Download or read book Energy Generation Using Reverse Electrodialysis written by Daejoong Kim and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introduction to the working principles of reverse electrodialysis and its practical application in the generation of electricity. Salinity gradient energy (SGE) has received significant attention recently due to the energy crisis resulting from the depletion of fossil fuels and the growth in energy demand. There are currently three methods to convert SGE into electricity: pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and capacitive mixing (CAPMIX). This book covers the theory and implementation of reverse electrodialysis, which uses ion exchange membranes to selectively deliver cations or anions, and its advantages over other methods, such as high reliability without any moving parts, the direct energy conversion process from chemical energy to electrical energy, and its low fouling rate. All of these have made RED an attractive option, however, there are various challenges in the route to commercialization and these are also described. The book summarizes the research progress and current status of RED, with a final chapter considering the outlook for the future of the technology at a commercial level.

Download or read book Energy Generation using Reverse Electrodialysis written by Daejoong Kim and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-17 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introduction to the working principles of reverse electrodialysis and its practical application in the generation of electricity. Salinity gradient energy (SGE) has received significant attention recently due to the energy crisis resulting from the depletion of fossil fuels and the growth in energy demand. There are currently three methods to convert SGE into electricity: pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and capacitive mixing (CAPMIX). This book covers the theory and implementation of reverse electrodialysis, which uses ion exchange membranes to selectively deliver cations or anions, and its advantages over other methods, such as high reliability without any moving parts, the direct energy conversion process from chemical energy to electrical energy, and its low fouling rate. All of these have made RED an attractive option, however, there are various challenges in the route to commercialization and these are also described. The book summarizes the research progress and current status of RED, with a final chapter considering the outlook for the future of the technology at a commercial level.

Download or read book Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients written by Andrea Cipollina and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-03-01 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Salinity gradient energy, also known as blue energy and osmotic energy, is the energy obtainable from the difference in salt concentration between two feed solutions, typically sea water and river water. It is a large-scale renewable resource that can be harvested and converted to electricity. Efficient extraction of this energy is not straightforward, however. Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients provides a comprehensive review of resources, technologies and applications in this area of fast-growing interest. Key technologies covered include pressure retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis and accumulator mixing. Environmental and economic aspects are also considered, together with the possible synergies between desalination and salinity gradient energy technologies. Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients is an essential text for R&D professionals in the energy & water industry interested in salinity gradient power and researchers in academia from post-graduate level upwards. For more than ten years the Editors have been sharing substantial research activities in the fields of renewable energy and desalination, successfully participating to a number of European Union research projects and contributing to the relevant scientific literature with more than 100 papers and 2 books on Desalination technologies and their coupling with Renewable Energy. They are intensely working in the field of Salinity Gradient Power, carrying out research with specific focus o.n open-loop and closed-loop reverse electrodialysis and pressure retarded osmosis. Covers applications of pressure retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis, and capacitive mixing for salinity gradient power in one convenient volume Presents the environmental aspects and economics of salinity gradient energy Explores possible synergies between desalination and salinity gradient energy

Download or read book Electrokinetics Across Disciplines and Continents written by Alexandra B. Ribeiro and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-08-25 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The socio-economic activities due to world development are promoting increasing pressures on land, creating competition and conflicts, resulting in suboptimal use of resources. Integrated planning and management of land resources is a top subject of Agenda 21 (managed by FAO), which deals with the cross-sectoral aspects of decision-making for the sustainable use and development of natural resources. This is essential for life-support systems and its productive capacity. In this context, there is a need to find new strategies for sustainable development that links social and economic progress with environmental protection and enhancement. Electrokinetic transport processes (EK) uses a low-level direct current as the “cleaning agent”. EK has been applied to the remediation of polluted soils and other contaminated matrices. It also shows a great potential to be used in different fields, as in saline soil restoration, nutrients recovery from wastes or repair and maintenance of building structures. EK may be an integrated approach for new strategies aiming at sustainable development and to support waste strategies, with worldwide interest. EK can also be coupled with phytoremediation and integrated with nanotechnology, enlarging the scope of its application. The conciliation of the EK in the recovery of secondary resources, remediation and conservation is a multidisciplinary novel approach that opens new technical possibilities for waste minimization, through upgrading of particulate waste products and the recovery of secondary resources for industrial, agricultural or social use.

Download or read book Ion Exchange Membrane Separation Processes written by H Strathmann and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-01-29 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, membranes and membrane processes are used as efficient tools for the separation of liquid mixtures or gases in the chemical and biomedical industry, in water desalination and wastewater purification. Despite the fact that various membrane processes, like reverse osmosis, are described in great detail in a number of books, processes involving ion-exchange membranes are only described in a fragmented way in scientific journals and patents; even though large industrial applications, like electrodialysis, have been around for over half a century. Therefore, this book is emphasizing on the most relevant aspects of ion-exchange membranes. This book provides a comprehensive overview of ion-exchange membrane separation processes covering the fundamentals as well as recent developments of the different products and processes and their applications. The audience for this book is heterogeneous, as it includes plant managers and process engineers as well as research scientists and graduate students. The separate chapters are based on different topics. The first chapter describes the relevant Electromembrane processes in a general overview. The second chapter explains thermodynamic and physicochemical fundamentals. The third chapter gives information about ion-exchange membrane preparation techniques, while the fourth and fifth chapter discusses the processes as unit operations giving examples for the design of specific plants. First work on the principles and applications of electrodialysis and related separation processes Presently no other comprehensive work that can serve as both reference work and text book is available Book is suited for teaching students and as source for detailed information

Download or read book Electrochemical Energy Generation from Natural and Synthetic Salinity Gradients Using Reverse Electrodialysis and Capacitive Mixing written by Marta Hatzell and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Salinity gradient energy (SGE) technologies are emerging systems designed to recover energy from engineered and natural mixing processes. Two electricity producing SGE systems are reverse electrodialysis (RED) and capacitive mixing (CapMix). RED captures mixing energy using a series of ion exchange membranes that drive electrochemical reactions at redox electrodes. CapMix utilizes polarizable electrodes to store charge in the surfaces electric double layer (EDL). Energy generation can then occur when the EDL is expanded and compressed in different concentration solutions.The use of themolytic salt solutions (e.g. ammonium bicarbonate--AmB) within a RED system is promising, as AmB can be regenerated using low-grade waste--heat (e.g. 40-60oC). One disadvantage to using AmB is the potential for gas bubbles (CO2, NH3) to form within the stack. Accumulation of bubbles can impede ion migration, and reduce system performance. The management and minimization of gaseous bubbles in RED flow fields is an important operational issue, and has not previously been addressed within RED literature. Flow field design with and without spacers in a RED stack was analyzed to determine how fluid flow and geometry effected the accumulation and removal of bubbles. In addition, the performance changes, in terms of power and resistance were measured in the presence of bubbles. Gaseous bubble accumulation was minimized using short vertically aligned channels, which resulted in a reduction in the amount of the membrane area which was restricted due to bubbles from ~20% to 7%. The stack power density improved by 12% when all gaseous bubbles were removed from the cell. AmB-RED systems can potentially produce hydrogen or electrical energy through altering the cathodic reaction. With a kinetically favorable cathodic reaction (oxygen reduction reaction), the projected electrical energy generated by a single pass AmB--RED system approached 78 Wh per m--3 (low concentrate). However, when RED was operated with the less kinetically favorable reaction (hydrogen evolution reaction), and hydrogen gas was harvested, the energy recovered increased by as much ~1.5 times to 118 Wh m--3 (low concentrate). Indirect hydrogen production through coupling an RED stack with an external electrolysis system was only projected to achieve 35 Wh m--3 (low concentrate) or a third of that produced through direct hydrogen generation. The flexibility of the RED architecture allows for the potential for simultaneous hydrogen and electricity production, whereas competing technologies such as PRO and CapMix only produce electricity. Several approaches to generate electrical power using CapMix have recently been developed, but power densities have remained low. By immersing the capacitive electrodes in ionic fields generated by exoelectrogenic microorganisms in bioelectrochemical reactors, it was shown that energy capture using synthetic river and seawater could be increased ~65 times, and power generation ~46 times, when compared to controls (no ionic fields). Favorable electrochemical reactions due to microbial oxidation of organic matter, coupled to oxygen reduction at the cathode, created this ionic flow field that enabled more effective passive charging of the capacitive electrodes, and higher energy capture. This ionic-based approach is not limited to the use of river water-seawater solutions. Forced charging of the capacitive electrodes, using energy generated by the bioelectrochemical system and a thermolytic solution, further increased the maximum power density to 7 W m--2 (capacitive electrode). The amount of salinity gradient energy that can be obtained through capacitive--mixing based on double layer expansion (CDLE) also depends on the extent that the materials electric double layer (EDL) expands in a low concentration electrolyte (e.g. river water). I show here that the individual electrode rise potential, which is a measure of the EDL expansion process, significantly (P = 10--5) depends on the concentration of strong acid surface functional groups. Electrodes with a low concentration of strong acid functional groups (0.05 mmol g--1) resulted in a positive--potential--rise of dU+/-- = +59 ± 4 mV (dUcell = 16 ± 0.7 mV) in synthetic river water, whereas activated carbons with high concentrations of strong acid groups (0.36 mmol g--1) produced a negative-potential-rise of dU+/-- = --31 ± 5 mV (dUcell ~--11 ± 1 mV). Dissimilar electrodes, which coupled a negative electrode with a high concentration of strong acid groups with positive electrode with a low concentrations of strong acid groups, produced a whole cell potential rise which was 5.7 times greater than produced with similar electrodes (from 15 ± 0.2 to 89 ± 3 mV). Therefore, tuning the surface chemistry of known materials can be conducted through a variety of methods (oxidation, ammonia treatment, etc.) to more optimally extract energy through CapMix processes.

Download or read book Electrokinetic and Colloid Transport Phenomena written by Jacob H. Masliyah and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-26 with total page 733 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new, definitive perspective of electrokinetic and colloid transport processes Responding to renewed interest in the subject of electrokinetics, Electrokinetic and Colloid Transport Phenomena is a timely overview of the latest research and applications in this field for both the beginner and the professional. An outgrowth of an earlier text (by coauthor Jacob Masliyah), this self-contained reference provides an up-to-date summary of the literature on electrokinetic and colloid transport phenomena as well as direct pedagogical insight into the development of the subject over the past several decades. A distinct departure from standard colloid science monographs, Electrokinetic and Colloid Transport Phenomena presents the most salient features of the theory in a simple and direct manner, allowing the book to serve as a stepping-stone for further learning and study. In addition, the book uniquely discusses numerical simulation of electrokinetic problems and demonstrates the use of commercial finite element software for solving these multiphysics problems. Among the topics covered are: * Mathematical preliminaries * Colloidal systems * Electrostatics and application of electrostatics * Electric double layer * Electroosmosis and streaming potential * Electrophoresis and sedimentation potential * London-Van der Waals forces and the DLVO theory * Coagulation and colloid deposition * Numerical simulation of electrokinetic phenomena * Applications of electrokinetic phenomena Because this thorough reference does not require advanced mathematical knowledge, it enables a graduate or a senior undergraduate student approaching the subject for the first time to easily interpret the theories. On the other hand, the application of relevant mathematical principles and the worked examples are extremely useful to established researchers and professionals involved in a wide range of areas, including electroosmosis, streaming potential, electrophoretic separations, industrial practices involving colloids and complex fluids, environmental remediation, suspensions, and microfluidic systems.

Download or read book Advances in Membrane Technologies written by Amira Abdelrasoul and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membrane technologies are currently the most effective and sustainable methods utilized in diversified water filtration, wastewater treatment, as well as industrial and sustainable energy applications. This book covers essential subsections of membrane separation and bioseparation processes from the perspectives of technical innovation, novelty, and sustainability. The book offers a comprehensive overview of the latest improvements and concerns with respect to membrane fouling remediation techniques, issues of bioincompatibility for biomedical applications, and various subareas of membrane separation processes, which will be an efficient resource for engineers.

Download or read book Electromembrane Processes written by Luigi Gurreri and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-09-08 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electromembrane processes offer a multitude of applications, allowing for the recovery of water, other products, and energy. This book is a collection of contributions on recent advancements in electromembrane processes attained via experiments and/or models. The first paper is a comprehensive review article on the applications of electrodialysis for wastewater treatment, highlighting current status, technical challenges, and key points for future perspectives. The second paper focuses on ZSM-5 zeolite/PVA mixed matrix CEMs with high monovalent permselectivity for recovering either acid or Li+. The third paper regards direct numerical simulations of electroconvection in an electrodialysis dilute channel with forced flow under potentiodynamic and galvanodynamic regimes. The fourth paper investigates the reasons for the formation and properties of soliton-like charge waves in overlimiting conditions. The fifth paper focuses on the characterization of AEMs functionalized by surface modification via poly(acrylic) acid yielding monovalent permselectivity for reverse electrodialysis. In the sixth paper, CFD simulations of reverse electrodialysis systems are performed. The seventh paper proposes an integrated membrane process, including electrochemical intercalation–deintercalation, for the preparation of Li2CO3 from brine with a high Mg2+/Li+ mass ratio. Finally, the eighth paper is a perspective article devoted to the acid–base flow battery with monopolar and bipolar membranes.

Download or read book Sustainable Desalination and Water Reuse written by Eric M.V. Hoek and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2021-06-18 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into the most versatile and effective desalination and advanced water treatment technology available. However, there remain certain challenges for improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery, which is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends to be limited by the salinity limits on brine discharge and cost is dominated by energy demand. The combination of water scarcity and sustainability imperatives, in many locations, is driving system designs towards minimal and zero liquid discharge (M/ZLD) for inland brackish water, municipal and industrial wastewaters, and even seawater desalination. Herein, we review the basic principles of RO processes, the state-of-the-art for RO membranes, modules and system designs as well as methods for concentrating and treating brines to achieve MLD/ZLD, resource recovery and renewable energy powered desalination systems. Throughout, we provide examples of installations employing conventional and some novel approaches towards high recovery RO in a range of applications from brackish groundwater desalination to oil and gas produced water treatment and seawater desalination.

Download or read book Energy Generation from Salinity Gradients with Reverse Electrodialysis written by Jordi Moreno Domingo and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions written by Kenneth S. Pitzer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was first published in 1991. It considers the concepts and theories relating to mostly aqueous systems of activity coefficients.

Download or read book Organic Rankine Cycle Technology for Heat Recovery written by Enhua Wang and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-11-07 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book on organic Rankine cycle technology presents nine chapters on research activities covering the wide range of current issues on the organic Rankine cycle. The first section deals with working fluid selection and component design. The second section is related to dynamic modeling, starting from internal combustion engines to industrial power plants. The third section discusses industrial applications of waste heat recovery, including internal combustion engines, LNG, and waste water. A comprehensive analysis of the technology and application of organic Rankine cycle systems is beyond the aim of the book. However, the content of this volume can be useful for scientists and students to broaden their knowledge of technologies and applications of organic Rankine cycle systems.

Download or read book Salinity Gradient Heat Engines written by Alessandro Tamburini and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-03 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Salinity Gradient Heat Engines classifies all the existing SGHEs and presents an in-depth analysis of their fundamentals, applications and perspectives. The main SGHEs analyzed in this publication are Osmotic, the Reverse Electrodialysis, and the Accumulator Mixing Heat Engines. The production and regeneration unit of both cycles are described and analyzed alongside the related economic and environmental aspects. This approach provides the reader with very thorough knowledge on how these technologies can be developed and implemented as a low-impact power generation technique, wherever low-temperature waste-heat is available. This book will also be a very beneficial resource for academic researchers and graduate students across various disciplines, including energy engineering, chemical engineering, chemistry, physics, electrical and mechanical engineering. Focuses on advanced, yet practical, recovery of waste heat via salinity gradient heat engines Outlines the existing salinity gradient heat engines and discusses fundamentals, potential and perspectives of each of them Includes economics and environmental aspects Provides an innovative reference for all industrial sectors involving processes where low-temperature waste-heat is available.

Download or read book Introduction to Membrane Science and Technology written by Heinrich Strathmann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-10-17 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by a dedicated lecturer and leading membrane scientist, who has worked both in academia and industry, this advanced textbook provides an impressive overview of all aspects of membranes and their applications. Together with numerous industrial case studies, practical examples and questions, the book provides an excellent and comprehensive introduction to the topic. Advanced students as well as process and chemical engineers working in industry will profit from this resource. A significant feature of the book is the treatment of more recently developed membranes and their applications in energy conversion, biomedical components, controlled release devices and environmental engineering with an indication of the present and future commercial impact. The solutions to the questions in the book can be found under http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/en/books/ISBN3-537-32451-8/ From the Contents: * Introduction * Fundamentals * Membrane Preparation and Characterization * Principles of Membrane Separation Processes * Membrane Modules and Concentration Polarization * Membrane Process Design and Operation

Download or read book Advances In Water Desalination Technologies written by Yoram Cohen and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-06-08 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents chapters from world leaders on water desalination advances with respect to processes, separations materials, and energy and environmental considerations. It provides a balanced discussion of the mature and newer desalination technologies and provides a fundamental assessment of the potential of emerging approaches. Realistic assessments for the feasibility of energy extraction from salinity gradients, desalting high salinity source water, membrane distillation, capacitive deionization, are among the topics discussed. Also, among the topics discussed in the book are recent advances in the desalination application of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, and surface structuring of membranes.

Download or read book Sustainable Development Of Energy Water And Environment Systems Proceedings Of The 3rd Dubrovnik Conference written by Zeljko Bogdan and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2007-06-12 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainability is a new, important discourse aimed at promoting a new strategy in the development of energy, water and environmental (EWE) systems — the key components that affect the quality of life on our planet. It is becoming increasingly clear that the quest for sustainable development requires integrating economic, social, cultural, political and ecological factors. The behavior and properties of an EWE system arise not merely from the properties of its component elements, but also to a large degree also from the nature and intensity of their dynamic interlinkages. This volume helps clarify the complexity of these problems by providing a deeper understanding of the implications of the different aspects of sustainability.This work contains a collection of selected, peer-reviewed and state-of-the-art reflecting papers that were presented at the Third Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems that was held in June 5-10, 2005 in Dubrovnik, Croatia.