Download or read book Electrochemical Modulation of Peripheral Nerves Using Ion selective Electrodes written by Matthew T. Flavin and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New methods of locally delivering chemicals to biological systems have emerged in recent years, but nearly all are limited by their reliance on finite capacities of therapeutic stock which require physical access for restoration or replacement. In this thesis, I examine the ion-selective membrane (ISM), a filter that discriminately transports single ions within mixed electrolytes, whose operation in ion delivery platforms does not suffer from the fundamental restriction of finite capacity. Specifically, I discuss the optimal design of the ISM and its operating conditions, as well as its implementation for peripheral neuro-modulation. Up to this point, limitations in available characterization methods, both theoretical and practical, have severely restricted its technical development and the exploration of in vivo applications. In this thesis, I (1) began by revisiting the operation of ISM systems from a first-principles perspective, constructing a highly detailed physicochemical transport model to describe intra-membrane processes, (2) developed a new experimental technique for direct, real-time monitoring of ion concentration polarization which allowed me to evaluate those processes under relevant conditions, (3) established a rapid-manufacturing process for fabricating nerve cuff electrodes compatible with ISM coating and tested it in vivo, and (4) built off this foundational work to fabricate a Ca2-selective nerve cuff electrode suitable for electrochemical operations, implanted in vivo on the sciatic nerve of a rat. I discovered over-limiting phenomena that arise in ISM systems under electrical polarization, which have broad implications for all of its ion filtering applications. Finally, from my electrophysiological studies, I found evidence that Ca2+ depletion with the nerve cuff had a discriminatory effect on distinct fascicles within the rat sciatic nerve, potentially offering a new strategy for the selective activation of therapeutic targets.

Download or read book Electrochemical Neuromodulation Using Electrodes Modified with Ion selective Materials Based on the Physical Process of Ion concentration Polarization written by Matthew T. Flavin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing precise and effective means of modulating the human nervous system is an aspiration of the fields of neuroscience and neurotechnology. Our research group is approaching this challenge by constructing a prosthetic device that can perform focal chemical modulation of selected ions in the interstitial space of neural tissue. Its principle of operation is based on ion-concentration polarization (ICP) generated by polarization of electrodes covered with ion-selective membranes (ISMs). In order to optimize this modality in terms of clinical effect and safety, we require a more fundamental understanding of the physical processes that give rise to ICP of the selected ion. Broadly, the goal of this thesis is to: (1) present and validate mathematical models for the description and prediction of polarized ISM systems, and (2) characterize transport phenomena that are uniquely captured using these models. To start, we used a semi-empirical equilibrium model to compare the integral transference of several common membrane formulations in a physiological electrolyte. Then, we introduced a 1-D model of Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) with kinetic ion-ionophore reaction that could be solved using the finite element method (FEM). Our analysis of this model focused on four key features: the interfacial transition regions at the contact planes between the aqueous and membrane phases, the intra-membrane reaction boundary layer (RBL), ICP arising in the aqueous phase, and ICP arising in the membrane phase. Lastly, we presented several multidimensional models of ion transport in the aqueous phase. This was used to examine processes that limit the lengthscale of aqueous ICP, such as forced convection and non-planar diffusion. Once fully realized, an ISM-based device could be used to manipulate extracellular ions in neural tissue to produce therapeutic effects. In the peripheral nervous system, this operation could potentially be used to lower the stimulus energy required to elicit muscle activation (via Ca 2 depletion), or block aberrantly firing nerves that characterize neuropathic pain disorders (via either K+ depletion or enhancement). Eventually, ISM-based stimulation could be applied to the central nervous system to address neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Download or read book Intrafascicular Electrodes for the Activation of Peripheral Nerves written by Aritra Kundu and published by . This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of a neural electrode is often measured by its performance in the selective stimulation of or recording from individual fascicles within a peripheral nerve without damaging the nerve. Neural prostheses are limited by the availability of peripheral neural electrodes that can be used to record the user's intention or to provide sensory feedback through functional electrical stimulation for an extended duration. Improvement in future neural prostheses may be achieved through the availability of multichannel, bidirectional neural interfaces, such as the transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode (TIME). The aim of this thesis was to investigate the biofunctionality, biostability, and biosafety of the TIME in an animal model that bears a close neuroanatomical resemblance to the human. To this end, four research questions were formulated: 1) Is the pig model neuro-anatomically suitable for the simulation of the actions and reactions of a neural electrode in a large human-sized peripheral nerve? This question was addressed in study 1 in which a comparative morphology study was performed on the median and ulnar nerves of Danish landrace pigs and Gottingen mini-pigs. Nerve specimens were selected at different levels for analysis. The number of fascicles in each nerve was counted, and the fascicle diameters were measured. 2) How selective is the TIME compared to other intrafascicular electrodes, such as the thin-film longitudinal intrafascicular electrode (tfLIFE)? Study 2 was performed to address this question. A comparative stimulation selectivity study was performed in Danish Landrace pigs with the TIME and tfLIFE. Electrodes were implanted in the median nerve, and sequential electric stimulation was applied to individual contacts. The compound muscle action potentials of seven forelimb muscles were recorded to quantify muscle recruitment. 3) Is the TIME biostable and biofunctional for long-term implantation? This question was addressed in study 3 in which the chronic stimulation selectivity of the TIME was evaluated on Gottingen mini-pigs. 4) Does the TIME fulfil the criteria of biocompatibility and chronic stability? Study 4 was conducted to address this question. Immunohistological analysis was conducted on nerve specimens from chronic experiment pigs that had been implanted with TIMEs in study 3.

Download or read book Electro chemical Stimulation of Neuromuscular Systems Using Ion selective Membranes written by Ragheb Mohamad Fawaz El Khaja and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spinal Cord injury (SCI) leads to paralysis, decrease in quality of life and high lifetime medical costs. Direct nerve Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) induces muscles to contract by electrically stimulating nerves, which shows promise for clinical applications in restoring muscle function in SC. However, Functional Electrical Stimulation is limited by the lack of graded response in muscle contraction and by high fatigability due to the reversal of recruitment order of motor units. Previous work showed that ion-selective membranes can be used to modulate Ca 2 ions in situ, decreasing the current threshold for nerve stimulation and eliciting a more graded muscle contraction response. This work developed polyimide-based cuff ion-selective electrodes to enable the future application of this technique in vivo. The developed electrodes were flexible, elastic and conductive. In vitro tests of the electrodes by stimulation of frog sciatic nerve reproduced the decrease in stimulation current threshold, which had been observed in planar glass-based electrodes, in the flexible polyimide-based electrodes. Additionally, cuffing the stimulated nerves with ion-selective electrodes was more effective at decreasing current threshold than planar stimulation. This work also analyzed data on twitch width, contraction time and relaxation time to infer effects of ion-selective electrodes on recruitment order. Stimulation with the ion-selective electrodes had higher twitch width, contraction time and relaxation time than traditional electrical stimulation at all force levels. The difference was particularly high at low force levels, indicating an effect of Calcium ion depletion on recruitment order.

Download or read book Neural Interface Engineering written by Liang Guo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-04 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive reference to major neural interfacing technologies used to transmit signals between the physical world and the nervous system for repairing, restoring and even augmenting body functions. The authors discuss the classic approaches for neural interfacing, the major challenges encountered, and recent, emerging techniques to mitigate these challenges for better chronic performances. Readers will benefit from this book’s unprecedented scope and depth of coverage on the technology of neural interfaces, the most critical component in any type of neural prostheses. Provides comprehensive coverage of major neural interfacing technologies; Reviews and discusses both classic and latest, emerging topics; Includes classification of technologies to provide an easy grasp of research and trends in the field.

Download or read book Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy written by Ann B. Butler and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-09-02 with total page 739 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy Evolution and Adaptation Second Edition Ann B. Butler and William Hodos The Second Edition of this landmark text presents a broad survey of comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy at the introductory level, representing a unique contribution to the field of evolutionary neurobiology. It has been extensively revised and updated, with substantially improved figures and diagrams that are used generously throughout the text. Through analysis of the variation in brain structure and function between major groups of vertebrates, readers can gain insight into the evolutionary history of the nervous system. The text is divided into three sections: * Introduction to evolution and variation, including a survey of cell structure, embryological development, and anatomical organization of the central nervous system; phylogeny and diversity of brain structures; and an overview of various theories of brain evolution * Systematic, comprehensive survey of comparative neuroanatomy across all major groups of vertebrates * Overview of vertebrate brain evolution, which integrates the complete text, highlights diversity and common themes, broadens perspective by a comparison with brain structure and evolution of invertebrate brains, and considers recent data and theories of the evolutionary origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates, including a recently proposed model of the origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates that has received strong support from newly discovered fossil evidence Ample material drawn from the latest research has been integrated into the text and highlighted in special feature boxes, including recent views on homology, cranial nerve organization and evolution, the relatively large and elaborate brains of birds in correlation with their complex cognitive abilities, and the current debate on forebrain evolution across reptiles, birds, and mammals. Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy is geared to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in neuroanatomy, but anyone interested in the anatomy of the nervous system and how it corresponds to the way that animals function in the world will find this text fascinating.

Download or read book Indwelling Neural Implants written by William M. Reichert and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-12-17 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite enormous advances made in the development of external effector prosthetics over the last quarter century, significant questions remain, especially those concerning signal degradation that occurs with chronically implanted neuroelectrodes. Offering contributions from pioneering researchers in neuroprosthetics and tissue repair, Indwel

Download or read book Targeted Muscle Reinnervation written by Todd A. Kuiken and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2013-07-23 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Implement TMR with Your Patients and Improve Their Quality of LifeDeveloped by Dr. Todd A. Kuiken and Dr. Gregory A. Dumanian, targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a new approach to accessing motor control signals from peripheral nerves after amputation and providing sensory feedback to prosthesis users. This practical approach has many advantage

Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 1696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.

Download or read book NanoBiosensing written by Huangxian Ju and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-18 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will cover the full scope of nanobiosensing, which combines the newest research results in the cross-disciplines of chemistry, biology, and materials science with biosensing and bioanalysis to develop novel detection principles, sensing mechanisms, and device engineering methods. It not only covers the important types of nanomaterials for biosensing applications, including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofiber, quantum dots, fullerenes, fluorescent and biological molecules, etc., but also illustrates a wide range of sensing principles, including electrochemical detection, fluorescence, chemiluminesence, antibody-antigen interactions, and magnetic detection. The book details novel developments in the methodology and devices of biosensing and bioanalysis combined with nanoscience and nanotechnology, as well as their applications in biomedicine and environmental monitoring. Furthermore, the reported works on the application and biofunction of nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention and interest, thus they are of particular interest to readers. The reader will obtain a rich survey of nanobiosensing technology, including the principles and application of biosensing, the design and biofunctionalization of bionanomaterials, as well as the methodology to develop biosensing devices and bioanalytical systems.

Download or read book Neuroprosthetics written by Kenneth W. Horch and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2004 with total page 1292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of neuroprosthetics. It is broadly divided into three sections which address: neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, biomaterials and biocompatibility, stimulation and recording techniques; clinical applications of neuroprosthetics; and future developments.

Download or read book Plant Electrophysiology written by Alexander G. Volkov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-04-19 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book compiles new findings in plant electrophysiology from the work of internationally renowned experts in the fields of electrophysiology, bio-electrochemistry, biophysics, signal transduction, phloem transport, tropisms, ion channels, plant electrochemistry, and membrane transport. Opening with a historical introduction, the book reviews methods in plant electrophysiology, introducing such topics as measuring membrane potentials and ion fluxes, path-clamp technique, and electrochemical sensors. The coverage includes experimental results and their theoretical interpretation.

Download or read book Neural Prostheses for Restoration of Sensory and Motor Function written by John K. Chapin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-09-27 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prospect of interfacing the nervous system with electronic devices to stimulate or record from neural tissue suggests numerous possibilities in the field of neuroprosthetics. While the creation of a "six million dollar man" may still be far into the future, neural prostheses are rapidly becoming viable theories for a broad range of patients wit

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 924 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Neuroengineering written by Nitish V. Thakor and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-02 with total page 3686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook serves as an authoritative reference book in the field of Neuroengineering. Neuroengineering is a very exciting field that is rapidly getting established as core subject matter for research and education. The Neuroengineering field has also produced an impressive array of industry products and clinical applications. It also serves as a reference book for graduate students, research scholars and teachers. Selected sections or a compendium of chapters may be used as “reference book” for a one or two semester graduate course in Biomedical Engineering. Some academicians will construct a “textbook” out of selected sections or chapters. The Handbook is also meant as a state-of-the-art volume for researchers. Due to its comprehensive coverage, researchers in one field covered by a certain section of the Handbook would find other sections valuable sources of cross-reference for information and fertilization of interdisciplinary ideas. Industry researchers as well as clinicians using neurotechnologies will find the Handbook a single source for foundation and state-of-the-art applications in the field of Neuroengineering. Regulatory agencies, entrepreneurs, investors and legal experts can use the Handbook as a reference for their professional work as well.​

Download or read book Wearable Bioelectronics written by Anthony P.F. Turner and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-11-26 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wearable Bioelectronics presents the latest on physical and (bio)chemical sensing for wearable electronics. It covers the miniaturization of bioelectrodes and high-throughput biosensing platforms while also presenting a systemic approach for the development of electrochemical biosensors and bioelectronics for biomedical applications. The book addresses the fundamentals, materials, processes and devices for wearable bioelectronics, showcasing key applications, including device fabrication, manufacturing, and healthcare applications. Topics covered include self-powering wearable bioelectronics, electrochemical transducers, textile-based biosensors, epidermal electronics and other exciting applications. - Includes comprehensive and systematic coverage of the most exciting and promising bioelectronics, processes for their fabrication, and their applications in healthcare - Reviews innovative applications, such as self-powering wearable bioelectronics, electrochemical transducers, textile-based biosensors and electronic skin - Examines and discusses the future of wearable bioelectronics - Addresses the wearable electronics market as a development of the healthcare industry