Download or read book Efficient Contracting and Market Power written by R. Glenn Hubbard and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well recognized by economists that long-term contracting under an array of price and non-price provisions may be an efficient response to small-numbers bargaining problems. Empirical work to distinguish such issues from predictions of models of market power and bargaining has been sparse, principally because the necessary data on individual transactions are seldom publicly available. The U.S. natural gas industry is well suited for such tests both because of the small number of buyers (pipelines) and sellers (producers) in each market and the large capital commitments required of transacting parties at the inning of the contract. We present a model of the bilateral bargaining process is natural gas field markets under uncertainty. We identify the 'initial price' as the outcome of the bargaining aver a fixed payment for pipeline to producer, and describe "price-escalator provisions" as a means of making the contract responsive at the margin to changes in the valuation of gas over the term of the agreement. Our econometric work rakes use of a large, detailed data set on during the l950s. Empirical evidence from models of price determination and the use of most-favored-nation clauses is supportive of the theoretical model.
Download or read book Competition Contracts and Electricity Markets written by Jean-Michel Glachant and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book fills a gap in the existing literature by dealing with several issues linked to long-term contracts and the efficiency of electricity markets. These include the impact of long-term contracts and vertical integration on effective competition, generation investment in risky markets, and the challenges for competition policy principles. On the one hand, long-term contracts may contribute to lasting generation capability by allowing for a more efficient allocation of risk. On the other hand, they can create conditions for imperfect competition and thus impair short-term efficiency. The contributors – prominent academics and policy experts with inter-disciplinary perspectives – develop fresh theoretical and practical insights on this important concern for current electricity markets. This highly accessible book will strongly appeal to both academic and professional audiences including scholars of industrial, organizational and public sector economics, and competition and antitrust law. It will also be of value to regulatory and antitrust authorities, governmental policymakers, and consultants in electricity law and economics.
Download or read book Contract Economics written by T.V.S.Ramamohan Rao and published by New Age International. This book was released on 2004 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contracts Are A Major Organizational Arrangement To Conduct Transactions. Economic Theory Has Been Making Attempts To Come To Grips With Four Pertinent Issues. Why Is Contracting Superior To Imperfect Markets And Hierarchical Control In Decentralized Organizations? What Basic Institutional Mechanisms Should Be In Place To Ensure Efficiency Of Contracts? What Determines The Choice Of Contract Forms (In Particular, The Behavioral Responses Of Self-Interest Seeking To Reactions Of Others) And Contract Parameters?Can Contracts Provide A Better Alternative To Regulated Markets? Keeping Information Asymmetry And Asset Specificity As The Focal Points This Book Deals With The Following Mechanisms Of Exchange-Markets (Including Transfer Prices), Contingent Claims Contracts, Incomplete And Incentive Contracts, And Implicit Contracts.The Emphasis Is On The Efficient Structuring Of Such Contracts And The Choice Of Suitable Contract Parameters. One Chapter Is Also Devoted To Trust And Informal Dimensions Of Contracts Since It Is Recognized That Defining And Enforcing Formal Contracts Becomes Difficult As Information Asymmetry And Asset Specificity Reach Their Limits. The Level Of Algebraic Complexity In The Derivations Is Kept To A Minimum To Make The Book Accessible To A Wide Audience.
Download or read book Efficient Contracting and Fair Play in a Simple Principal Agent Experiment written by Vital Anderhub and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Market Failure and Non Standard Contracting written by Alan J. Meese and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During antitrust's "inhospitality era," courts and expert agencies condemned any number of non-standard agreements as "unlawful per se" or nearly so. More recently, courts and agencies have repudiated or softened many such per se rules. In so doing courts and agencies have invoked the lessons of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), which holds that most non-standard agreements are efforts to economize on the cost of relying upon the market to conduct economic activity. At the same time, courts and agencies continue to enforce other per se rules against conduct that TCE deems presumptively beneficial. Moreover, courts and agencies conduct rule of reason analysis in a manner that is unduly hostile to claims that a restraint is in fact an effort to reduce transaction costs and overcome market failure. Finally, current standards governing alleged monopolization are unduly biased against non-standard contracts that disadvantage a monopolist's rivals. Where antitrust doctrine is concerned, the transaction cost revolution is hardly complete. This article seeks an explanation for antitrust's original and continued hostility toward non-standard agreements. The article finds that explanation in price theory's model of perfect competition. Some have attributed the inhospitality tradition to price theory's "technological" conception of the firm and a resulting belief that efficiencies necessarily arose within individual firms. While descriptively accurate, this account does not explain why economists failed to recognize that agreements between firms could overcome market failure and thus generate non-technological efficiencies. The article finds the explanation in the inhospitality era's methodological habit of assuming that "perfect competition" and "market failure" could coexist, and that market failure could thwart the optimal allocation of resources that perfect competition would otherwise produce. This habit equated market failure with a failure of a perfectly competitive market to produce efficient outcomes. By eliminating market failure, then, the state could restore the optimal allocation of resources that perfect competition would otherwise produce. Thus, this methodological habit framed the problem to be solved in a way that blocked the recognition that non-standard contracts could overcome market failure, since such contracts themselves caused a departure from one or more of perfect competition's assumptions and also facilitated activities, like advertising, that were not necessary under the perfect competition model. To be sure, Professor Ronald Coase's "Problem of Social Cost" undermined the assumption that market failure and perfect competition can co-exist. Coase and other practitioners of TCE such as Oliver Williamson, also explained how non-standard contracts could make an imperfectly competitive economy more competitive by overcoming market failure. Nonetheless, the perfect competition model still haunts much antitrust thinking. Discussion of "the economics of antitrust" almost always begin with the perfect competition model, and departures from perfect competition are viewed as sources of market power that can only be justified by some offsetting efficiency. While non-standard contracts are often viewed as potentially beneficial, they are rarely characterized as methods of overcoming market failure but are instead characterized as methods of reducing costs, analogous to the realization of technological efficiencies. This oversight helps explain the lingering bias against such restraints.
Download or read book Efficient Contracting and Alternate Dispute Resolution written by Richard Stomper and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses as its theoretical starting point the concept of the firm as a nexus of contracts. It examines the full range of contracts which go into forming this nexus: those formally negotiated, those adopted by custom or practice, and those imposed as legal defaults. The concept of bargaining power is developed as central to the negotiation of ethical contracts. Such contracts require relatively equal power from both parties. Three Supreme Court decisions, known as the Steelworker trilogy, decided by the Court in 1960 are examined for insights into the nature of relational and incomplete contracts, of which labor contracts are a primary example. Special emphasis is given to the use of arbitration to resolve disputes in labor contracts. Arbitration in labor disputes is compared to arbitration in the financial sector and the advantages of the former and procedural defects of the latter are discussed. It is concluded that the appropriate use of arbitration, with procedural safeguards for both parties, can replace a market with inequities in bargaining power with an efficient and more equitable market in dispute resolution where the bargaining power of both parties is comparable.
Download or read book Environmental and Energy Law written by Karen Makuch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-10-01 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite bringing prosperity, industrialisation generally leads to increasing levels of pollution which has a detrimental impact on the environment. In response, legislation which seeks to control or prevent such impact has become common. Similarly, climate change and energy security have become major drivers for the regulatory regimes that have emerged in the energy field. Given the global or regional scope of many environmental problems, international cooperation is often necessary to ensure such legislation is effective. The EU and the UK have contributed to the development of the environmental and energy law regimes currently in force, spanning across international, transnational and national levels. At the same time, practical responses to environmental and energy problems have largely been the focus of engineers, scientists and other technical experts. Environmental & Energy Law attempts to bridge the knowledge gap between legal developments designed to achieve environmental and/or energy-related objectives and the practical, scientific and technical considerations applicable to the same environmental problems. In particular, it attempts to convey a broad range of topical issues in environmental and energy law, from climate and energy regulation, technology innovation and transfer, to pollution control, environmental governance and enforcement. In addition the book outlines key sector specific legal regimes (including water, waste and air quality management), focusing on issues or topics that are particularly relevant to both environmental and energy lawyers, and engineering, science and technology-oriented professionals and students. In this vein, the book guides the reader on some basic practical applications of the law within scientific, engineering and other practical settings. The book will be useful to all those working or studying in the environmental or energy arena, including law students, legal professionals, engineering and science students and professionals. By adopting a multi-disciplinary approach to environmental and energy law, the book embraces all readerships and helps to address the often thorny problem of communication between scientists, engineers, lawyers and policy-makers.
Download or read book The Economics Law and Public Policy of Market Power Manipulation written by S. Craig Pirrong and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deterrence of market manipulation is central to the entire regulatory and legal framework governing the operation of American commodity futures markets. However, despite all of the regulatory, scholarly, and legal scrutiny of market manipulation, the subject is widely misunderstood. Federal commodity and securities laws prohibit manipulation, but do not define it. Scholarly research has failed to analyze adequately the causes or effects of manipulation, and the relevant judicial decisions are confused, confusing, and contradictory. The aim of this book is to illuminate the process of market manipulation by presenting a rigorous economic analysis of this phenomenon, including the conditions that facilitate it and its effects on market users and others. The conclusions of this analysis are used to examine critically some legal and regulatory anti-manipulation policies. The Economics, Law and Public Policy of Market Power Manipulation concludes with a set of robust and realistic tests that regulators and jurists can apply to detect and deter manipulation.
Download or read book Contracts of Adhesion Between Law and Economics written by Elena D'Agostino and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-21 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the most controversial issues concerning the use of pre-drafted clauses in fine print, which are usually included in consumer contracts and presented to consumers on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. By applying a multi-disciplinary approach that combines consumer’s psychology and seller’s drafting power in the logic of efficiency and good faith, the book provides a fresh and unconventional analysis of the existing literature, both theoretical and empirical. Moving from the unconscionability doctrine, it criticizes (and in some cases refutes) its main conclusions based on criteria which are usually invoked to sustain the need for public intervention to protect consumers, and specifically related to Law (contract complexity), Psychology (consumer lack of sophistication criterion) and Economics (market structure criterion). It also analyzes the effects of different regulations, such as banning vexatious clauses or mandating disclosure clauses, showing that none of them protect consumers, but in fact prove to be harmful when consumers are more vulnerable, that is whenever sellers can exploit some degree of market power. In closing, the book combines these disparate aspects, arguing that the solution (if any) to the problem of consumer exploitation and market inefficiency associated with the use of contracts of adhesion in these contexts cannot be found in removing or prohibiting hidden clauses, but instead has to take into account the effects of these clauses on the contract as a whole.
Download or read book Competition and Unconscionability written by Ezra Friedman and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional legal doctrine holds that courts should be more willing to find unconscionability in contracts when either one party has monopoly power or the other party was not given a choice of contract terms. This paper suggests that this doctrine is misguided on both points. I argue that the unconscionability doctrine should be used primarily to protect unsophisticated customers from exploitation, and show that when a seller has significant market power and offers one contract to all customers, fear of alienating sophisticated customers can discourage the seller from using inefficient contracts to exploit the unsophisticated. In contrast, in a more competitive industry, sellers may actually lose money on the sophisticated customers, and be willing to sacrifice sophisticated customers in order to more fully exploit the unsophisticated. Likewise, when a monopolist offers a choice of contracts, it is more attractive for it to exploit the unsophisticated while offering an efficient contract to the sophisticated. This paper presents a formal model showing that exploitation tends to increase with competition. Although competition leads to more inefficient exploitation, it also leads to lower prices, and the welfare effects on the unsophisticated are ambiguous.
Download or read book Staggered Contracts Market Power and Welfare written by Luís M. B. Cabral and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I show that exclusive, staggered supply contracts can decrease industry competition when there are economies of scale: buyers pay a higher price to the incumbent seller and the expected value received by an entrant seller is lower when contracts are staggered. Moreover, under staggered contracts there may exist equilibria where an inefficient firm forecloses a more efficient one. Given that contracts are staggered, contract length further increases market power; however, increasing contract length may also eliminate the inefficient foreclosure equilibrium. Finally, I show that, allowing firms to choose contract structure endogenously, the resulting equilibrium path features staggered contracts.
Download or read book The Economics of Electricity Markets written by Darryl R. Biggar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-07-10 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridges the knowledge gap between engineering and economics in a complex and evolving deregulated electricity industry, enabling readers to understand, operate, plan and design a modern power system With an accessible and progressive style written in straight-forward language, this book covers everything an engineer or economist needs to know to understand, operate within, plan and design an effective liberalized electricity industry, thus serving as both a useful teaching text and a valuable reference. The book focuses on principles and theory which are independent of any one market design. It outlines where the theory is not implemented in practice, perhaps due to other over-riding concerns. The book covers the basic modelling of electricity markets, including the impact of uncertainty (an integral part of generation investment decisions and transmission cost-benefit analysis). It draws out the parallels to the Nordpool market (an important point of reference for Europe). Written from the perspective of the policy-maker, the first part provides the introductory background knowledge required. This includes an understanding of basic economics concepts such as supply and demand, monopoly, market power and marginal cost. The second part of the book asks how a set of generation, load, and transmission resources should be efficiently operated, and the third part focuses on the generation investment decision. Part 4 addresses the question of the management of risk and Part 5 discusses the question of market power. Any power system must be operated at all times in a manner which can accommodate the next potential contingency. This demands responses by generators and loads on a very short timeframe. Part 6 of the book addresses the question of dispatch in the very short run, introducing the distinction between preventive and corrective actions and why preventive actions are sometimes required. The seventh part deals with pricing issues that arise under a regionally-priced market, such as the Australian NEM. This section introduces the notion of regions and interconnectors and how to formulate constraints for the correct pricing outcomes (the issue of "constraint orientation"). Part 8 addresses the fundamental and difficult issue of efficient transmission investment, and finally Part 9 covers issues that arise in the retail market. Bridges the gap between engineering and economics in electricity, covering both the economics and engineering knowledge needed to accurately understand, plan and develop the electricity market Comprehensive coverage of all the key topics in the economics of electricity markets Covers the latest research and policy issues as well as description of the fundamental concepts and principles that can be applied across all markets globally Numerous worked examples and end-of-chapter problems Companion website holding solutions to problems set out in the book, also the relevant simulation (GAMS) codes
Download or read book The Economics of Imperfect Competition written by Joan Robinson and published by Springer. This book was released on 1969-07-01 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Economics of Contracts written by Eric Brousseau and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-10-17 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 2002 survey of economics of contracts appealing to scholars in economics, management and law.
Download or read book Electricity Auctions written by Luiz Maurer and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2011-07-25 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electricity-contract auctions have been getting increased attention as they have emerged as a successful mechanism to procure new generation capacity and. This book presents a comprehensive overview of international experiences in auction design and implementation.
Download or read book Market Building through Antitrust written by Adrien de Hauteclocque and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013-12-27 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By mixing legal, political and economic perspectives, this book will appeal to a wide range of readers from academia in law, economics and political science, regulatory and competition authorities, as well as legal and consulting practices and business
Download or read book Rethinking the Law of Contract Damages written by Victor P. Goldberg and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this series of chapters on contract damages issues, Victor P. Goldberg provides a framework for analyzing the problems that arise when determining damages, and applies it to case law in both the USA and the UK.
