Download or read book Effects of Fescue Toxins and Heat Stress on Gene Expression in Mouse Liver written by Sachin Bhusari and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Fescue Toxicosis and Chronic Heat Stress on Murine Hepatic Gene Expression written by Sachin Bhusari and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fescue toxicosis affects domestic animals grazing fescue pasture infected with the endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium coenophialum. Signs of fescue toxicosis include increased body temperature and respiration rate and decreased milk yield and reproductive performance. Laboratory mice also exhibit symptoms of fescue toxicosis as indicated by reduced growth rate and reproductive performance. Mice were used to study effects of fescue toxicosis on hepatic gene expression. Twenty-seven mice were randomly allocated to a diet containing either 50% endophyte-infected (E+) or endophyte-free (E- ) fescue seed for two wks under thermoneutral conditions. A two-stage ANOVA of microarray data identified thirty-six genes differentially expressed between mice fed E+ and E- diets. The E+ diet resulted in down-regulation of genes involved in sex-steroid pathway and in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Genes coding for ribosomes and protein synthesis were up-regulated by the E+ diet. Mice were also used to study the effects of chronic heat stress on hepatic gene expression. Twenty-five mice were randomly allocated to either chronic heat stress (cHS; 34 " 1°C) or thermoneutral (TN; 24 " 1°C) conditions for a period of two wks from 47 to 60 d of age. A two-stage ANOVA of 1353 gene oligoarray data identified thirty genes as differentially expressed due to cHS. Genes involved in the anti-oxidant pathway were up-regulated due to cHS. Genes involved in generation of reactive oxygen radicals and a number of mitochondrial expressed genes were down-regulated by cHS. However, cHS did not produce an increase in oxidative stress induced mitochondrial DNA damage. Furthermore, effects of heat stress on changes in gene expression due to fescue toxicosis in mice liver were studied using DNA microarrays. Our goal was to characterize the differences in liver gene expression of mice exposed to chronic heat stress (cHS) and E+ when compared to mice fed E+ at TN. Mice were fed E+ diet under cHS (34 " 1°C; n = 13; E+cHS) or TN conditions (24 " 1°C; n = 14; E+TN) for a period of two wks between 47 to 60 d of age. Forty-one genes were differentially expressed between treatment groups. Genes coding for phase I detoxification and anti-oxidant pathway were up-regulated in E+cHS mouse liver. Key genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and lipid transport were also up-regulated. Finally, genes involved in DNA damage control and unfolded protein responses were down-regulated. In summary, mice fed an E+ diet at TN resulted in change in expression of genes involved in sex-steroid pathway while this pathway was not perturbed in mice exposed to cHS or to E+cHS treatments. Changes in expression of genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism pathway occurred in mice exposed to E+ and to E+cHS treatment. Anti-oxidant gene expression changes occurred in mice exposed to cHS and to E+cHS, but not in E+ treated mice. Interestingly, gene expression changes involved in the detoxification pathway were seen only in mice exposed to combination of E+ and cHS. Biological pathways and gene expression changes identified in mouse liver due to E+, cHS, and E+cHS will help to understand molecular mechanisms by which fescue toxicosis and heat stress affects animals.

Download or read book Temporal Effects of Fescue Toxicosis and Heat Stress on Rat Physiology and Hepatic Gene Expression written by Raja Sekhar Settivari and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fescue toxicosis results from intake of toxins in fescue containing an endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium coenophialum. Time-related changes in rats associated with intake of an endophyte-infected fescue diet (E+) were evaluated under thermoneutral (TN), and both short- and long-term heat stress (HS) conditions. Short-term E+ intake decreased feed intake and growth rate under both conditions, whereas rats exhibited signs of adaptation during long-term exposure with better recovery occurring under TN conditions. Rats fed an E+ diet did not change core temperature during TN, but under HS conditions they exhibited a short-term increase in core temperature above control level. However, there was adaptive return of this temperature to TN level with long-term exposure. Short-term E+ intake at TN decreased serum glucose, urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol; whereas long-term E+ intake under these conditions resulted in complete adaptation. In contrast, short-term E+ intake at HS did not affect serum biochemistry, while long-term intake decreased all the above mentioned serum parameters. Serum prolactin level was decreased during both short- or long-term TN and HS conditions. The E+ diet decreased hepatic antioxidant gene expression, with even greater reduction as a result of HS. Long-term E+ intake and HS increased expression of cytochrome P450 and detoxification pathways, respectively. Genes associated with immune response increased with long-term E+ at TN, but decreased with E+ diet at HS. Similarly, genes coding for chaperone and DNA repair decreased with long-term E+ at TN, but increased with E+ and HS. Recovery observed in E+ rats at TN could be attributed to increased gene expression for detoxification and immune response, whereas decreased antioxidant and immune response associated genes could contribute to distress associated with E+ at HS. Fescue toxicosis results from intake of toxins in fescue containing an endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium coenophialum. Time-related changes in rats associated with intake of an endophyte-infected fescue diet (E+) were evaluated under thermoneutral (TN), and both short- and long-term heat stress (HS) conditions. Short-term E+ intake decreased feed intake and growth rate under both conditions, whereas rats exhibited signs of adaptation during long-term exposure with better recovery occurring under TN conditions. Rats fed an E+ diet did not change core temperature during TN, but under HS conditions they exhibited a short-term increase in core temperature above control level. However, there was adaptive return of this temperature to TN level with long-term exposure. Short-term E+ intake at TN decreased serum glucose, urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol; whereas long-term E+ intake under these conditions resulted in complete adaptation. In contrast, short-term E+ intake at HS did not affect serum biochemistry, while long-term intake decreased all the above mentioned serum parameters. Serum prolactin level was decreased during both short- or long-term TN and HS conditions. The E+ diet decreased hepatic antioxidant gene expression, with even greater reduction as a result of HS. Long-term E+ intake and HS increased expression of cytochrome P450 and detoxification pathways, respectively. Genes associated with immune response increased with long-term E+ at TN, but decreased with E+ diet at HS. Similarly, genes coding for chaperone and DNA repair decreased with long-term E+ at TN, but increased with E+ and HS. Recovery observed in E+ rats at TN could be attributed to increased gene expression for detoxification and immune response, whereas decreased antioxidant and immune response associated genes could contribute to distress associated with E+ at HS.

Download or read book Effect of Endophyte infected Tall Fescue on Hepatic Gene Expression in Cattle written by Jenny Katherine Bryant and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fescue toxicosis may result from the intake of ergot alkaloids found in endophyteinfected (E+) tall fescue. The liver if the major organ involved in the pathology of fescue toxicosis, as it is the site where the toxic ergot alkaloids are metabolized. A study performed with rats consuming and E+ diet reported increased expression of Phase I detoxification enzymes and a decreased expression of antioxidants, to suggest an increase of cellular oxidative stress. This study was performed to determine if intake of E+ fescue had the same effect on the expression of detoxification enzymes and antioxidants in cattle. A second objective of this study was to examine changes in the hepatic transcriptome that occur when cattle consume E+ fescue. Missouri- (MO; n=10; 513.6±1.3 Kg BW) and Oklahoma- (OK; n=10; 552.8±12.0 Kg BW) derived Angus steers, maintained at 19-22°C (TN) air temperature for 8 days and then maintained at cycling heat stress for an additional 10 days (26°C night Ta; 36°C day Ta:HS). Cattle were fed diets containing either endophyte-free (E-) or E+ seed (30 [microgram] ergovaline/Kg BW/day) and feed intake (FI) was recorded daily. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected during pretreatment followed by blood samples at Day 4, 11, and 17 and liver tissue samples were collected again on Day 7 and 18. Consumption of E+ fescue resulted in significantly reduced (p!0.05) feed intake in both the TN and HS periods when compared to the E- group. There was also a significantly (p!0.05) lower serum prolactin concentration of E+ steers when compared to E- steers in both the TN and HS periods. These results confirm that E+ steers were experiencing the physiological conditions associated with fescue toxicosis. Real-time PCR was performed to determine expression of selected hepatic Phase I detoxification enzymes and specific antioxidant proteins. Illumina deep sequencing was performed on TN samples from selected fescue-naïve OK steers. Tiling of the sequences to a ~23,500 member reference allowed for the quantification of mRNA transcript abundance in each sample. Real-time PCR demonstrated that cattle consuming E+ fescue did not a significant change in the expression of Phase I detoxification enzymes or antioxidants. Illumina transcriptome analysis confirmed that E+ fescue did not have any significant effect on the expression of selected Phase I genes; however, there were 76 genes whose expression was significantly affected by E+ fescue, including a number of genes involved in !-oxidation of fatty acids, oxidative phosphorylation, Phase II detoxification, antioxidant activity and the stress response. Illumina deep sequencing aided in compiling a list of genes, which should undergo further study to identify the nature of their connection to the clinical signs of fescue toxicosis.

Download or read book Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 1748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.

Download or read book Chemical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 2566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gene Prediction written by Martin Kollmar and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2019-05-19 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume introduces software used for gene prediction with focus on eukaryotic genomes. The chapters in this book describe software and web server usage as applied in common use-cases, and explain ways to simplify re-annotation of long available genome assemblies. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary computational requirements, step-by-step, readily reproducible computational protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and thorough, Gene Prediction: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for researchers and research groups working on the assembly and annotation of single species or small groups of species. Chapter 3 is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license via link.springer.com.

Download or read book Large Animal Internal Medicine E Book written by Bradford P. Smith and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-05-21 with total page 2279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: **Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 with "Essential Purchase" designation in Veterinary Medicine** Utilize a problem-oriented approach to the diagnosis of diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition covers the diagnosis and management of disease in both ruminant and equine internal medicine. As the first veterinary internal medicine text to use a problem-based approach, it offers discussions of over 150 clinical signs and manifestations, as well as comprehensive coverage of laboratory and diagnostic testing. New to this edition is a versatile online reference platform and coverage of conditions that exist in Europe, Central and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. In addition, thoroughly revised and updated content includes new vaccines and vaccination protocols; the most current laboratories for DNA, genetic, and PCR testing; and colostrum supplements and replacers. It’s everything you need to stay up to date with the latest information on preventing and treating disease in large animals. Discussions of over 150 clinical signs or manifestations of disease provide you with a problem-based approach to diagnosis based on what you’ve observed and what laboratory tests reveal. Causes of Presenting Signs boxes offer quick access to the common, less common, and uncommon diseases associated with manifestations or signs of disease. Causes of Abnormal Laboratory Values boxes highlight the possible interpretations of abnormalities in clinical chemistry, hematology, blood proteins, and clotting tests. More than 200 expert authors contribute information in their areas of expertise for the most current, authoritative information on each topic. NEW! Expert Consult platform provides a versatile digital resource including bonus content, useful references, and videos to meet the needs of practicing equine and large animal veterinarians. NEW! Global conditions of importance are covered, including those previously not discussed, that exist in Europe, Central and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. NEW! Coverage of emerging and re-emerging diseases includes the new pathogen discovery. NEW! Assessment of vaccination status and susceptibility to infection discusses how antibody titers can predict protection for some pathogens. NEW! Description of epigenetics and metagenomics provides detailed coverage of these emerging areas of interest. NEW! Table of zoonoses obtained from large animals includes symptoms and disinfection needs. NEW! Videos demonstrate how to perform ultrasound imaging on an equine and cow abdomen clearly showing where to position the probe, and what depth to use for scans of the kidneys, liver, and bowel. NEW! Coverage of genetic disorders, Hydrocephalus in Fresians and Pulmonary hypoplasia with Anasarca in Dexter cattle help you to treat these disorders. NEW! Extensively updated content clarifies the latest research and clinical findings on the West Nile Virus, therapeutic drug monitoring, muscle disorders, GI microbiota, the genetic basis for Immune-mediated myositis in Quarter Horses, discoveries in antimicrobial drugs, anthelmintic, and vaccines, and more!

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 886 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ergot Alkaloids and Related Compounds written by B. Berde and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 1016 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contribution by numerous experts

Download or read book Environmental Stress and Amelioration in Livestock Production written by Veerasamy Sejian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the importance of livestock to the global economy, there is a substantial need for world-class reference material on the sustainable management of livestock in diverse eco-regions. With uncertain climates involving unpredictable extreme events (e.g., heat, drought, infectious disease), environmental stresses are becoming the most crucial factors affecting livestock productivity. By systematically and comprehensively addressing all aspects of environmental stresses and livestock productivity, this volume is a useful tool for understanding the various intricacies of stress physiology. With information and case studies collected and analyzed by professionals working in diversified ecological zones, this book explores the influence of the environment on livestock production across global biomes. The challenges the livestock industry faces in maintaining the delicate balance between animal welfare and production are also highlighted.

Download or read book Heat Stress and Animal Productivity written by Anjali Aggarwal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-30 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr. Anjali Aggarwal is working as a Senior Scientist at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India). She holds a PhD degree in Animal Physiology and is involved in research and teaching at post-graduate level. Her area of research work is stress and environmental physiology. She has more than 50 publications, two technical bulletins, four manuals and many book chapters to her credit. She has successfully guided many post-graduate and PhD students. Her major research accomplishments are on microclimatic modification for alleviation of heat and cold stress, mist and fan cooling systems for cows and buffaloes, and use of wallowing tank in buffaloes. Her work involves the use of technology of supplementing micronutrients during dry period and early lactation to crossbred and indigenous cows for alleviating metabolic and oxidative stress and improved health and productivity. Studies are also done in her lab on partitioning of heat loss from skin and pulmonary system of cattle and buffaloes as a result of exercise or exposure to heat stress. Dr. R.C. Upadhyay is working as Head, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India). He graduated in Veterinary Sciences and obtained his PhD degree in Animal Physiology. His area of recent research is climate change, stress, and environmental physiology. His major research accomplishment is on climate change impact assessment of milk production and growth in livestock. His work also involves studying methane conversion and emission factors for Indian livestock and use of IPCC methodology of methane inventory of Indian livestock. Heat shock protein-70 expression studies in cattle and buffaloes are also done in his lab. Draught animal power evaluation, fatigue assessment, work-rest cycle and work limiting factors form the highlights of his work. Studies on partitioning of heat loss from skin and pulmonary system of cattle and buffaloes and electrocardiographic studies in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat are also undertaken in his lab. He has more than 75 research papers, four books and several book chapters to his credit. Technologies developed and research done by him include methodology of methane measurement: open and closed circuit for cattle and buffaloes; inventory of methane emission from livestock using IPCC methodology; livestock stress index: thermal stress measurement based on physiological functions; and draught power evaluation system and large animal treadmill system. He received training in Radio-nuclides in medicine at Australian School of Nuclear Technology, Lucas heights, NSW, Australia in 1985 and Use of radioisotopes in cardiovascular investigations at CSIRO, Prospect, NSW, Australia, during 1985-86. He has guided several post-graduate and PhD students. He is recipient of Hari Om Ashram Award-1990 (ICAR) for outstanding research in animal sciences.

Download or read book Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research Education and Testing written by Robert H. Weichbrod and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-07 with total page 917 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AAP Prose Award Finalist 2018/19 Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing, Second Edition is the extensively expanded revision of the popular Management of Laboratory Animal Care and Use Programs book published earlier this century. Following in the footsteps of the first edition, this revision serves as a first line management resource, providing for strong advocacy for advancing quality animal welfare and science worldwide, and continues as a valuable seminal reference for those engaged in all types of programs involving animal care and use. The new edition has more than doubled the number of chapters in the original volume to present a more comprehensive overview of the current breadth and depth of the field with applicability to an international audience. Readers are provided with the latest information and resource and reference material from authors who are noted experts in their field. The book: - Emphasizes the importance of developing a collaborative culture of care within an animal care and use program and provides information about how behavioral management through animal training can play an integral role in a veterinary health program - Provides a new section on Environment and Housing, containing chapters that focus on management considerations of housing and enrichment delineated by species - Expands coverage of regulatory oversight and compliance, assessment, and assurance issues and processes, including a greater discussion of globalization and harmonizing cultural and regulatory issues - Includes more in-depth treatment throughout the book of critical topics in program management, physical plant, animal health, and husbandry. Biomedical research using animals requires administrators and managers who are knowledgeable and highly skilled. They must adapt to the complexity of rapidly-changing technologies, balance research goals with a thorough understanding of regulatory requirements and guidelines, and know how to work with a multi-generational, multi-cultural workforce. This book is the ideal resource for these professionals. It also serves as an indispensable resource text for certification exams and credentialing boards for a multitude of professional societies Co-publishers on the second edition are: ACLAM (American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); ECLAM (European College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); IACLAM (International Colleges of Laboratory Animal Medicine); JCLAM (Japanese College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); KCLAM (Korean College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); CALAS (Canadian Association of Laboratory Animal Medicine); LAMA (Laboratory Animal Management Association); and IAT (Institute of Animal Technology).

Download or read book Jubb Kennedy Palmer s Pathology of Domestic Animals E Book written by Grant Maxie and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-08-16 with total page 912 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With an emphasis on the disease conditions of dogs, cats, horses, swine, cattle and small ruminants, Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th Edition continues its long tradition of being the most comprehensive reference book on common domestic mammal pathology. Using a body systems approach, veterinary pathology experts provide overviews of general system characteristics, reactions to insult, and disease conditions that are broken down by type of infectious or toxic insult affecting the anatomical subdivisions of each body system. The sixth edition now boasts a new full-color design, including more than 2,000 high-resolution images of normal and abnormal organs, tissues, and cells. Updated content also includes evolved coverage of disease agents such as the Schmallenberg virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and the porcine deltacoronavirus; plus new information on molecular-based testing, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in-situ hybridization, keep you abreast of the latest diagnostic capabilities. Updated content includes new and evolving pathogens and diagnostic techniques. Updated bibliographies give readers new entry points into the rapidly expanding literature on each subject. NEW! High-resolution color images clearly depict the diagnostic features of hundreds of conditions. NEW! Introduction to the Diagnostic Process chapter illustrates the whole animal perspective and details the approaches to systemic, multi-system, and polymicrobial disease. NEW! Coverage of camelids is now included in the reference’s widened scope of species. NEW! Team of 30+ expert contributors offers the latest perspective on the continuum of issues in veterinary pathology. NEW! Expanded resources on the companion website include a variety of helpful tools such as full reference lists with entries linked to abstracts in Pub Med and bonus web-only figures. NEW! Full-color design improves the accessibility of the text.

Download or read book Abiotic Stress Response in Plants written by Arun Shanker and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-08-29 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants, unlike animals, are sessile. This demands that adverse changes in their environment are quickly recognized, distinguished and responded to with suitable reactions. Drought, heat, cold and salinity are among the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant growth and productivity. In general, abiotic stress often causes a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes that unfavorably affect plant growth, development and productivity. Drought, salinity, extreme temperatures (cold and heat) and oxidative stress are often interrelated; these conditions singularly or in combination induce cellular damage. To cope with abiotic stresses, of paramount significance is to understand plant responses to abiotic stresses that disturb the homeostatic equilibrium at cellular and molecular level in order to identify a common mechanism for multiple stress tolerance. This multi authored edited compilation attempts to put forth an all-inclusive biochemical and molecular picture in a systems approach wherein mechanism and adaptation aspects of abiotic stress are dealt with. The chief objective of the book hence is to deliver state of the art information for comprehending the effects of abiotic stress in plants at the cellular level.

Download or read book Molecular Genetics of Host Specific Toxins in Plant Disease written by Keisuke Kohmoto and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For investigators engaged in the study of toxins generally, and host-specific toxins in particular, it is a rare treat to attend a meeting in which toxins involved in plant pathogenesis are emphasized. A gathering of this type provides opportunity to consider the discovery of new toxins, their chemical structures, genes encoding enzymes that control their biosyntheses, their sites of action and physiological effects on plants, and their roles (if any) in pathological processes. Having acknowledged the inspiration fostered by a 'toxin meeting', however, it is important to point out that the program of this symposium was generously sprinkled with 'nontoxin' talks. These contributions generated cross-disciplinary discussion and promoted new ways of thinking about relationships among factors required for plant disease development. The point can be illustrated by considering just one example. We have in the past often regarded diseases mediated by host-specific toxins and diseases involving 'gene-for-gene' relationships as representing two different classes of fungal/plant interaction. This is largely because the key molecular recognition event in so-called 'toxin' diseases leads to compatibility, whereas the corresponding event in 'gene-for-gene' diseases leads to incompatibility. Yet the race specific elicitors produced by the 'gene-for-gene' fungi Cladosporium fulvum (De Wit, Adv. Bot. Res. 21:147- 185, 1995) and Rhynchosporium secalis (Rohe et a1. , EMBO J.

Download or read book Environmental Mycology in Public Health written by Carla Viegas and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-08-03 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Mycology in Public Health: Fungi and Mycotoxins Risk Assessment and Management provides the most updated information on fungi, an essential element in the survival of our global ecology that can also pose a significant threat to the health of occupants when they are present in buildings. As the exposure to fungi in homes is a significant risk factor for a number of respiratory symptoms, including allergies and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, this book presents information on fungi and their disease agents, important aspects of exposure assessment, and their impacts on health. This book answers the hard questions, including, "How does one detect and measure the presence of indoor fungi?" and "What is an acceptable level of indoor fungi?" It then examines how we relate this information to human health problems. Provides unique new insights on fungi and their metabolites detection in the environmental and occupational settings Presents new information that is enriched by significant cases studies Multi-contributed work, edited by a proficient team in medical and environmental mycology with different individual expertise Guides the readers in the implementation of preventive and protective measures regarding exposure to fungi