EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

Book Enabling Real Time Business Intelligence

Download or read book Enabling Real Time Business Intelligence written by Malu Castellanos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-08-21 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed conference proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Business Intelligence for the Real-Time Enterprise, BIRTE 2012, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in August 2012, in conjunction with VLDB 2012, the International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. The BIRTE workshop series provides a forum to discuss and advance the science and engineering enabling real-time business intelligence and the novel applications that build on these foundational techniques. This volume contains ten research papers, which were carefully reviewed and selected from 13 submissions.

Book Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery

Download or read book Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery written by Haleem J. Issaq and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-05-20 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery demonstrates how to leverage biomarkers to improve accuracy and reduce errors in research. Disease biomarker discovery is one of the most vibrant and important areas of research today, as the identification of reliable biomarkers has an enormous impact on disease diagnosis, selection of treatment regimens, and therapeutic monitoring. Various techniques are used in the biomarker discovery process, including techniques used in proteomics, the study of the proteins that make up an organism, and metabolomics, the study of chemical fingerprints created from cellular processes. Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery is the only publication that covers techniques from both proteomics and metabolomics and includes all steps involved in biomarker discovery, from study design to study execution. The book describes methods, and presents a standard operating procedure for sample selection, preparation, and storage, as well as data analysis and modeling. This new standard effectively eliminates the differing methodologies used in studies and creates a unified approach. Readers will learn the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques discussed, as well as potential difficulties inherent to all steps in the biomarker discovery process. A vital resource for biochemists, biologists, analytical chemists, bioanalytical chemists, clinical and medical technicians, researchers in pharmaceuticals, and graduate students, Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery provides the information needed to reduce clinical error in the execution of research. - Describes the use of biomarkers to reduce clinical errors in research - Includes techniques from a range of biomarker discoveries - Covers all steps involved in biomarker discovery, from study design to study execution

Book Proteome Informatics

    Book Details:
  • Author : Conrad Bessant
  • Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
  • Release : 2016-11-15
  • ISBN : 1782626735
  • Pages : 429 pages

Download or read book Proteome Informatics written by Conrad Bessant and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of proteomics has developed rapidly over the past decade nurturing the need for a detailed introduction to the various informatics topics that underpin the main liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) protocols used for protein identification and quantitation. Proteins are a key component of any biological system, and monitoring proteins using LC-MS/MS proteomics is becoming commonplace in a wide range of biological research areas. However, many researchers treat proteomics software tools as a black box, drawing conclusions from the output of such tools without considering the nuances and limitations of the algorithms on which such software is based. This book seeks to address this situation by bringing together world experts to provide clear explanations of the key algorithms, workflows and analysis frameworks, so that users of proteomics data can be confident that they are using appropriate tools in suitable ways.

Book Genomics and Proteomics for Clinical Discovery and Development

Download or read book Genomics and Proteomics for Clinical Discovery and Development written by György Marko-Varga and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-26 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is intended to be a resource for students as well as scientists in education and for the general public to learn about proteomics and genomics. Chromosomes form the basis for our genetic heritage and are the code for protein synthesis. The Human Genome Map came out in 2002, and the Proteome Sequence Map is under currently being created by a global consortia initiative. Proteome and genome building blocks already form the basis of scientific research areas as well as large parts of the pharmaceutical and biomedical industry. The book initiative will provide the background to and our current understanding of these gene and protein areas, as well as describe how cutting-edge science is using these resources to develop new medicines and new diagnostics for patient care and treatment. The book will be useful for undergraduate students as well as university students and researchers who need a good understanding of genomics and proteomics within the clinical field. The book will also be targeted at a broad public as well as readers not specialized within this field. Dr. Marko-Varga is the head of the Head of Div. Clinical Protein Science & Imaging at the Biomedical Center, Dept. of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, and Professor at the 1st Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.

Book Pharmacoproteomics

    Book Details:
  • Author : Seth Kwabena Amponsah
  • Publisher : Springer Nature
  • Release : 2024
  • ISBN : 3031640217
  • Pages : 480 pages

Download or read book Pharmacoproteomics written by Seth Kwabena Amponsah and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives an overview of pharmacoproteomics and its clinical applications, as well as the latest information on drug mechanisms at the proteome level, the relationship between proteomics and toxicity or resistance, and how proteomics aid in discovery of new drug targets. The book also highlights recent advances in analytical methods, analysis, and interpretation of pharmacoproteomic data. Pharmacoproteomics: Recent Trends and Applications is an ideal book for those working in pharmaceutical industries, as well as scientists, health care professionals, and researchers who work in the field of genomics, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and pharmaceutical chemistry.

Book Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Drug Design and Development

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Drug Design and Development written by Abhirup Khanna and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-07-18 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a comprehensive guide that explores the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in drug discovery and development covering a range of topics, including the use of molecular modeling, docking, identifying targets, selecting compounds, and optimizing drugs. The intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) within the field of drug design and development represents a pivotal moment in the history of healthcare and pharmaceuticals. The remarkable synergy between cutting-edge technology and the life sciences has ushered in a new era of possibilities, offering unprecedented opportunities, formidable challenges, and a tantalizing glimpse into the future of medicine. AI can be applied to all the key areas of the pharmaceutical industry, such as drug discovery and development, drug repurposing, and improving productivity within a short period. Contemporary methods have shown promising results in facilitating the discovery of drugs to target different diseases. Moreover, AI helps in predicting the efficacy and safety of molecules and gives researchers a much broader chemical pallet for the selection of the best molecules for drug testing and delivery. In this context, drug repurposing is another important topic where AI can have a substantial impact. With the vast amount of clinical and pharmaceutical data available to date, AI algorithms find suitable drugs that can be repurposed for alternative use in medicine. This book is a comprehensive exploration of this dynamic and rapidly evolving field. In an era where precision and efficiency are paramount in drug discovery, AI and ML have emerged as transformative tools, reshaping the way we identify, design, and develop pharmaceuticals. This book is a testament to the profound impact these technologies have had and will continue to have on the pharmaceutical industry, healthcare, and ultimately, patient well-being. The editors of this volume have assembled a distinguished group of experts, researchers, and thought leaders from both the AI, ML, and pharmaceutical domains. Their collective knowledge and insights illuminate the multifaceted landscape of AI and ML in drug design and development, offering a roadmap for navigating its complexities and harnessing its potential. In each section, readers will find a rich tapestry of knowledge, case studies, and expert opinions, providing a 360-degree view of AI and ML’s role in drug design and development. Whether you are a researcher, scientist, industry professional, policymaker, or simply curious about the future of medicine, this book offers 19 state-of-the-art chapters providing valuable insights and a compass to navigate the exciting journey ahead. Audience The book is a valuable resource for a wide range of professionals in the pharmaceutical and allied industries including researchers, scientists, engineers, and laboratory workers in the field of drug discovery and development, who want to learn about the latest techniques in machine learning and AI, as well as information technology professionals who are interested in the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in drug development.

Book From Proteins to Proteomics

Download or read book From Proteins to Proteomics written by Sanjeeva Srivastava and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-12-29 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proteomics aims to study all the proteins of human and other living systems, as well as their properties to provide an integrated view of cellular processes. The study of proteomics involves the application of rapidly evolving high-throughput technologies and new platforms that are coming forward regularly, providing versatile novel tools for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. This book provides a detailed understanding of the basics of proteins and proteomics, gel based-proteomics techniques, basics of mass spectrometry and quantitative proteomics, interactomics: basics and applications, and advancements in proteomics. It also covers basic knowledge about sample preparation, mass spectrometry workflow, different chromatography technologies and quantitative proteomics. The text highlights the application and challenges of various high-throughput integrated proteomics technologies capable of fast and accurate screening of thousands of biomolecules, which are found to be very effective for studying disease pathobiology and identification of next-generation biomarkers and potential drug/vaccine targets; and are therefore considered valuable tools for multidisciplinary research. Features Basics of proteins and proteomics techniques In-depth understanding of mass spectrometry and quantitative proteomics An overview of interactomics and its application for translational research Advancement in the field of proteomics and challenges in clinical applications We hope the knowledge gained from reading this book will intrigue and motivate young minds to explore future opportunities in the constantly evolving field of proteomics.

Book Handbook of Molecular Biotechnology

Download or read book Handbook of Molecular Biotechnology written by Dongyou Liu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-09-05 with total page 763 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a history that likely dates back to the dawn of human civilization more than 10,000 years ago, and a record that includes the domestication and selective breeding of plants and animals, the harnessing of fermentation process for bread, cheese, and brewage production, and the development of vaccines against infectious diseases, biotechnology has acquired a molecular focus during the 20th century, particularly following the resolution of DNA double helix in 1953, and the publication of DNA cloning protocol in 1973, and transformed our concepts and practices in disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention, pharmaceutical and industrial manufacturing, animal and plant industry, and food processing. While molecular biotechnology offers unlimited opportunities for improving human health and well-being, animal welfare, agricultural innovation and environmental conservation, a dearth of high quality books that have the clarity of laboratory manuals without distractive procedural details and the thoroughness of well-conversed textbooks appears to dampen the enthusiasm of aspiring students. In attempt to fill this glaring gap, Handbook of Molecular Biotechnology includes four sections, with the first three presenting in-depth coverage on DNA, RNA and protein technologies, and the fourth highlighting their utility in biotechnology. Recognizing the importance of logical reasoning and experimental verification over direct observation and simple description in biotechnological research and development, the Introduction provides pertinent discussions on key strategies (i.e., be first, be better, and be different), effective thinking (lateral, parallel, causal, reverse, and random), and experimental execution, which have proven invaluable in helping advance research projects, evaluate and prepare research reports, and enhance other scientific endeavors. Key features Presents state-of-the-art reviews on DNA, RNA and protein technologies and their biotechnological applications Discusses key strategies, effective thinking, and experimental execution for scientific research and development Fills the gap left by detailed-ridden laboratory manuals and insight-lacking standard textbooks Includes expert contributions from international scientists at the forefront of molecular biotechnology research and development Written by international scientists at the forefront of molecular biotechnology research and development, chapters in this volume cover the histories, principles, and applications of individual techniques/technologies, and constitute stand-alone, yet interlinked lectures that strive to educate as well as to entertain. Besides providing an informative textbook for tertiary students in molecular biotechnology and related fields, this volume serves as an indispensable roadmap for novice scientists in their efforts to acquire innovative skills and establish solid track records in molecular biotechnology, and offers a contemporary reference for scholars, educators, and policymakers wishing to keep in touch with recent developments in molecular biotechnology.

Book Mass Spectrometry Based Proteomics

Download or read book Mass Spectrometry Based Proteomics written by Kris Gevaert and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed volume explores contemporary techniques in mass spectrometry-based proteomics. After covering overall proteome coverage and the cellular surfaceome, the book delves into proximity-induced biotinylation, abduction of protein complexes in viral-like particles, and thermal proteome profiling, as well as protocols for identifying protein N-terminal acetylation, protein processing by proteases, protein N-glycosylation, and protein phosphorylation. The book also collects chapters on automated preparation of clinical samples, the analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples, protocols for the isolation of extracellular vesicles and for the monitoring of selected protein modifications in clinical samples, and, finally, structural proteomics. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics serves as an ideal guide to its subject for both novices in the field of proteomics as well as specialists.

Book Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-08-21 with total page 3421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: ABC of Bioinformatics, Three Volume Set combines elements of computer science, information technology, mathematics, statistics and biotechnology, providing the methodology and in silico solutions to mine biological data and processes. The book covers Theory, Topics and Applications, with a special focus on Integrative –omics and Systems Biology. The theoretical, methodological underpinnings of BCB, including phylogeny are covered, as are more current areas of focus, such as translational bioinformatics, cheminformatics, and environmental informatics. Finally, Applications provide guidance for commonly asked questions. This major reference work spans basic and cutting-edge methodologies authored by leaders in the field, providing an invaluable resource for students, scientists, professionals in research institutes, and a broad swath of researchers in biotechnology and the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Brings together information from computer science, information technology, mathematics, statistics and biotechnology Written and reviewed by leading experts in the field, providing a unique and authoritative resource Focuses on the main theoretical and methodological concepts before expanding on specific topics and applications Includes interactive images, multimedia tools and crosslinking to further resources and databases

Book From Physics to Daily Life

Download or read book From Physics to Daily Life written by Beatrice Bressan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-08-18 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beatrice Bressan brings together a number of outstanding examples of successful cross-disciplinary technology transfer originating in fundamental physics research, which dramatically impacted progress in biomedical research and clinical applications. Many of these examples were developed at CERN, a hotbed of fundamental inventions in particle physics. Additional sections of the book deal with knowledge management and technology transfer including its economic aspects. While each chapter has been drafted by an expert in the field, the editor has carefully edited the whole book, ensuring a coherent overall structure. A must-have for policy makers, technology companies, investors, strategic planners in research and technology, as well as attractive reading for the research community.

Book Livestock Genomics and Community based Breeding Strategies in Low and Middle Income Countries  Challenges  Opportunities and Future Perspectives

Download or read book Livestock Genomics and Community based Breeding Strategies in Low and Middle Income Countries Challenges Opportunities and Future Perspectives written by Isidore Houaga and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-07-17 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low-and-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are home to diverse populations of livestock species adapted to various agro-ecological zones, production systems, and harsh environmental conditions. However, the livestock in LMICs have not been systematically improved and current low levels of productivity do not meet the demand for livestock products by a growing population. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and genotyping technologies have enabled the application of genomic selection in various livestock species in some western countries with great success. Despite the low adoption of genomic breeding in LMICs livestock industry, various studies and programs were initiated and some are still ongoing. Furthermore, community-based breeding programs (CBBP) have been initiated in many LMICs with great benefits for smallholder livestock farmers. CBBPs are based on the active participation of farmers from inception through to implementation and consider their needs, views, decisions, breeding objectives, and available infrastructure. In Africa for instance, small ruminants CBBPs have generated substantial genetic gains and socioeconomic benefits for rural poor farmers. However, the current challenges affecting the data recording and genetic evaluation of the CBBPs in LMICS are yet to be fully reported. Furthermore, the CBBPs are yet to integrate genomic selection in their breeding strategies. For sustainable livestock breeding in LMICs, there is a need to assess the current status of livestock genomics and community-based breeding strategies to identify the challenges and suggest mitigating strategies and future improvement strategy plans. In this Research Topic, we aim to collect findings from past and current livestock genomics and community-based breeding programs, the challenges, the lessons learned, the opportunities, and future perspectives.

Book Metaproteomics

    Book Details:
  • Author : Carlo Salerno
  • Publisher : Springer Nature
  • Release :
  • ISBN : 1071639102
  • Pages : 225 pages

Download or read book Metaproteomics written by Carlo Salerno and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Comprehensive Foodomics

Download or read book Comprehensive Foodomics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-11-12 with total page 2444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive Foodomics, Three Volume Set offers a definitive collection of over 150 articles that provide researchers with innovative answers to crucial questions relating to food quality, safety and its vital and complex links to our health. Topics covered include transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, green foodomics, epigenetics and noncoding RNA, food safety, food bioactivity and health, food quality and traceability, data treatment and systems biology. Logically structured into 10 focused sections, each article is authored by world leading scientists who cover the whole breadth of Omics and related technologies, including the latest advances and applications. By bringing all this information together in an easily navigable reference, food scientists and nutritionists in both academia and industry will find it the perfect, modern day compendium for frequent reference. List of sections and Section Editors: Genomics - Olivia McAuliffe, Dept of Food Biosciences, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland Epigenetics & Noncoding RNA - Juan Cui, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE Transcriptomics - Robert Henry, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia Proteomics - Jens Brockmeyer, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University Stuttgart, Germany Metabolomics - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany Omics data treatment, System Biology and Foodomics - Carlos Leon Canseco, Visiting Professor, Biomedical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Green Foodomics - Elena Ibanez, Foodomics Lab, CIAL, CSIC, Madrid, Spain Food safety and Foodomics - Djuro Josic, Professor Medicine (Research) Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA & Sandra Kraljevic Pavelic, University of Rijeka, Department of Biotechnology, Rijeka, Croatia Food Quality, Traceability and Foodomics - Daniel Cozzolino, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia Food Bioactivity, Health and Foodomics - Miguel Herrero, Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Foodomics Lab, CIAL, CSIC, Madrid, Spain Brings all relevant foodomics information together in one place, offering readers a ‘one-stop,’ comprehensive resource for access to a wealth of information Includes articles written by academics and practitioners from various fields and regions Provides an ideal resource for students, researchers and professionals who need to find relevant information quickly and easily Includes content from high quality authors from across the globe

Book Extreme Environments

    Book Details:
  • Author : Anita Pandey
  • Publisher : CRC Press
  • Release : 2021-06-24
  • ISBN : 1000285561
  • Pages : 379 pages

Download or read book Extreme Environments written by Anita Pandey and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-06-24 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book Extreme Environments: Unique Ecosystems – Amazing Microbes is an attempt to showcase the uniqueness of extremophiles, the largely unexplored group that has the abilities to function in hostile conditions and represent the very ancient life forms that thrived on earth billions of years ago. The book covers a wide range of research achievements in the field of microbiology of extreme environments right from the conventional approaches of cultivation to recently evolved high throughput sequencing technologies. The book provides a broad spectrum of information about the taxonomy, physiology, ecology and biotechnological applications of extremophiles from various extreme environments across the globe.

Book AACR 2022 Proceedings  Part B April 11 13

Download or read book AACR 2022 Proceedings Part B April 11 13 written by American Association for Cancer Research and published by CTI Meeting Technology. This book was released on 2022-05-09 with total page 3696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The AACR Annual Meeting is the focal point of the cancer research community, where scientists, clinicians, other health care professionals, survivors, patients, and advocates gather to share the latest advances in cancer science and medicine. From population science and prevention; to cancer biology, translational, and clinical studies; to survivorship and advocacy; the AACR Annual Meeting highlights the work of the best minds in cancer research from institutions all over the world.

Book Proteomics of Microbial Human Pathogens

Download or read book Proteomics of Microbial Human Pathogens written by Nelson C. Soares and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-01-17 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2012 infectious diseases and related conditions account for more than 70% of premature deaths across 22 African countries and estimated 450 000 people worldwide developed multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. This alarming situation, of great public health concern, calls for the urgent development of novel and efficient responding strategies. The employment of important research platforms, such as genomics and proteomics, has contributed significant insight into the mechanisms underlying microbial infection and microbe-host interaction. In this Frontiers Research Topic, we aim to produce a timely and pertinent discussion regarding the current status of “Proteomics of microbial Human pathogens” and the role of proteomics in combating the challenges posed by microbial infection and indeed acquired anti-microbial resistance. As the field of proteomics progressed from 2-DE gel based approaches to modern LC-MS/MS based workflows, remarkable advances have been reported in terms of data quantity and quality. Given the immediate and enormous advantages that high resolution and accurate mass spectrometers have brought to the field, proteomics has now evolved into a robust platform capable of generating large amounts of comprehensive data comparable to that reported previously in genomics studies. For example, detection of the complete yeast proteome has been reported and other small proteomes, such as those of bacteria, are within reach. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become an essential tool for biologists and biochemists, and is now considered by many as an essential component of modern structural biology. Additionally, the introduction of high-resolution mass spectrometers has driven the development of various different strategies aimed at accurate quantification of absolute and relative amount of protein(s) of interest. Emerging targeted mass spectrometry methodologies such as; Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM), Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) and SWATH, are perhaps the latest breakthrough within the proteomics community. Indeed, through a label free approach, targeted mass spectrometry offers an unequalled capability to characterize and quantify a specific set of proteins reproducibility, in any biological sample. Usefully, Aebersold and colleagues have recently generated and validated a number of assays to quantify 97% of the 4,012 annotated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins by SRM. As such, the Mtb Proteome library represents a valuable experimental resource that will undoubtedly bring new insight to the complex life cycle of Mtb. Finally, as reviewed recently in Frontiers Research Topic, mass spectrometry-based proteomics has had a tremendous impact on our current understanding of post translational modification (PTM) in bacteria including the key role of PTMs during interaction of pathogenic bacteria and host interactions. We believe that our understanding of microbial Human pathogens has benefited enormously from both 2-DE gel and modern LC-MS/MS based proteomics. It is our wish to produce an integrated discussion surrounding this topic to highlight the existing synergy between these research fields. We envisage this Research Topic as a window to expert opinions and perspectives on the realistic practicalities of proteomics as an important tool to address healthcare problems caused by microbial pathogens.