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Book Endosonography E Book

    Book Details:
  • Author : Robert H. Hawes
  • Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
  • Release : 2018-09-12
  • ISBN : 0323550940
  • Pages : 395 pages

Download or read book Endosonography E Book written by Robert H. Hawes and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-09-12 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the full spectrum of endoscopic ultrasound, Endosonography, 4th Edition, by Drs. Robert Hawes, Paul Fockens, and Shyam Varadarajulu, is a comprehensive, one-stop resource for mastering both diagnostic and therapeutic EUS procedures. Leading global authorities guide you step by step through both introductory and advanced techniques, covering everything from interpretation and accurate diagnosis to treatment recommendations. High-quality images and an easy-to-navigate format make this updated reference a must-have for both beginning and experienced endosonographers. Features completed updated content throughout, including new sections on high-intensity focused ultrasound, through-the-needle biopsy, benign pancreatic masses, and gastro-jejunostomy. Includes perspectives from new contributors who provide global experience and knowledge. Contains new and enhanced illustrations that correlate with high-quality endoscopic images. Covers cutting-edge techniques for performing therapeutic interventions, such as drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and EUS-guided anti-tumor therapy, as well as fine needle aspiration (FNA) procedures.

Book Endosonography E Book

    Book Details:
  • Author : Shyam Varadarajulu
  • Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
  • Release : 2022-10-11
  • ISBN : 0323878016
  • Pages : 486 pages

Download or read book Endosonography E Book written by Shyam Varadarajulu and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2022-10-11 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A must-have reference for both beginning and experienced endosonographers, Endosonography, 5th Edition, coves the full spectrum of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in a single, convenient resource. Concise, easy-to-navigate chapters keep you abreast of changes in this dynamic field, and nearly 150 procedural videos reinforce techniques of common, clinically relevant procedures. Covering both standard and newer techniques, this authoritative reference covers everything you need to know—from basic applications to advanced interventions. Guides you step by step through both introductory and advanced techniques, covering everything from interpretation and accurate diagnosis to treatment recommendations. Employs a user-friendly, templated format to cover all topics from basic applications to advanced interventions, with procedures organized by body system. Includes a new chapter on Endo-Hepatology, and an increased focus on using EUS for interventions. Features 20 new procedural videos covering topics such as esophageal and gastric cancer; mediastinal lesions and lung cancer; pancreatic tumors; and bile duct, gallbladder, and ampullary lesions. Covers recent improvements and new applications in guided fine-needle EUS for diagnosis and cancer staging. Features high-quality images with correlative illustrations, diagnostic algorithms, examination checklists, and key points boxes throughout. Provides nearly 150 how-to-videos of both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed by expert endosonographers that demonstrate effective techniques and the proper use of equipment. Provides practical information on establishing an endoscopic practice, from what equipment to buy to effective cytopathology services.

Book Endosonography E Book

    Book Details:
  • Author : Robert H. Hawes
  • Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
  • Release : 2014-06-16
  • ISBN : 0323296106
  • Pages : 419 pages

Download or read book Endosonography E Book written by Robert H. Hawes and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-06-16 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From diagnostic to therapeutic procedures, Endosonography, 3rd Edition is an easy-to-access, highly visual guide covering everything you need to effectively perform EUS, interpret your findings, diagnose accurately, and choose the best treatment course. World-renowned endosonographers help beginners apply endosonography in staging cancers, evaluating chronic pancreatitis, and studying bile duct abnormalities and submucosal lesions. Practicing endosonographers can learn cutting-edge techniques for performing therapeutic interventions such as drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and EUS-guided anti-tumor therapy. Videos detailing various methods and procedures—and more—equip you with a complete overview of all aspects of EUS. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Get a clear overview of everything you need to know to establish an endoscopic practice, from what equipment to buy to providing effective cytopathology services. Understand the role of EUS with the aid of algorithms that define its place in specific disease states. Gain a detailed visual understanding and mastery of how to perform EUS systematically using illustrations, high-quality endosonography images, and videos. Glean all essential, up-to-date information about endosonography including transluminal drainage procedures, contrast-enhanced EUS, and fine-needle aspiration techniques. Benefit from the extensive knowledge and experience of world-renowned leaders in endosonography, Drs. Robert H. Hawes, Paul Fockens, and Shyam Varadarajulu. Locate information quickly and easily through a consistent chapter structure, with procedures organized by body system.

Book Endosonography E Book

    Book Details:
  • Author : Robert H. Hawes
  • Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
  • Release : 2010-11-01
  • ISBN : 143773569X
  • Pages : 312 pages

Download or read book Endosonography E Book written by Robert H. Hawes and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endosonography—by Drs. Robert H. Hawes, Paul Fockens, and Shyam Varadarjulu—is a rich visual guide that covers everything you need to effectively perform EUS, interpret your findings, diagnose accurately, and choose the best treatment course. World-renowned endosonographers help beginners apply endosonography in the staging of cancers, evaluating chronic pancreatitis, and studying bile duct abnormalities and submucosal lesions. Practicing endosonographers can learn cutting-edge techniques for performing therapeutic interventions such as drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and EUS-guided anti-tumor therapy. This updated 2nd edition features online access to the fully searchable text, videos detailing various methods and procedures, and more at www.expertconsult.com. You’ll have a complete overview of all aspects of EUS, from instrumentation to therapeutic procedures. Gain a detailed visual understanding on how to perform EUS using illustrations and high-quality images. Understand the role of EUS with the aid of algorithms that define its place in specific disease states. Locate information quickly and easily through a consistent chapter structure, with procedures organized by body system. Access the fully searchable text online at www.expertconsult.com, along with 60 procedural video clips, 300 downloadable PowerPoint slides, and 400 downloadable images, and regular updates reflecting the latest findings. Stay abreast of the most recent studies thanks to downloadable tables that summarize new information, updated on a quarterly basis. Master the technique of systematically performing EUS, then download the hundreds of slides and videos available online to teach and train the newer generation of endoscopists. Find coverage relevant to your needs with detailed chapters, illustrations, and videos on how to perform EUS for the beginner; a new section on international EUS and technical tips on how to handle difficult FNAs for the advanced user; a totally revised chapter on cytopathology for the pathologist; and a chapter on EBUS and EUS dedicated to the mediastinum for the pulmonologist. Get a clear overview of everything you need to know to establish an endoscopic practice, from what equipment to buy to providing effective cytopathology service. Tap into the expertise of world-renowned leaders in endosonography, Drs. Robert H. Hawes, Paul Fockens, and Shyam Varadarajulu.

Book Endosonography

    Book Details:
  • Author : Robert H. Hawes
  • Publisher : Elsevier
  • Release : 2018-08
  • ISBN : 9780323547239
  • Pages : 395 pages

Download or read book Endosonography written by Robert H. Hawes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-08 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the full spectrum of endoscopic ultrasound, Endosonography, 4th Edition, by Drs. Robert Hawes, Paul Fockens, and Shyam Varadarajulu, is a comprehensive, one-stop resource for mastering both diagnostic and therapeutic EUS procedures. Leading global authorities guide you step by step through both introductory and advanced techniques, covering everything from interpretation and accurate diagnosis to treatment recommendations. Dozens of how-to videos, high-quality images, and an easy-to-navigate format make this updated reference a must-have for both beginning and experienced endosonographers. Provides practical information on establishing an endoscopic practice, from what equipment to buy to providing effective cytopathology services. Employs a user-friendly templated format to cover all topics from basic applications to advanced interventions, with procedures organized by body system. Features completed updated content throughout, including new sections on high-intensity focused ultrasound, through-the-needle biopsy, benign pancreatic masses, and gastro-jejunostomy. Includes perspectives from new contributors who provide global experience and knowledge. Contains new and enhanced illustrations that correlate with high-quality endoscopic images. Teaches clinically relevant techniques through dozens of new how-to videos. Covers cutting-edge techniques for performing therapeutic interventions, such as drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and EUS-guided anti-tumor therapy, as well as fine needle aspiration (FNA) procedures. Expert ConsultT eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Book Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography

Download or read book Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography written by Frank G. Gress and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-23 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography provides readers with a large collection of excellent images obtained from both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The Atlas includes a DVD which will be an invaluable addition to the library of trainee and practising gastroenterologists with video clips and searchable database of images. Together the book and DVD offer a first class collection of images to give a highly integrated introduction to endoscopic ultrasonography. The Atlas is an ideal companion to Dr Gress et al’s Endoscopic Ultrasonography, Second Edition.

Book Practical Handbook of Endoscopic Ultrasonography

Download or read book Practical Handbook of Endoscopic Ultrasonography written by Kazuya Akahoshi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-31 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has evolved from an obscure method of investigation in the 1980s to a distinct endoscopy subspecialty with interventional and therapeutic capabilities. The art of interpreting EUS images is a skill every endoscopist needs to master. This book helps to meet that need as it is concise, simple to read, and amply illustrated, and describes the technique in a step-by-step manner. Many high-resolution EUS images of diseases are included, and literature reviews are kept short and concise while separate discussions and illustrations are devoted to radial and linear techniques. The book can be used as a reference handbook in the endoscopy room, yet contains all of the relevant information required to perform EUS, interpret images, and reach a diagnosis. Important pathological conditions are thoroughly discussed using representative EUS images, pointing out salient differentiating features, and relevant literature reviews are included. The section on interventional EUS deals with advanced interventional or therapeutic procedures, and potential complications and methods to avoid them are discussed. For the novice, the book is designed to teach EUS using a step-by-step approach, and for the seasoned endosonographer it is a practical reference tool for use while performing EUS and may also serve in the differentiation of various pathologies.

Book Endoscopic Ultrasonography

Download or read book Endoscopic Ultrasonography written by Frank G. Gress and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-03-21 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Year on year, there continue to be dramatic changes in endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) since it was first introduced 30 years ago. Advances in technology have meant that as well as being used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders, EUS is now one of the primary diagnostic and therapeutic modalities used in GI endoscopy. Back and improved for a new edition, Endoscopic Ultrasonography is the market-leading book covering the topic. Written by leading experts in the field, it provides a technical how-to approach to learning this advanced endoscopic procedure. The highly-acclaimed authors provide step-by-step guidance to the fundamentals of EUS, giving clear instructions on the instruments involved, the correct sedation procedures to follow and how EUS should be performed safely and effectively. Every chapter discusses a specific aspect of EUS as it relates to a particular gastrointestinal disorder or organ system. Brand new to this edition are: 1) Seven new chapters on the hottest topics in EUS: Learning Anatomy for EUS; Elastography; Lung Cancer; Autoimmune Pancreatitis; EUS for Liver Disease; Biliary Access; Pancreatic Fluid Collection Drainage 2) A complete update of all previous chapters to reflect the most current clinical recommendations 3) A host of new color images in every chapter Endoscopic Ultrasonography 3rd edition is the ideal tool to consult to improve EUS skills and improve patient management, and an essential purchase for all gastroenterologists and endoscopists.

Book Digital Human Anatomy and Endoscopic Ultrasonography

Download or read book Digital Human Anatomy and Endoscopic Ultrasonography written by Manoop S. Bhutani and published by PMPH-USA. This book was released on 2005 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Anatomy and Endoscopic Ultrasonography is a comprehensive atlas of normal endosonographic anatomy utilizing correlative images from the Visible Human Data Bank. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a rapidly growing area of gastroenterology and this text aims to be the definitive work on human endoscopic ultrasonography anatomy. Drs Bhutani and Deutsch are renowned for their work in this expanding area. In addition to covering the principles of UES, the abundantly illustrated text presents views from the major vascular structures, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and the male and female rectum. This work is original and offers a much-needed atlas and training tool of normal human anatomy by EUS. It addition to shortening the lengthy EUS learning process, this work will provide a useful reference for improving current skills and anatomic image recognition during endosonography.

Book Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound

Download or read book Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound written by Evangelos Kalaitzakis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an up-to-date review of therapeutic EUS with an equal focus on technical descriptions with ample endoscopic images/video clips by world experts and the scientific evidence behind the described techniques. The book provides an overview of the field in a structured manner, starting with general topics on equipment and service development and extending to the fields of EUS-guided drainage, anti-tumor therapies, and other specific EUS-guided interventional treatments. Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound is a key resource for endoscopists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, and GI oncologists.

Book Endoscopic Ultrasound

    Book Details:
  • Author : Christoph Frank Dietrich
  • Publisher : Thieme
  • Release : 2011-05-18
  • ISBN : 3132578401
  • Pages : 1124 pages

Download or read book Endoscopic Ultrasound written by Christoph Frank Dietrich and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2011-05-18 with total page 1124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is now considered one of the most essential and cost-effective techniques in the assessment of a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. A remarkably versatile, minimally invasive procedure, it also calls for a high level of anatomic knowledge and technical prowess. This revised and updated lavishly illustrated volume -- a textbook and atlas in one -- offers medical professionals the most comprehensive overview of EUS available, as well as a wealth of valuable insights from leaders in the field. Features: More than 1000 high-quality images Logical, easy-to-use structure, including the requisite anatomy and pathology Strategies for selecting patients and procedures, including hygiene requirements, informed consent, patient positioning and monitoring, and more Precise clinical descriptions and valuable tips and techniques for diagnosis and treatment Guidance on the successful handling of needling and catheters Insightful discussions of the uses and limitations of evolving techniques Chapters on contrast-enhanced EUS techniques and SonoElastography, new chapters on "Hot Spots of Interventional EUS" and Portal Hypertension Accompanying DVD with over 60 video sequences and 30 still images on selected topics Written for specialists and trainees in gastroenterology, pneumology, and surgery, Endoscopic Ultrasound is essential reading for anyone wishing to explore and exploit the potential of state-of-the-art EUS.

Book The Endoscopic Oncologist  An Issue of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics  E Book

Download or read book The Endoscopic Oncologist An Issue of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics E Book written by Kenneth J. Chang and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2023-11-18 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this issue of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America, guest editors Drs. Kenneth J. Chang and Jason B. Samarasena bring their considerable expertise to the topic of The Endoscopic Oncologist. The practice of gastrointestinal endoscopy intersects with oncology in many ways, much of it involving pre-cancerous conditions. But the endoscopist's role in diagnosing, staging, and treating cancer patients is expanding. This issue is devoted to the current and future role of the endoscopic oncologist, with topics such as endoscopic diagnosis of luminal gastrointestinal cancer and extra-luminal cancer; endoscopic resection for early cancer; and more. - Contains 12 relevant, practice-oriented topics including endoscopic ultrasound cancer staging; management of biliary obstruction; endoscopic management of colonic obstruction; endoscopic treatment of tumor bleeding; endoscopic ultrasound-guided pain management; and more. - Provides in-depth clinical reviews on the endoscopic oncologist, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. - Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Book Ultrasound and Endoscopic Surgery in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Download or read book Ultrasound and Endoscopic Surgery in Obstetrics and Gynaecology written by Dirk Timmerman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a unique book in that it brings together the two key investigative techniques in Gynaecology and Obstetrics, namely ultrasound and endoscopy. So often in the past they were regarded by their exponents as rival techniques but it is now recognised that they are complementary to each other. Consequently future trainees in endoscopy should become efficient in transvaginal sonography and vice versa. Ultrasound can be used to study the morphology of the pelvic organs such as the endometrium, myometrium and ovaries, and being non-invasive, safe and convenient can be repeated as often as is deemed necessary to monitor changes over time; for example in the investigation of the infertile woman the development of the dominant follicle, the maturation of the endometrium and the formation of the corpus luteum can be documented throughout the menstrual cycle while growth of ovarian cysts can be precisely measured to determine the need for surgery. A seldom-mentioned strength of the ultrasound examination is its interactive quality, for example by performing abdominal palpation during the scan, the mobility of the uterus and ovaries can be assessed. Also the images as they appear can be shown to the patient to aid understanding. Ultrasound can also determine function and the use of Doppler has been used for example to access endometrial receptivity, follicular maturity and the likelihood of malignancy in the endometrium or ovary.

Book A Basic Approach To Longitudinal Endoscopic Ultrasound

Download or read book A Basic Approach To Longitudinal Endoscopic Ultrasound written by Lianyong Li and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-05-31 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Longitudinal endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is now widely accepted as a powerful tool for the exploration of organs outside of the gastrointestinal lumen. The first step in the learning of longitudinal EUS is the first understanding the human anatomic structure on ultrasound. This book provides both the beginner and the middle level endosonographists with a comprehensive guide to anatomic structures in the upper abdomen in longitudinal EUS. Through the use of numerous colour images and supplemented with online video clips, this book will be a great help in mastering longitudinal EUS.

Book Clinical Pancreatology for Practising Gastroenterologists and Surgeons

Download or read book Clinical Pancreatology for Practising Gastroenterologists and Surgeons written by Juan Enrique Dominguez-Munoz and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-03-17 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Pancreatology Since the book Clinical Pancreatology for Practising Gastroenterologists and Surgeons was first published sixteen years ago, the knowledge and clinical management of pancreatic diseases have developed markedly. Thanks to the development of the translational research and the from bench to bedside concept, much progress from the lab has been applied to clinical practice. In addition, several highly relevant clinical trials published over the last years have resulted in the update and optimisation of clinical guidelines. A new and validated classification of severity and complications of acute pancreatitis is firmly rooted in clinical practice and has been the basis for the development of minimally invasive approaches to pancreatic necrosis. The etiopathogenic knowledge of chronic pancreatitis and other pancreatopaties, like that associated with diabetes mellitus, has developed significantly. Especially important has been the development of the field of cystic pancreatic tumours, which has been reflected in the publication of several guidelines and consensus reports over the last few years. Most research efforts have focused on pancreatic cancer, which have led and will further lead to a significant increase in the therapeutic armamentarium against this devastating disease. Finally, many newly published studies have changed the concept, causes, clinical relevance, diagnosis and treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. This new edition of Clinical Pancreatology for Practising Gastroenterologists and Surgeons has enjoyed the collaboration of the world’s leading experts in each of the areas of clinical pancreatology with the aim of facilitating gastroenterologists, surgeons, oncologists, internists, nutritionists, diabetologists, paediatricians, radiologists, pathologists and other specialists in their decision making when facing patients with pancreatic diseases in their daily clinical practice. All in all, this book supplies an indispensable update of the relevant aspects of clinical pancreatology.

Book Practical Pediatric Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Download or read book Practical Pediatric Gastrointestinal Endoscopy written by George Gershman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reference text for all those practicing diagnostic and therapeutic pediatric endoscopy – trainees, trainers, specialist endoscopists, gastroenterologists and hepatologists alike. Practical Pediatric Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 3rd Edition provides a comprehensive and up-to-date exploration for the performance of endoscopy in infants, children and young adults. Written in the form of a complete "how to" manual and filled with step-by-step instructions, this book seeks to bring newcomers to the field of pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy quickly up to speed. The book is also highly useful for experienced specialist endoscopists and gastroenterologists to brush up on best practice in standard techniques and explore advanced topics in the field. Practical Pediatric Gastrointestinal Endoscopy highlights the substantial and important differences between performing an endoscopy on a mature adult and performing one in a pediatric patient. The differences discussed include: GI pathology Subtleties of diagnostic technique specific to children Application of therapeutic endoscopy to specifically pediatric scenarios Anesthesia and sedation Training and skill maintenance Sophisticated endoscopic techniques adapted from adult endoscopy to children and those techniques specifically orientated to problems and diseases mainly encountered in childhood. This guide is becoming an essential companion for those of us providing diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy for children in the world today and opens the door to future possibilities in this ever-evolving field.

Book Clinical Ultrasound  2 Volume Set E Book

Download or read book Clinical Ultrasound 2 Volume Set E Book written by Paul L Allan and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2011-03-07 with total page 1632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Ultrasound has been thoroughly revised and updated by a brand new editorial team in order to incorporate the latest scanning technologies and their clinical applications in both adult and paediatric patients. With over 4,000 high-quality illustrations, the book covers the entire gamut of organ systems and body parts where this modality is useful. It provides the ultrasound practitioner with a comprehensive, authoritative guide to image diagnosis and interpretation. Colour is now incorporated extensively throughout this edition in order to reflect the advances in clinical Doppler, power Doppler, contrast agents. Each chapter now follows a consistent organizational structure and now contains numerous summary boxes and charts in order to make the diagnostic process practical and easy to follow. Covering all of the core knowledge, skills and experience as recommended by the Royal College of Radiologists, it provides the Fellow with a knowledge base sufficient to pass professional certification examinations and provides the practitioner with a quick reference on all currently available diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound imaging procedures. - Individual chapters organized around common template therefore establishing a consistent diagnostic approach throughout the text and making the information easier to retrieve. - Access the full text online and download images via Expert Consult. - Three brand new editors and many new contributing authors bring a fresh perspective on the content. - Authoritative coverage of the most recent advances and latest developments in cutting edge technologies such as: colour Doppler, power Doppler, 3D and 4D applications, harmonic imaging, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) microbubble contrast agents, interventional ultrasound , laparoscopic ultrasound brings this edition right up to date in terms of the changes in technology and the increasing capabilities/applications of ultrasound equipment. - New sections on musculoskeletal imaging. - Addition of coloured text, tables, and charts throughout will facilitate quick review and enhance comprehension.