Download or read book Efficient Superconducting nanowire Single photon Detectors and Their Applications in Quantum Optics written by Xiaolong Hu (Ph. D.) and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are an emerging technology for infrared photon counting and detection. Their advantages include good device efficiency, fast operating speed, low dark-count rate, low timing jitter, free running mode, and no afterpulsing. The challenges to be addressed prior to real applications are cryogenic operations, small active areas, and efficiency-speed tradeoffs. This thesis presents the effort to address these challenges. A fiber-coupled SNSPD system with a large-area detector in a closed-cycle cryocooler has been built, demonstrating 24% system detection efficiency with a darkcount rate of -1000 counts/sec. As a result, the SNSPD system becomes a convenient tool with a single-mode fiber as the input channel and an SMA cable as the output channel. This system has enabled high-quality polarization-entanglement distribution at the wavelength of 1.3 tm. The 99.2% visibility in Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference measured in this experiment is the highest HOM visibility that has ever been reported for waveguide-based photon-pair sources. After entanglement is distributed, a pair rate of 5.8 pairs/sec at a pump power of 25 iW and two-photon quantum interference visibility of 97.7% have been measured. On the other hand, increasing the active area of the detector does decrease its speed. To address the issue of efficiency-speed tradeoff, SNSPDs have been integrated with optical nano-antennae. A 9- im-by-9- tm detector with 47% device efficiency and 5-ns reset time has been demonstrated. In terms of active area, device efficiency and speed, this SNSPD has the record performance among single-element SNSPDs. Finally, waveguide-integrated SNSPDs have been proposed and designed. The device structure permits efficient coupling of photons into a short nanowire, and thus, efficient and fast SNSPDs. This structure is compatible with on-chip photonic technologies, including inverse-taper couplers and ring resonators, that have been developed in recent years.
Download or read book Single Photon Generation and Detection written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-11-29 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Single-photon generation and detection is at the forefront of modern optical physics research. This book is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of single-photon techniques and research methods in the spectral region from the visible to the infrared. The use of single photons, produced on demand with well-defined quantum properties, offers an unprecedented set of capabilities that are central to the new area of quantum information and are of revolutionary importance in areas that range from the traditional, such as high sensitivity detection for astronomy, remote sensing, and medical diagnostics, to the exotic, such as secretive surveillance and very long communication links for data transmission on interplanetary missions. The goal of this volume is to provide researchers with a comprehensive overview of the technology and techniques that are available to enable them to better design an experimental plan for its intended purpose. The book will be broken into chapters focused specifically on the development and capabilities of the available detectors and sources to allow a comparative understanding to be developed by the reader along with and idea of how the field is progressing and what can be expected in the near future. Along with this technology, we will include chapters devoted to the applications of this technology, which is in fact much of the driver for its development. This is set to become the go-to reference for this field. Covers all the basic aspects needed to perform single-photon experiments and serves as the first reference to any newcomer who would like to produce an experimental design that incorporates the latest techniques Provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of single-photon techniques and research methods in the spectral region from the visible to the infrared, thus giving broad background that should enable newcomers to the field to make rapid progress in gaining proficiency Written by leading experts in the field, among which, the leading Editor is recognized as having laid down the roadmap, thus providing the reader with an authenticated and reliable source
Download or read book Real time imaging systems for superconducting nanowire single photon detector arrays written by Hofherr, Matthias and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-26 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superconducting nanowire singe-photon detectors (SNSPD) are promising detectors in the field of applications, where single-photon resolution is required like in quantum optics, spectroscopy or astronomy. These cryogenic detectors gain from a broad spectrum in the optical and infrared range and deliver low dark count rates and low jitter times. This thesis improves the understanding of the detection mechanism of SNSPDs and intodruces new and promising multi-pixel readout concepts.
Download or read book Single Photon Generation and Detection written by Karl K. Berggren and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-11-29 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superconducting materials provide a unique opportunity for single-photon detectors. The combination of the strong non-linearity present in the superconducting-metal transition and in Josephson junctions; the unique electrical property of zero resistance; the fast relaxation processes present in many superconducting materials; and the easily engineered optical absorptance of metals results in a system that can be adapted to many photo-detection requirements. As a result of these material features, a variety of detector families have emerged in recent years based on superconducting nanowires, tunnel junctions, weak thermal links, and kinetic-inductive resonators. The detectors variously provide high speed single-photon detection; high-sensitivity in the infrared, optical, UV, or even x-ray wavelengths; and high efficiency. The resulting applications include quantum and classical high-data-rate communication, biological imaging, LIDAR, and VLSI circuit evaluation among others.
Download or read book Superconducting Devices in Quantum Optics written by Robert Hadfield and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-29 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the basics and applications of superconducting devices in quantum optics. Over the past decade, superconducting devices have risen to prominence in the arena of quantum optics and quantum information processing. Superconducting detectors provide unparalleled performance for the detection of infrared photons in quantum cryptography, enable fundamental advances in quantum optics, and provide a direct route to on-chip optical quantum information processing. Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions provide a blueprint for scalable quantum information processing as well as opening up a new regime for quantum optics at microwave wavelengths. The new field of quantum acoustics allows the state of a superconducting qubit to be transmitted as a phonon excitation. This volume, edited by two leading researchers, provides a timely compilation of contributions from top groups worldwide across this dynamic field, anticipating future advances in this domain.
Download or read book Quantum Nano Photonics written by Baldassare Di Bartolo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-19 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together more closely researchers working in the two fields of quantum optics and nano-optics and provides a general overview of the main topics of interest in applied and fundamental research. The contributions cover, for example, single-photon emitters and emitters of entangled photon pairs based on epitaxially grown semiconductor quantum dots, nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond as single-photon emitters, coupled quantum bits based on trapped ions, integrated waveguide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, quantum nano-plasmonics, nanosensing, quantum aspects of biophotonics and quantum metamaterials. The articles span the bridge from pedagogical introductions on the fundamental principles to the current state-of-the-art, and are authored by pioneers and leaders in the field. Numerical simulations are presented as a powerful tool to gain insight into the physical behavior of nanophotonic systems and provide a critical complement to experimental investigations and design of devices.
Download or read book Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors for Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuits on GaAs written by Schmidt, Wolfgang-Gustav Ekkehart and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2020-07-09 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Real time Imaging Systems for Superconducting Nanowire Single photon Detector Arrays written by Matthias Hofherr and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-09 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superconducting nanowire singe-photon detectors (SNSPD) are promising detectors in the field of applications, where single-photon resolution is required like in quantum optics, spectroscopy or astronomy. These cryogenic detectors gain from a broad spectrum in the optical and infrared range and deliver low dark count rates and low jitter times. This thesis improves the understanding of the detection mechanism of SNSPDs and intodruces new and promising multi-pixel readout concepts. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Download or read book Designing and Implementing a Readout Strategy for Superconducting Single Photon Detectors written by Charles Henry Herder (III.) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: Photon detection is an integral part of experimental physics, high-speed communication, as well as many other high-tech disciplines. In the realm of communication, unmanned spacecraft are travelling extreme distances, and ground stations need more and more sensitive and selective detectors to maintain a reasonable data rate.[10] In the realm of computing, some of the most promising new forms of quantum computing require consistent and efficient optical detection of single entangled photons.[27] Due to projects like these, demands are increasing for ever more efficient detectors with higher count rates. The Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector (SNSPD) is one of the most promising new technologies in this field, being capable of counting photons as faster than 100MHz and with efficiencies around 50%. Currently, the leading competition is from the geiger-mode avalanche photodiode, which is capable of ~20- 70% efficiency at a ~5MHz count rate depending on photon energy. In spite of these advantages, the SNSPD is still a brand-new technology and as a result they do not have the same support hardware support as other detectors. As such, SNSPD's are much more difficult to integrate into an existing an experiment. Because of this difficulty, SNSPD's have not been deployed extensively for research or industrial applications. The signal analysis chain that is connected to this detector is one of the key choke points. Each detector count produces a 0.1 mV, 10 nS wide pulse with a maximum count frequency on the order of 100MHz. Currently, this signal is processed outside of the cryostat with a series of RF amplifiers and a high-speed counter. This design works for detector prototyping, but poses a series of problems with actual design implementation. Most importantly, it prevents our design from being scalable. Even though we can fabricate thousands of detectors on a single wafer, it would be extremely difficult to place that many RF lines without crosstalk or other interference. The purpose of this thesis is to build a more robust and scalable readout technology for SNSPDs. First, we will develop intermediate technologies that improve upon current readout technology and will be necessary to develop the final goal. Ultimately, we plan to build circuitry on-chip that will first convert each detector's analog signal to a digital signal and then condense the data from each detector into an externally clocked, single-bit output indicating the presence or absence of a photon at any detector. This will allow simultaneous readout of a large number of detectors on a single wafer. Additionally, our cryogenic will decrease the noise observed by the detector, as the amplifier is no longer operating at room temperature. Finally, our readout will provide a simple hardware API to be interfaced to a computer or embedded processing unit. The catch to this development process is that the entire system must operate at 4.2K or below. As such, one must either use HEMT CMOS or Rapid Single-Flux- Quantum (RSFQ) logic. HEMT CMOS is better suited to analog amplification of the output signal, while RSFQ circuitry is better suited to the construction of the SNSPD interface and digital logic. RSFQ circuitry is better suited as an input stage because input amplification with CMOS is difficult, as one must operate in the linear regime of a HEMT. This requires on the order of 1 mA at 1.8 V minimum, which results in approximately 2 mW per stage. This is to be compared against RSFQ comparators which utilize approximately 0.5 mA at almost no voltage, resulting in muW of dissipation per stage. Given that we are hoping to produce a large number of SNSPD input stages, RSFQ is clearly a better choice. However, we only have a small number of output signals from the cryostat, so it is much more reasonable to use CMOS, as we can attain larger signal amplitudes.
Download or read book Single Photon Imaging written by Peter Seitz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-03 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The acquisition and interpretation of images is a central capability in almost all scientific and technological domains. In particular, the acquisition of electromagnetic radiation, in the form of visible light, UV, infrared, X-ray, etc. is of enormous practical importance. The ultimate sensitivity in electronic imaging is the detection of individual photons. With this book, the first comprehensive review of all aspects of single-photon electronic imaging has been created. Topics include theoretical basics, semiconductor fabrication, single-photon detection principles, imager design and applications of different spectral domains. Today, the solid-state fabrication capabilities for several types of image sensors has advanced to a point, where uncoooled single-photon electronic imaging will soon become a consumer product. This book is giving a specialist ́s view from different domains to the forthcoming “single-photon imaging” revolution. The various aspects of single-photon imaging are treated by internationally renowned, leading scientists and technologists who have all pioneered their respective fields.
Download or read book Technology and readout for scaling up superconducting nanowire single photon detectors written by Knehr, Emanuel Marius and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2023-03-02 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work presents three advances to scale SNSPDs from few-pixel devices to large detector arrays: atomic layer deposition for the fabrication of uniform superconducting niobium nitride films of few-nanometer thickness, a frequency-multiplexing scheme to operate multiple detectors with a reduced number of lines, and the integration of SNSPDs with free-form polymer structures to achieve efficient optical coupling onto the active area of the detectors.
Download or read book Single photon Detection for Data Communication and Quantum Systems written by Kerstin Schneider-Hornstein and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many single photon detection systems are based on the technology of superconducting nanowires. But despite their high detection efficiency, the need of cooling them to cryogenic temperatures prohibits their widespread usage. This book shows the progress of integrated (thick) CMOS SPADs towards high photon detection probabilities and applications such as in low-cost consumer data communication and high-end single-photon counting for quantum applications.
Download or read book Low Dimensional Superconductivity for Single Photon Detection in Strong Magnetic Fields written by Tomas Polakovic and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superconducting nanowire detectors are a very prominent technology in fields that require single-photon detection with very high efficiency, such as quantum computing and communication or nanophotonics. Their high detection rates and unsurpassed timing precision would also make them ideal candidates for detector technology in other fields, such as nuclear and high energy physics. Typical collider experiments, however, operate in much more extreme conditions than most quantum optics setups. One of the main roadblocks for transforming superconducting nanowire photon detectors into superconducting nanowire particle detectors was the question of their performance in strong magnetic fields. In this work, I present the results of developing a novel thin film deposition method called Ion Beam Assisted Sputtering, which allowed me to grow superconducting Niobium Nitride films with upper critical fields as high as 32 T and study their microstructural and electromagnetic properties. As the nanowires are detectors with extremely small sizes, I also explore the nature of the suppression of the superconducting state in ultra-thin films. I propose two possible explanations for this phenomenon, one based on confinement of the BCS condensate, and the other on weak localization and competition between two strongly correlated electronic phases. Finally, I use this technology to fabricate superconducting nanowire single photon detectors capable of detection in fields as high as 5 T, currently the highest field at which nanowire detectors are known to operate. This result demonstrates the potential viability of the technology for nuclear and high energy physics, and is an important stepping stone to developing novel particle detectors.
Download or read book Improving the Spectral Bandwidth of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors SNSPDs written by Charaev, Ilya and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Galileo Unbound written by David D. Nolte and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-12 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Galileo Unbound traces the journey that brought us from Galileo's law of free fall to today's geneticists measuring evolutionary drift, entangled quantum particles moving among many worlds, and our lives as trajectories traversing a health space with thousands of dimensions. Remarkably, common themes persist that predict the evolution of species as readily as the orbits of planets or the collapse of stars into black holes. This book tells the history of spaces of expanding dimension and increasing abstraction and how they continue today to give new insight into the physics of complex systems. Galileo published the first modern law of motion, the Law of Fall, that was ideal and simple, laying the foundation upon which Newton built the first theory of dynamics. Early in the twentieth century, geometry became the cause of motion rather than the result when Einstein envisioned the fabric of space-time warped by mass and energy, forcing light rays to bend past the Sun. Possibly more radical was Feynman's dilemma of quantum particles taking all paths at once — setting the stage for the modern fields of quantum field theory and quantum computing. Yet as concepts of motion have evolved, one thing has remained constant, the need to track ever more complex changes and to capture their essence, to find patterns in the chaos as we try to predict and control our world.
Download or read book Single Photon Generation and Detection written by Alain Aspect and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-11-29 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fluctuation Mechanisms in Superconductors written by Holger Bartolf and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-16 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Holger Bartolf discusses state-of-the-art detection concepts based on superconducting nanotechnology as well as sophisticated analytical formulæ that model dissipative fluctuation-phenomena in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Such knowledge is desirable for the development of advanced devices which are designed to possess an intrinsic robustness against vortex-fluctuations and it provides the perspective for honorable fundamental science in condensed matter physics. Especially the nanowire detector allows for ultra-low noise detection of signals with single-photon sensitivity and GHz repetition rates. Such devices have a huge potential for future technological impact and might enable unique applications (e.g. high rate interplanetary deep-space data links from Mars to Earth).
