Download or read book The Elements of Logic written by and published by . This book was released on 1947 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Elements of Logic via Numbers and Sets written by D.L. Johnson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In mathematics we are interested in why a particular formula is true. Intuition and statistical evidence are insufficient, so we need to construct a formal logical proof. The purpose of this book is to describe why such proofs are important, what they are made of, how to recognize valid ones, how to distinguish different kinds, and how to construct them. This book is written for 1st year students with no previous experience of formulating proofs. Dave Johnson has drawn from his considerable experience to provide a text that concentrates on the most important elements of the subject using clear, simple explanations that require no background knowledge of logic. It gives many useful examples and problems, many with fully-worked solutions at the end of the book. In addition to a comprehensive index, there is also a useful `Dramatis Personae` an index to the many symbols introduced in the text, most of which will be new to students and which will be used throughout their degree programme.
Download or read book Elements of Logic written by Richard Whately and published by . This book was released on 1832 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Elements of Logic written by Cardinal Mercier and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-05-26 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With Imprimatur. Introduction 1. Definition of Logic. -- Logic is the systematic study of the order to be observed in judging, reasoning, and other processes of thought in order to arrive at the knowledge of truth. This definition shows us: (1) the materials (material cause) of the logical order; (2) their elaboration (formal cause) (3) the purpose of this elaboration (final cause). 2. Materials of Logical Order. -- In some sense, these materials are acts of the mind, like apprehension, judgment, ratiocination (reasoning); but strictly speaking, only apprehensions are the material object of logical order (3). (1) By apprehension the mind represents to itself one thing or many things, without either affirming or denying anything. Concepts; the product of apprehension, are expressed by names or terms. (2) To establish a relation of identity or non-identity, of agreement or non-agreement, between the objects of two concepts, in affirming or denying one object of another is to judge. A judgment is expressed in a proposition. (3) To reason is to combine two or more judgments so as to form a new one. The complete ordinary expression of this simplest exercise of reasoning is the syllogism. 3. The Formal Cause of the Logical Order. -- The formal object of logic, or the point of view from which logic regards the acts of the mind, is their adaptability to certain processes of thought which are called either particular sciences or philosophy. These processes imply stages. The mind must grasp the numerous aspects of reality one after another before coordinating the fragmentary explications. Judgment is the first step in combining ideas; judgments in their turn become the materials of reasoning; an isolated piece of reasoning does not suffice to produce adequate knowledge of things, but several reasonings become materials of a scientific system. This rational arrangement of ideas constitutes the logical order properly so called: "the order which reason constitutes for its own acts". 4. Difference between Psychology and Logic. -- Many different sciences may be concerned with one and the same subject, if they study different properties in it, and, consequently, consider it from different points of view. They are then said to have a common (that is, undetermined) object, but each has its own formal (or determined) object. Psychology, too, has in part for its (material) object the act of human reason, but it does not study them under the same aspect (formal object) as logic does. Psychology sees in them vital acts, of which it seeks the nature and origin. Logic considers them in so far as they are cognitions of objects, objective representations, abstract and universal, furnishing the matter of the relations which reason formulates in judgments and reasonings, and arranges in a scientific system. In psychology, as in all the sciences of the real, order is the necessary condition of science; but logic has this order for its object. Its proper object is the form itself of this scientific construction.
Download or read book The Elements of Logic written by William Duncan and published by . This book was released on 1807 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Introduction to Logic written by Alfred Tarski and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2013-07-04 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classic undergraduate treatment examines the deductive method in its first part and explores applications of logic and methodology in constructing mathematical theories in its second part. Exercises appear throughout.
Download or read book Elements of Logical Reasoning written by Jan von Plato and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-23 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some of our earliest experiences of the conclusive force of an argument come from school mathematics: faced with a mathematical proof, we cannot deny the conclusion once the premises have been accepted. Behind such arguments lies a more general pattern of 'demonstrative arguments' that is studied in the science of logic. Logical reasoning is applied at all levels, from everyday life to advanced sciences, and a remarkable level of complexity is achieved in everyday logical reasoning, even if the principles behind it remain intuitive. Jan von Plato provides an accessible but rigorous introduction to an important aspect of contemporary logic: its deductive machinery. He shows that when the forms of logical reasoning are analysed, it turns out that a limited set of first principles can represent any logical argument. His book will be valuable for students of logic, mathematics and computer science.
Download or read book The Elements of Arguments An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Logic written by Philip Turetzky and published by Broadview Press. This book was released on 2019-04-11 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Elements of Arguments introduces such central critical thinking topics as informal fallacies, the difference between validity and truth, basic formal propositional logic, and how to extract arguments from texts. Turetzky aims to prevent common confusions by clearly explaining a number of important distinctions, including propositions vs. propositional attitudes, propositions vs. states of affairs, and logic vs. rhetoric vs. psychology. Exercises are provided throughout, including numerous informal arguments that can be assessed using the skills and strategies presented within the text.
Download or read book Logic written by Richard Whately and published by . This book was released on 1855 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Elements of Logic and Formal Science written by C. West Churchman and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Logic and Mr Limbaugh written by Ray Perkins (Jr.) and published by Open Court Publishing. This book was released on 1995 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Logic and Mr. Limbaugh is both an entertaining introduction to the elements of logic and a serious critique of the practical logic of a major conservative propagandist. Professor Perkins takes 50 examples of logical reasoning from Rush's statements, identifies the logical arguments, and points out fallacies.
Download or read book A First Course in Discrete Mathematics written by Brian Lian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-10-27 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on many years'experience of teaching discrete mathem atics to students of all levels, Anderson introduces such as pects as enumeration, graph theory and configurations or arr angements. Starting with an introduction to counting and rel ated problems, he moves on to the basic ideas of graph theor y with particular emphasis on trees and planar graphs. He de scribes the inclusion-exclusion principle followed by partit ions of sets which in turn leads to a study of Stirling and Bell numbers. Then follows a treatment of Hamiltonian cycles, Eulerian circuits in graphs, and Latin squares as well as proof of Hall's theorem. He concludes with the constructions of schedules and a brief introduction to block designs. Each chapter is backed by a number of examples, with straightforw ard applications of ideas and more challenging problems.
Download or read book A Structuralist Theory of Logic written by Arnold Koslow and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1992-03-27 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Professor Koslow advances a new account of the basic concepts of logic. A central feature of the theory is that it does not require the elements of logic to be based on a formal language. Rather, it uses a general notion of implication as a way of organizing the formal results of various systems of logic in a simple, but insightful way. The study has four parts. In the first two parts the various sources of the general concept of an implication structure and its forms are illustrated and explained. Part 3 defines the various logical operations and systematically explores their properties. A generalized account of extensionality and dual implication is given, and the extensionality of each of the operators, as well as the relation of negation and its dual are given substantial treatment because of the novel results they yield. Part 4 considers modal operators and studies their interaction with logical operators. By obtaining the usual results without the usual assumptions this new approach allows one to give a very simple account of modal logic minus the excess baggage of possible world semantics.
Download or read book Euclid s Elements written by Euclid and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The book includes introductions, terminology and biographical notes, bibliography, and an index and glossary" --from book jacket.
Download or read book Logic with Trees written by Colin Howson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-10-11 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Logic With Trees is a new and original introduction to modern formal logic. Unlike most texts, it also contains discussions on more philosophical issues such as truth, conditionals and modal logic. It presents the formal material with clarity, preferring informal explanations and arguments to intimidatingly rigorous development. Worked examples and excercises enable the readers to check their progress. Logic With Trees equips students with * a complete and clear account of the truth-tree system for first order logic * the importance of logic and its relevance to many different disciplines * the skills to grasp sophisticated formal reasoning techniques necessary to explore complex metalogic * the ability to contest claims that `ordinary' reasoning is well represented by formal first order logic The issues covered include a thorough discussion of truth-functional and full first order logic, using the truth-tree or semantic tableau approach. Completeness and Soundness proofs are given for both truth-functional and first order trees. Much use is made of induction, which is presented in a clear and consistent manner. There is also discussion of alternative deductive systems, an introduction to transfinite numbers and categoricity, the Lowenhein-Skolem theories and the celebrated findings of Godel and Church. The book concludes with an account of Kripke's attempted solution of the liar paradox and a discussion of the weakness of truth-functional account of conditionals. Particularly useful to those who favour critical accounts of formal reasoning, it will be of interest to students of philosophy at first level and beyond and also students of mathematics and computer science.
Download or read book Elements of Set Theory written by Herbert B. Enderton and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1977-05-23 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an introductory undergraduate textbook in set theory. In mathematics these days, essentially everything is a set. Some knowledge of set theory is necessary part of the background everyone needs for further study of mathematics. It is also possible to study set theory for its own interest--it is a subject with intruiging results anout simple objects. This book starts with material that nobody can do without. There is no end to what can be learned of set theory, but here is a beginning.
Download or read book Being Logical written by D.Q. McInerny and published by Random House. This book was released on 2004-08-03 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential tool for our post-truth world: a witty primer on logic—and the dangers of illogical thinking—by a renowned Notre Dame professor Logic is synonymous with reason, judgment, sense, wisdom, and sanity. Being logical is the ability to create concise and reasoned arguments—arguments that build from given premises, using evidence, to a genuine conclusion. But mastering logical thinking also requires studying and understanding illogical thinking, both to sharpen one’s own skills and to protect against incoherent, or deliberately misleading, reasoning. Elegant, pithy, and precise, Being Logical breaks logic down to its essentials through clear analysis, accessible examples, and focused insights. D. Q. McInerney covers the sources of illogical thinking, from naïve optimism to narrow-mindedness, before dissecting the various tactics—red herrings, diversions, and simplistic reasoning—the illogical use in place of effective reasoning. An indispensable guide to using logic to advantage in everyday life, this is a concise, crisply readable book. Written explicitly for the layperson, McInerny’s Being Logical promises to take its place beside Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style as a classic of lucid, invaluable advice. Praise for Being Logical “Highly readable . . . D. Q. McInerny offers an introduction to symbolic logic in plain English, so you can finally be clear on what is deductive reasoning and what is inductive. And you’ll see how deductive arguments are constructed.”—Detroit Free Press “McInerny’s explanatory outline of sound thinking will be eminently beneficial to expository writers, debaters, and public speakers.”—Booklist “Given the shortage of logical thinking, And the fact that mankind is adrift, if not sinking, It is vital that all of us learn to think straight. And this small book by D.Q. McInerny is great. It follows therefore since we so badly need it, Everybody should not only but it, but read it.” —Charles Osgood
