to forecast the medium and long term future (2030), taking into account the expected changes in the geopolitical and energetic environment, and the characteristics and dynamics of European-Russian relationship, including its energy interdependence and the energy policies and strategies outlined by Europe and Russia.
Download or read book EU Russia Energy Relations written by Kim Talus and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication comprises 15 contributions by leading academics, lawyers and policy specialists offering a deep analysis of the relationship between Russia and the EU in the energy sphere. The political aspects of the EU-Russia relations are discussed by some of the leading practitioners and academics in the field. With Russia being the single most important energy supplier for the European Union, the security of supply issue inevitably hinges to a large extent on the complex relationship between Brussels and the Kremlin. The events following the most recent disruption of gas supply from Ukraine in 2009 is evidence of the fragile political interrelation between the EU and Russia and it is not surprising that speculation about the future of Russian energy supplies to the EU keeps growing. The publication is divided into 3 sections with various chapters: Section I : Political Energy Relations Between EU and Russia; Section II: Legal Aspects of EU - Russia Energy Relations; Section III: Changing the Rules for the EU Natural Gas Markets - From State to Market and Plan to Contract.
Download or read book Russian EU Energy Interdependence and Security in Europe written by Robert G. Patterson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does the current level of economic interdependence between the Russian Federation and members of the European Union (EU) promote stability in Europe? As a key component of national security, energy security is a high priority for all states. While overall EU dependence on the Russian Federation for such critical needs as oil and gas does pose a potential threat to the national security of some EU members, the reality is that this dependence will continue through at least the next decade. If the EU is overall dependent on Russian energy imports then one could say that Russia is highly dependent on the income from exporting oil and natural gas to the EU. Despite the economic recovery that Russia has seen over the 13 years, since the Russian economic collapse in 1999, Russia has failed to diversify its economy. With the federal budget of the Russian Federation being at least 50 percent dependent on the income from energy exports, establishing demand security for those critical commodities should have been a very high priority over the past decade. Unfortunately, Russia's state owned national champion Gazprom has instead been used to finance the government and as a tool of international diplomacy to either reward or punish European states for their compliance with Russian positions. The failure of Russia to diversify its economy and the failure of the Russian energy sector to diversify its consumer base have resulted in the Russian federal government being highly dependent on energy exports. Additionally, with nearly 80 percent of Russian energy exports flowing to the EU this means that the Russian federal government is highly dependent on energy exports to members of the EU. If interdependence is defined as two states being dependent on one another for trade then Russia and the EU share interdependence in the energy market. Despite previous attempts to unite EU member states in critical policy areas such as energy policy over the past decade, the Russian Federation has been able to bypass EU structures and engage EU members individually to establish dominance in the energy market. However, the Ukrainian gas crisis of 2009 exposed the vulnerabilities of the EU to supply disruptions and gave individual EU member states the motivation to work more closely together to improve overall EU energy security. This basic change in the willingness of individual EU member states to prioritize overall EU goals in the energy market represents a fundamental paradigm shift. While not every EU member supports the concept of a common EU energy market to the same degree, this shift has been significant enough to challenge Russian influence in the EU marketplace.
Download or read book Understanding Energy Security in Central and Eastern Europe written by Wojciech Ostrowski and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to move beyond the approach which views energy as a purely geopolitical tool of the Russian state and assumes a 'one size fits all' approach to energy security in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It argues that in order to fully understand Russian involvement in the regional energy complex, the CEE-Russian energy relationship should be analysed in the context of the political and economic transitions that Russia and the CEE states underwent. The chapters on individual countries in the book demonstrate that, although Russia has and will continue to play a substantial role in the CEE energy sector, the scope of its possible influence has been overstated.
Download or read book EU Energy Security in the Gas Sector written by Filippos Proedrou and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-22 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book fills an important gap in the literature on energy security in the gas sector in the European Union. Whilst the emphasis is often on energy security in the oil sector, the gas sector has grown in importance in recent decades, with increasing liberalization raising critical questions for the security of gas supplies. The share of gas in Europe's energy mix is rising and the differences between the politics and economics of gas and oil supply are becoming more pronounced. The author sheds light on the state of EU energy security in the gas sector, its interdependence with external suppliers and the current gas strategy. He examines the role of energy companies, EU member-states and EU institutions, locates the main developments in the gas sector and focuses on the principal challenges posed by such fundamental changes. The author scrutinizes the EU's relations with its main gas supplier, Russia, as well as with alternative suppliers, elaborates on the key infrastructure projects on the table and their principal ramifications, and discusses the main policies that member-states pursue to achieve energy security as well as the EU's internal contradictions. The book concludes with policy recommendations, particularly in the light of tougher environmental regulation.
Download or read book Energy Security written by Richard Youngs and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-01-28 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book charts the EU’s response to the challenge of energy security with a focus on the foreign policy dimensions and examines how the EU’s approach to energy security is played out in different producer countries and regions.
Download or read book Post Crimea Shift in EU Russia Relations written by Kristi Raik and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1990s and 2000s, the EU's approach to Russia was based on the expectation that economic ties and interaction in various fields would contribute to regional stability and security and possibly even the democratisation of Russia. However, looking at the relationship today, one has to admit that the expected positive effects of interdependence have not materialised. Since 2014, the conflict over Ukraine and rising geopolitical tensions have pushed the Europeans to reassess their approach and put more emphasis on reducing the vulnerabilities created by mutual ties, notably (but not only) in the field of energy. Russia, for its part, has been keen to reduce its dependence on Europe, for instance in the financial sector and in respect of food imports. As a result, the preconditions for developing the EU-Russia relationship in accordance with the logic of positive interdependence have weakened further. In this book, a number of internationally renowned experts explore mutual dependences between the EU and Russia in various fields, including energy, trade, the financial sector, the defence industry, cross-border cooperation and, perhaps most importantly, security. The book analyses perceptions, vulnerabilities, and ways to manage the ties on both sides.
Download or read book EU Russia Relations written by Thomas Gomart and published by CSIS. This book was released on 2008 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report aims to shed light on the current disagreements in order to find a way out of the current phase of depression, thereby furthering the interests of both parties. It is based on the key idea that EU-Russia interdependence cannot be avoided and will only get stronger in the future.
Download or read book Controversial Issues in the EU Russia Energy Relations written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper is based on the assumption that the main aspects that negatively influence the mutual energy relations and limit the energy cooperation can be defined as (1) the differences in the degree of interdependence in the energy relations between the EU and Russia, (2) the different interests and goals of the EU and the Russian energy policy, and (3) the divergent approaches of the EU and Russi. [...] Introduction The EU-Russia Energy Interdependence The Russian Energy Policy towards the EU The EU Energy Policy towards Russia The different approaches of the EU and Russia to their energy relationship Conclusion Introduction Energy security 1 is currently one of the most important and most disputed issues in the mutual relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation. [...] On the other hand, the issue of sustainable and reliable supplies of oil and gas is a cause of the tensions between the European Union and the Russian Federation and contributes to the deterioration of their relations (Petrovic-Orttung-Wenger 2009, p. [...] According to Mikko Palonkorpi, in order to determine the supplier's dependence on exports of oil and natural gas, the following indicators have to be measured: the proportion of export revenues (oil and gas) to the GDP, the share of revenue from the export of energy raw materials in the state budget, and the share of the export revenue from oil and gas in the total export revenues. [...] On the other hand, the relative strength of the energy interdependence can be measured by such factors as the energy trade balance, the level of (domestic) energy resources, possibilities of energy-supply diversification and the specific total energy consumption in the country (the ratio of the raw material to the total primary energy consumption).
Download or read book Energy Security in Europe written by Kacper Szulecki and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-13 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection highlights the different meanings that have been attached to the notion of energy security and how it is taken to refer to different objects. Official policy definitions of energy security are broadly similar across countries and emphasize the reliability and affordability of access to sufficient energy resources for a community to uphold its normal economic and social functions. However, perceptions of energy security vary between states causing different actions to be taken, both in international relations and in domestic politics. Energy Security in Europe moves the policy debates on energy security beyond a consideration of its seemingly objective nature. It also provides a series of contributions that shed light on the conditions under which similar material factors are met with very different energy security policies and divergent discourses across Europe. Furthermore, it problematizes established notions prevalent in energy security studies, such as whether energy security is ‘geopolitical’, and an element of high politics, or purely ‘economic’, and should be left for the markets to regulate. This book will be of particular relevance to students and academics in the fields of energy studies and political science seeking to understand the divergence in perspectives and understandings of energy security challenges between EU member states and in multilateral relationships between the EU as a whole.
Download or read book Eurasian Energy Security written by Jeffrey Mankoff and published by Council on Foreign Relations. This book was released on 2009 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Council Special Report explores the challenges faced by consumer and supplier alike in Europe and Eurasia. It looks at Russia's rise as an energy power, analyzing its control of supplies and delivery systems and its investments in energy infrastructure across Europe, as well as questions about the potential of its production. The report also examines Europe's difficulties in forging a common policy on energy supply and recommends a two-pronged strategy of integration and diversification. It urges Europe to integrate both internally -- developing a single EU gas market -- and externally -- tying Russia's energy sector to Europe and its more transparent regulations. It also recommends that Europe seek new sources of energy from both non-Russian suppliers and non-fossil fuels.
Download or read book RUSSIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION THE SOURCES AND LIMITS OF SPECIAL RELATIONSHIPS written by Cynthia A. Roberts and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
