Download or read book Effects of Manipulated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations on Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor Fluxes in Southern California Chaparral written by Yufu Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research took two different approaches to measuring carbon and water vapor flux at the plot level (2 x 2 meter and 1 x 1 meter plots) to help understand and predict ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 concentrations and concomitant environmental changes. The first measurement approach utilized a CO2-controlled, ambient lit, temperature controlled (CO 2LT) null-balance chamber system run in a chaparral ecosystem in southern California, with six different CO2 concentrations ranging from 250 to 750 PPM CO2 concentrations with 100 ppm difference between treatments. The second measurement approach used a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system operated at 550 PPM CO2 concentration. These manipulations allowed the study of responses of naturally-growing chaparral to varying levels of CO2, under both chamber and open air conditions. There was a statistically significant CO2 effect on annual NEE (net ecosystem exchange) during the period of this study, 1997 to 2000. The effects of elevated CO2 on CO2 and water vapor flux showed strong seasonal patterns. Elevated CO2 delayed the development of water stress, enhanced leaf-level photosynthesis, and decreased transpiration and conductance rates. These effects were observed regardless of water availability. Ecosystem CO2 sink strength and plant water status were significantly enhanced by elevated CO2 when water availability was restricted. Comparing the FACE treatment and the FACE control, the ecosystem was either a stronger sink or a weaker source to the atmosphere throughout the dry seasons, but there was no statistically significant difference during the wet seasons. Annual average leaf transpiration decreased with the increasing of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Although leaf level water-use efficiency (WUE) increased with the growth CO2 concentration increase, annual evapotranspiration (ET) during these four years also increased with the increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentrations. These results indicate that chaparral or other similar ecosystems, under future elevated CO2concentrations, might be even more water stressed than they are under current conditions.
Download or read book Natural Disasters and Adaptation to Climate Change written by Sarah Boulter and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-10-14 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents eighteen case studies of natural disasters from Australia, Europe, North America and developing countries. By comparing the impacts, it seeks to identify what moves people to adapt, which adaptive activities succeed and which fail, and the underlying reasons, and the factors that determine when adaptation is required and when simply bearing the impact may be the more appropriate response. Much has been written about the theory of adaptation and high-level, especially international, policy responses to climate change. This book aims to inform actual adaptation practice - what works, what does not, and why. It explores some of the lessons we can learn from past disasters and the adaptation that takes place after the event in preparation for the next. This volume will be especially useful for researchers and decision makers in policy and government concerned with climate change adaptation, emergency management, disaster risk reduction, environmental policy and planning.
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 858 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Science of Climate Change written by M. R. Islam and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-04-19 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has long been recognized that science is the pursuit of knowledge, knowledge is power, and power is political. However, the fantasy of science being apolitical is a hallmark legacy of the enlightenment era, an era that romanticized pursuit of knowledge, disconnected from the baggage of power, politics, and dogmatic assertions. Yet, while the age of information has exponentially increased our access to knowledge, we can see, as clearly as ever, that scientific knowledge is neither apolitical nor dogma-free, and it certainly is not disconnected from power. It is hard to imagine another era when the separation between science and politics has been this blurred as it is today. At the same time, it is true that no other topic than climate change has been so politically charged, with one side dominating the scientific narration and branding anyone opposing the mainstream as a “climate change denier,” and the other standing in staunch defiance that climate change exists. In an age of political and scientific turmoil, how can we navigate out way to coming towards a more objective understanding of the scientific issues surrounding the climate change debate? This book presents the current debate of climate change as scientifically futile, on both sides of the scientific, and often, political, spectrum. The climate change debate has become like obesity, cancer, diabetes or opioid addiction, which is to say that the debate should not be if these maladies exist, but rather, what causes them. Instead of looking for the cause and making adjustments to remove those causes from our lifestyle, a combination of the capitalist drive towards mass production and a lack of identifying the roots of the problems, new solutions, or substitutes, have been proposed as "quick fixes" to the problems. This book identifies the root causes of climate change and shows that climate change is real and it is also preventable, but that it can be reversed only if we stop introducing pollutants in the ensuing greenhouse gases. The book brings back common sense and grounds scientists to the fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, while at the same time disconnecting politicking and hysteria from true scientific analysis of the phenomenon of global climate.
Download or read book Magmatic Carbon Dioxide Emissions at Mammoth Mountain California written by Christopher D. Farrar and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide written by Michael C. MacCracken and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling Regional Carbon Dioxide Flux Over California Using the WRF ACASA Coupled Model written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many processes and interactions in the atmosphere and the biosphere influence the rate of carbon dioxide exchange between these two systems. However, it is difficult to estimate the carbon dioxide flux over regions with diverse ecosystems and complex terrains, such as California. Traditional carbon dioxide measurements are sparse and limited to specific ecosystems. Therefore, accurately estimating carbon dioxide flux on a regional scale remains a major challenge. In this study, we couple the weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) with the Advanced Canopy- Atmosphere-Soil Algorithm (ACASA), a high complexity land surface model. Although WRF is a state-of- the-art regional atmospheric model with high spatial and temporal resolutions, the land surface schemes available in WRF lack the capability to simulate carbon dioxide. ACASA is a complex multilayer land surface model with interactive canopy physiology and full surface hydrological processes. It allows microenvironmental variables such as air and surface temperatures, wind speed, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration to vary vertically. Carbon dioxide, sensible heat, water vapor, and momentum fluxes between the atmosphere and land surface are estimated in the ACASA model through turbulence equations with a third order closure scheme. It therefore permits counter-gradient transports that low-order turbulence closure models are unable to simulate. A new CO2 tracer module is introduced into the model framework to allow the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration to vary according to terrestrial responses. In addition to the carbon dioxide simulation, the coupled WRF-ACASA model is also used to investigate the interactions of neighboring ecosystems in their response to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. The model simulations with and without the CO2 tracer for WRF-ACASA are compared with surface observations from the AmeriFlux network.
Download or read book The Long Term Impact of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Climate written by G. MacDonald and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Importance of a Mediterranean Type Ecosystem in Trace Gas Fluxes from the Chaparral of Southern California written by Hongyan Luo and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon flux measurements over a ca. 100-year old-growth chamise-dominated chaparral shrub ecosystem using eddy covariance techniques were conducted from 1996 to 2003. Results indicate carbon sinks, from -96 to -155 g C m−2 yr−1, under normal climate conditions, but were a weak sink of -18 g C m−2 yr−1 to a strong source of 207 g C m−2 yr−1 as a consequence of a severe drought. The annual sink strength of carbon averaged -52 g C m−2 yr−1, which is comparable to many other ecosystems and indicates that, in contrast to previous thought, the old-growth chaparral shrub ecosystem can be a significant sink of carbon and, therefore, an important component of the global carbon budget. In the comparison experiments, a ca. 100-year chaparral stand (96 to 102-year old) demonstrated a substantial cumulative carbon sink of -391 g C m−2, while a ca. 10-year old chaparral (5 to 11-year old) stand exhibited a moderate carbon source of 114 g C m −2 over the measurement period. This caused the rejection to our hypothesis that young stand would be more productive than the old stand. The cumulative ET at the old stand was 2657 mm, which was higher than the value of 1885 mm at the young stand confirming earlier assumptions of lower water use in young stands. NEE and ET difference between the young stand and the old stand was likely due to the significantly higher soil temperature and higher soil moisture at the young stand than at the old stand. Measurements over the ca. 100-year chaparral ecosystem demonstrated that carbon uptake was largest in the growing season, but constrained in both the dry and winter seasons. The variability of water availability was the primary control on the intra and inter-annual variation of ecosystem carbon and water exchange. Air temperature increase resulted in a linear increase in seasonal carbon fixation and water loss during daytime. Nighttime ecosystem respiration increased as an exponential function with soil temperature in all seasons. Ecosystem dark respiration rates were similar in all seasons. The maximum carbon uptake rate was far larger in the growing season than other seasons.
Download or read book Summary of the Carbon Dioxide Effects Research and Assessment Program written by Carbon Dioxide and Climate Research Program (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Polynomial Representation of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor Transmission written by William Lee Smith and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In recent years much attention has been directed toward applying radiative transfer theory to the earth's atmosphere ... In this paper an attempt is made to fit calculated transmission data with a polynomial model."--P. [1].
Download or read book Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Direct Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation written by Boyd R. Strain and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor on the Atmospheric Temperature Profile written by Ross Edward Ferland and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor Production at Rest and During Exercise A Report on Data Collection for the Crew and Thermal Systems Division written by Stuart M. C. Lee and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings of the Workshop on First Detection of Carbon Dioxide Effects Harpers Ferry West Virginia June 8 10 1981 written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
