Download or read book Electron and X ray Source Development Using Picosecond Kilojoule Class Laser Systems written by Paul M King and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Self-modulated laser wakefield acceleration (SM-LWFA) of electrons, driven by picosecond, kilojoule class laser systems is a promising method to produce versatile x-ray sources. The electron beams, accelerated up to ≈300 MeV, are used to produce broadband (keV to MeV), low divergence (¡ 50 mrad), high photon number (>1010 photons/keV/sr) x-ray sources utilizing betatron, inverse Compton scattering, and bremsstrahlung generation mechanisms. The x-ray energy spectrum and source size can be tuned by controlling the SM-LWFA directly or the x-ray generation mechanism to provide an optimized source for radiography applications. We will discuss experimental results on electron beam and x-ray source characterization, obtained at the Jupiter Laser Facility (LLNL), and supported by 2D and 3D Particle-In-Cell simulations. Additionally, we will show several static radiography applications relevant to high energy density science and inertial confinement fusion experiments and how this source can be tuned to improve image quality in radiography. X-ray analysis tools have been developed to measure high energy x-ray spectra, source size, and radiography quality, and we have used LLNL’s x-ray ray tracing code HADES to simulate radiographic images of experimental objects and help in planning for future experiments and applications. Finally, MeV x-ray source characterization and radiography applications are explored using laser-solid interactions enhanced by compound parabolic concentrators (CPC). This work was performed under the auspices of the U.s. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344, DE-SC0019010, DE-SC0010064 (UCLA), DE-SC0021057, NNSA grant DE-NA0003873 (UCLA) and NSF grants 1806046, 1804463, 1734315, and 2003354 (UCLA), LLNL subcontract B634451, FA9550-14-1-0045, and supported by the DOE Office of Science Early Career Research Program (Fusion Energy Sciences) under SCW1575-1

Download or read book X Ray Free Electron Lasers written by Uwe Bergmann and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-08-11 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultra-bright femtosecond X-ray pulses provided by X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) open up opportunities to study the structure and dynamics of a wide variety of systems beyond what is possible with synchrotron sources. This book introduces the principles and properties of currently operating and future XFELs, before outlining applications in materials science, chemistry and biology. Edited by pioneers in this exciting field, and featuring contributions from leading researchers, this book is ideal for researchers working with XFELs, synchrotron radiation, ultrafast and femtosecond crystallography and femtosecond spectroscopy.

Download or read book Ultraviolet and Soft X Ray Free Electron Lasers written by Peter Schmüser and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-10-06 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high scienti?c interest in coherent X-ray light sources has stimulated world-wide e?orts in developing X-ray lasers. In this book a particularly promising approach is described, the free-electron laser (FEL), which is p- sued worldwide and holds the promise to deliver ultra-bright X-ray pulses of femtosecond duration. Other types of X-ray lasers are not discussed nor do we try a comparison of the relative virtues and drawbacks of di?erent concepts. The book has an introductory character and is written in the style of a universitytextbookforthemanynewcomerstothe?eldoffree-electronlasers, graduate students as well as accelerator physicists, engineers and technicians; it is not intended to be a scienti?c monograph for the experts in the ?eld. Building on lectures by one of us (J. R.) at the CERN Accelerator School, and motivated by the positive response to a series of seminars on “FEL t- ory for pedestrians”, given by P. S. within the framework of the Academic Training Program at DESY, we have aimed at presenting the theory of the low-gainandthehigh-gainFELinaclearandconcisemathematicallanguage. Particular emphasis is put on explaining and justifying the assumptions and approximations that are needed to obtain the di?erential equations descr- ing the FEL dynamics. Although we have tried our best to be “simple”, the mathematical derivations are certainly not always as simple as one would like them to be. However, we are not aware of any easier approach to the FEL theory. Some of the more involved calculations are put into the appendices.

Download or read book Development of a Sub Picosecond Tunable X Ray Source at the LLNL Electron Linac written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of ultrafast laser pulses to generate very high brightness, ultra short (fs to ps) pulses of x-rays is a topic of great interest to the x-ray user community. In principle, femtosecond-scale pump-probe experiments can be used to temporally resolve structural dynamics of materials on the time scale of atomic motion. The development of sub-ps x-ray pulses will make possible a wide range of materials and plasma physics studies with unprecedented time resolution. A current project at LLNL will provide such a novel x-ray source based on Thomson scattering of high power, short laser pulses with a high peak brightness, relativistic electron bunch. The system is based on a 5 mm-mrad normalized emittance photoinjector, a 100 MeV electron RF linac, and a 300 mJ, 35 fs solid-state laser system. The Thomson x-ray source produces ultra fast pulses with x-ray energies capable of probing into high-Z metals, and a high flux per pulse enabling single shot experiments. The system will also operate at a high repetition rate ((almost equal to) 10 Hz).

Download or read book X Ray Lasers 2018 written by Michaela Kozlová and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These proceedings gather a selection of invited and contributed papers presented during the 16th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers (ICXRL 2018), held in Prague, Czech Republic, from 7 to 12 October 2018. The conference is part of an ongoing series dedicated to recent developments in the science and technology of X-ray lasers and other coherent X-ray sources, with an additional focus on supporting technologies, instrumentation and applications. The book highlights advances in a wide range of fields including laser and discharge-pumped plasma X-ray lasers, the injection and seeding of X-ray amplifiers, high-order harmonic generation and ultrafast phenomena, X-ray free electron lasers, novel schemes for (in)coherent XUV, X-ray and γ-ray generation, XUV and X-ray imaging, optics and metrology, X-rays and γ-rays for fundamental science, the practical implementation of X-ray lasers, XFELs and super-intense lasers, and the applications and industrial uses of X-ray lasers.

Download or read book Ultraviolet and Soft X Ray Free Electron Lasers written by Peter Schmüser and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-08-29 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high scienti?c interest in coherent X-ray light sources has stimulated world-wide e?orts in developing X-ray lasers. In this book a particularly promising approach is described, the free-electron laser (FEL), which is p- sued worldwide and holds the promise to deliver ultra-bright X-ray pulses of femtosecond duration. Other types of X-ray lasers are not discussed nor do we try a comparison of the relative virtues and drawbacks of di?erent concepts. The book has an introductory character and is written in the style of a universitytextbookforthemanynewcomerstothe?eldoffree-electronlasers, graduate students as well as accelerator physicists, engineers and technicians; it is not intended to be a scienti?c monograph for the experts in the ?eld. Building on lectures by one of us (J. R.) at the CERN Accelerator School, and motivated by the positive response to a series of seminars on “FEL t- ory for pedestrians”, given by P. S. within the framework of the Academic Training Program at DESY, we have aimed at presenting the theory of the low-gainandthehigh-gainFELinaclearandconcisemathematicallanguage. Particular emphasis is put on explaining and justifying the assumptions and approximations that are needed to obtain the di?erential equations descr- ing the FEL dynamics. Although we have tried our best to be “simple”, the mathematical derivations are certainly not always as simple as one would like them to be. However, we are not aware of any easier approach to the FEL theory. Some of the more involved calculations are put into the appendices.

Download or read book Ultrafast X ray Science at the Sub Picosecond Pulse Source written by Kelly J. Gaffney and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultrafast, high brightness x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources of the future have the potential to revolutionize the study of time dependent phenomena in the natural sciences. These linear accelerator (linac) sources will generate femtosecond (fs) x-ray pulses with peak flux comparable to conventional lasers, and far exceeding all other x-ray sources. The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) has pioneered the development of linac science and technology for decades, and since 2000 SLAC and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) have focused on the development of linac based ultrafast electron and x-ray sources. This development effort has led to the creation of a new x-ray source, called the Sub-Picosecond Pulse Source (SPPS), which became operational in 2003 [1]. The SPPS represents the first step toward the world's first hard x-ray free electron laser (XFEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), due to begin operation at SLAC in 2009. The SPPS relies on the same linac-based acceleration and electron bunch compression schemes that will be used at the LCLS to generate ultrashort, ultrahigh peak brightness electron bunches [2]. This involves creating an energy chirp on the electron bunch during acceleration and subsequent compression of the bunch in a series of energy-dispersive magnetic chicanes to create 80 fs electron pulses. The SPPS has provided an excellent opportunity to demonstrate the viability of these electron bunch compression schemes and to pursue goals relevant to the utilization and validation of XFEL light sources.

Download or read book Synchrotron Radiation and Free Electron Lasers written by Kwang-Je Kim and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-23 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn about the latest advances in high-brightness X-ray physics and technology with this authoritative text. Drawing upon the most recent theoretical developments, pre-eminent leaders in the field guide readers through the fundamental principles and techniques of high-brightness X-ray generation from both synchrotron and free-electron laser sources. A wide range of topics is covered, including high-brightness synchrotron radiation from undulators, self-amplified spontaneous emission, seeded high-gain amplifiers with harmonic generation, ultra-short pulses, tapering for higher power, free-electron laser oscillators, and X-ray oscillator and amplifier configuration. Novel mathematical approaches and numerous figures accompanied by intuitive explanations enable easy understanding of key concepts, whilst practical considerations of performance-improving techniques and discussion of recent experimental results provide the tools and knowledge needed to address current research problems in the field. This is a comprehensive resource for graduate students, researchers and practitioners who design, manage or use X-ray facilities.

Download or read book X Ray Lasers 2004 written by J Zhang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-06-15 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-Ray Lasers 2004 comprises invited, contributed, and poster papers presented at the 9th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers (ICXRL2004) held in Beijing in May 2004. Some 120 participants from 13 countries and regions met in Beijing to compare results and exchange views on future developments in x-ray lasers and related fields. The book covers the following topics: overviews of x-ray lasers research, collisionally pumped x-ray lasers, capillary discharge-pumped x-ray lasers, OFI and photo-pumped x-ray lasers, high-order harmonics XUV radiation, grazing incidence pumping x-ray lasers, theory and simulations of x-ray lasers and plasma media, free-electron lasers and accelerator-based x-ray sources, alternative pumping schemes for x-ray lasers, applications of x-ray lasers and other bright x-ray sources, x-ray optics and instrumentation, investigations of x-ray laser media, and developments of x-ray laser drivers. X-Ray Lasers 2004 provides not only an overview and an up-to-date progress report on this fast moving field, but also important reference material on which future work can be built.

Download or read book Development and Applications of Free Electron Lasers written by Jia Chen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1997-05-22 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive overview of the field of free electron lasers. Each chapter is based on a graduate-level lecture given by an internationally-known expert in the field, and is self-contained, beginning with introductory background material and culminating in an in-depth discussion of the author's current research. Written with both the student physicist and the active researcher in mind, this book is sure to be an invaluable reference for graduate students and professionals alike.

Download or read book X Ray Lasers 2010 written by Jongmin Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-01 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a thorough account of the current status of achievements made in the area of soft X-Ray laser source development and of the increasingly diverse applications being demonstrated using such radiation sources. There is significant effort worldwide to develop very bright, short duration radiation sources in the X-Ray spectral region – driven by the multitude of potential applications in all branches of science. This book contains updates on several different approaches for comparative purposes but concentrates on developments in the area of laser-produced plasmas, whereby transient population inversion and gain between ion states is pumped by optical lasers interacting with pre-formed plasmas. Topics covered will include Laser-driven XRLs, Collisional XRLs, Recombination XRLs, Transient Inversion Collisional XRLs, Optical Field Ionization XRLs, Alternative XRL, pumping schemes Theory and simulations of XRL gain media and beam properties High order harmonic sources of XUV radiation, Free-electron lasers and other accelerator based X-Ray sources, X-Ray Laser drives, X-Ray optics and instrumentation Spectroscopy, and other diagnostics of laser media Applications of XRLs.

Download or read book The History of X ray Free Electron Lasers written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The successful lasing at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory of the Linear Coherent Light Source (LCLS), the first X-ray free-electron laser (X-ray FEL), in the wavelength range 1.5 to 15 Å, pulse duration of 60 to few femtoseconds, number of coherent photons per pulse from 1013 to 1011, is a landmark event in the development of coherent electromagnetic radiation sources. Until now electrons traversing an undulator magnet in a synchrotron radiation storage ring provided the best X-ray sources. The LCLS has set a new standard, with a peak X-ray brightness higher by ten orders of magnitudes and pulse duration shorter by three orders of magnitudes. LCLS opens a new window in the exploration of matter at the atomic and molecular scales of length and time. Taking a motion picture of chemical processes in a few femtoseconds or less, unraveling the structure and dynamics of complex molecular systems, like proteins, are some of the exciting experiments made possible by LCLS and the other X-ray FELs now being built in Europe and Asia. In this paper, we describe the history of the many theoretical, experimental and technological discoveries and innovations, starting from the 1960s and 1970s, leading to the development of LCLS.

Download or read book Accelerator X Ray Sources written by Richard Talman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-02-27 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first book to cover in-depth the generation of x-rays in particle accelerators focuses on electron beams produced by means of the novel Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) technology. The resulting highly brilliant x-rays are at the centre of this monograph, which continues where other books on the market stop. Written primarily for general, high energy and radiation physicists, the systematic treatment adopted by the work makes it equally suitable as an advanced textbook for young researchers.

Download or read book Electron Beam based Sources of Ultrashort X ray Pulses written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A review of various methods for generation of ultrashort x-ray pulses using relativistic electron beam from conventional accelerators is presented. Both spontaneous and coherent emission of electrons is considered. The importance of the time-resolved studies of matter at picosecond (ps), femtosecond (fs), and atttosecond (as) time scales using x-rays has been widely recognized including by award of a Nobel Prize in 1999 [Zewa]. Extensive reviews of scientific drivers can be found in [BES1, BES2, BES3, Lawr, Whit]. Several laser-based techniques have been used to generate ultrashort x-ray pulses including laser-driven plasmas [Murn, Alte, Risc, Rose, Zamp], high-order harmonic generation [Schn, Rund, Wang, Arpi], and laser-driven anode sources [Ande]. In addition, ultrafast streak-camera detectors have been applied at synchrotron sources to achieve temporal resolution on the picosecond time scale [Wulf, Lind1]. In this paper, we focus on a different group of techniques that are based on the use of the relativistic electron beam produced in conventional accelerators. In the first part we review several techniques that utilize spontaneous emission of electrons and show how solitary sub-ps x-ray pulses can be obtained at existing storage ring based synchrotron light sources and linacs. In the second part we consider coherent emission of electrons in the free-electron lasers (FELs) and review several techniques for a generation of solitary sub-fs x-ray pulses. Remarkably, the x-ray pulses that can be obtained with the FELs are not only significantly shorter than the ones considered in Part 1, but also carry more photons per pulse by many orders of magnitude.

Download or read book Free Electron Lasers in the Ultraviolet and X Ray Regime written by Peter Schmüser and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-02-26 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main goal of the book is to provide a systematic and didactic approach to the physics and technology of free-electron lasers. Numerous figures are used for illustrating the underlying ideas and concepts and links to other fields of physics are provided. After an introduction to undulator radiation and the low-gain FEL, the one-dimensional theory of the high-gain FEL is developed in a systematic way. Particular emphasis is put on explaining and justifying the various assumptions and approximations that are needed to obtain the differential and integral equations governing the FEL dynamics. Analytical and numerical solutions are presented and important FEL parameters are defined, such as gain length, FEL bandwidth and saturation power. One of the most important features of a high-gain FEL, the formation of microbunches, is studied at length. The increase of gain length due to beam energy spread, space charge forces, and three-dimensional effects such as betatron oscillations and optical diffraction is analyzed. The mechanism of Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission is described theoretically and illustrated with numerous experimental results. Various methods of FEL seeding by coherent external radiation are introduced, together with experimental results. The world’s first soft X-ray FEL, the user facility FLASH at DESY, is described in some detail to give an impression of the complexity of such an accelerator-based light source. The last chapter is devoted to the new hard X-ray FELs which generate extremely intense radiation in the Angstrøm regime. The appendices contain supplementary material and more involved calculations.

Download or read book Multilayers are Enabling New Science with X ray Free Electron Lasers written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Newly developed multilayer-based mirrors and optical elements enable the imaging of high-resolution structure and ultrafast dynamics of samples with the soft X-ray free electron laser, FLASH, at DESY in Hamburg. The FLASH free-electron laser (FEL) produces intense ultrashort soft X-ray pulses with more than 108 times higher peak brightness as compared with the most advanced synchrotron radiation sources. This allows time-resolved X-ray imaging and holography of nanostructures with a temporal resolution approaching 10 fs, opening up new studies of laser-matter interactions and the dynamics of correlated systems. In addition, the ultrafast pulses can be used to obtain structural data before the onset of radiation damage. This vastly increases the dose that can be used to record images of biological samples and hence improving the resolution of images. The extreme power of the X-ray pulses poses a challenge, and new methods are required to harness them. The methods developed here will also pave the way to imaging at upcoming hard-X-ray FELs. With those sources, atomic-resolution imaging of single uncrystallized macromolecules may become possible. In the first demonstration of ultrafast X-ray imaging at FLASH, a micron-sized test object was illuminated by a single focused coherent FEL pulse (Fig. 1). The coherent diffraction pattern of the object was recorded in the far field on a CCD detector. This pattern was numerically transformed to a high-resolution image of the object, using an iterative phase retrieval technique. This image, formed without the use of a lens, has a resolution limited only by the wavelength and the angular extent of the CCD detector. The lensless nature of coherent diffractive imaging has the advantage that no optical element need be placed near the object, and it is not necessary to carefully position the object - focusing is performed numerically in the phase retrieval step. However, the experiments at FLASH depended critically on ability to measure the forward scattering from samples with high sensitivity and low contamination. The main experimental challenges are posed by the high pulse intensities, which can reach 1015 W/cm2 in our experiments. We must prevent the direct (undiffracted) FEL beam from hitting and destroying the direct-detection CCD and to prevent out-of-band radiation (plasma emission from the sample) or non-sample scatter from obscuring the coherent diffraction signals. We solved these problems with a unique design that consists of a flat mirror oriented at 45{sup o} to the beam with a hole in the middle (Fig. 2). The direct FEL beam passes through a hole in the mirror whereas the diffracted beam is reflected from the mirror onto a bare CCD. Our mirror design enabled the camera to record diffraction angles between -15{sup o} to +15{sup o}. To reflect scattered light over this wide angle range required a multilayer coating with a very steep lateral gradient. Indeed, the multilayer design had to double in period over only 28 mm. Coherent diffractive imaging was performed with cameras operating at 32 nm, 16 nm, 13.5 nm and 4.5 nm, each utilizing a different multilayer design. The shorter the wavelength the narrower the reflectivity peak width and the higher the specifications for wavelength matching across the optic. Multilayer coatings are artificial structures that may be designed to enhance reflectivity through constructive interference of beams reflected from the many layer interfaces. Such structures are necessary to efficiently reflect soft X-rays at angles of incidence steeper than the critical angle. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a leader in design and fabrication of multilayer x-ray optical components (including lenses, mirrors, beam splitters, synthetic holographic optical components) for the last 25 years. These capabilities were a key ingredient in the success of the Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography project carried out at LLNL and other laboratories. Multilayers with nanometer periods are now indispensable in cutting-edge experiments at FELs, not only as X-ray optics but also as samples. One such application was the use of a multilayer film as a nanostructured sample to study the interaction of FEL pulses with matter. In this case, the measurement of the multilayer reflectivity provided a very accurate way to monitor changes in the atomic positions and the refractive indices of the materials in the layers. In experiments at FLASH it was demonstrated that no structural damage occurred within the multilayer during the short (25 fs duration) FEL pulse to within 0.3 nm. The coherent diffractive imaging technique, with its simple experimental design, has produced perhaps the fastest images ever taken. With future developments in FEL optics it will be possible to perform time-resolved imaging of processes induced by pulses of the same or different wavelength, synchronized to the imaging (probe) pulse.

Download or read book X Ray Lasers 2008 written by Ciaran Lewis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-29 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 11th International Conference on X-Ray Lasers had contributions in the following topical areas: Transient Collisional X-Ray Lasers, Table-Top High Repetition Rate X-Ray Lasers, Optical-Field Ionised (OFI) X-Ray Lasers, Theory and Simulation of X-Ray Lasers, High Order Harmonic Generation, XUV Optics and X-Ray Laser Applications, Capillary Discharge X-Ray Lasers, Alternative Sources of coherent XUV Radiation. The proceedings of this conference constitute a comprehensive source of reference for scientists involved in researching the development and application of coherent X-Ray sources.