Download or read book Effects of an Oxidative Catalytic Converter on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon PAH Levels in the Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter written by Tung-Liang Huang and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by Kazuichi Hayakawa and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-05 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (NPAHs) contamination in the context of environmental pollution in Asia. It is comprised of the following sections: 1. Fundamental Chemistry and General Characteristics; 2. Analytical Methods; 3. Emission Source and Atmospheric Behavior; 4. Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and PM2.5; 5. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Environments; 6. Metabolic Activation/Toxicities; and 7. Environmental Standards and Guidelines. This volume concentrates on the Far East due to the massive consumption of coal and petroleum in China, which has led to considerable levels of air pollution. High concentration of atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing have been reported since January 2013 and exposure to such high concentrations may cause respiratory, cardiac and lung diseases. Gathering contributions from international experts, this volume provides a valuable reference guide for global researchers and students interested in learning from the East Asian experience.
Download or read book Effects of Diesel Fuel Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon PAH Levels on the Exhaust PAH Levels for Three Diesel Fuels Including a California Reformulated Diesel Blend written by Kenneth Leo Kiefer and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impact of Diesel Fuel Aromatics on Particulate PAH and Nitro PAH Emissions written by Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. Efficiency and Alternative Energy Technology Branch and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Carcinogens written by G. Grimmer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present survey comprises today‘s knowledge of environmental pollution in particular of the atmosphere by PAH and of the biological effects of this class of substance, putting special emphasis on their carcinogenic activity. The research data and conclusions derived therefrom are meant to assist the government of the Federal Republic of Germany in determining an air quality standard.
Download or read book The Carcinogenic Effects Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by Andreas Luch and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005-08-22 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview on the molecular mode of action of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are by-products arising from incomplete combustion of organic matter that are frequently released into our environment, and thus are ubiquitously detectable. Many PAHs are strong carcinogens in rodent bioassays and have been linked to increased incidences of various types of cancer in humans. The present book covers all aspects of PAH-induced carcinogenesis; it is a collection of articles written by some of the most recognizable PAH researchers, reviewing the present knowledge in this field. The topics include: exposure to and biomonitoring of PAHs in the human population; metabolic activation of PAHs; genotoxicity and repair of PAH-induced DNA damage; and factors modulating individual susceptibility to the deleterious effects of PAHs.
Download or read book Selected Nitro and Nitro oxy polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by J. Kielhorn and published by Environmental Health Criteria. This book was released on 2003 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Environmental Health Criteria Programme (EHC) evaluates information on the relationship between exposure to environmental pollutants and human health, in order to establish guidelines for setting exposure limits. This publication focuses on the risks posed by exposures to selected nitro-and nitro-oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitroPAHs). These are derivaties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) which contain two or more fused aromatic rings made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Download or read book Annual Index abstracts of SAE Technical Papers written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advances in Molecular Toxicology written by Sushmita Sen and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-08-12 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants, so widespread that it is impossible for anyone to avoid exposure to them. They are the products of partial combustion, and exposure comes from the fossil fuels that we use to drive our cars, cook our food, warm our home, and fuel our industry. Other exposure comes from tobacco smoke and oil spills. PAHs are responsible for more cancers, primarily lung cancers, than any other carcinogen. The most studied PAHs are unsubstituted multi-ring structures. These compounds are not DNA reactive, and must be modified to become carcinogenic. Metabolic pathways modify PAH during the detoxification process. Three pathways have been extensively documented: the diol-epoxide pathway, the radical cation pathway, and the o-quinone pathway. Some PAHs are generated during combustion in oxygenated forms, usually as quinones. Quinones also form as PAHs are exposed to sunlight, for example, in an oil spill. These metabolic products damage DNA through distinct mechanisms: diol epoxides form bulky adducts with DNA, radical cations form depurinating adducts and quinones undergo futile redox cycling to generate reactive oxygen. Here, we discuss the evidence for these pathways in PAH carcinogenesis.
Download or read book Side reactions in diesel particulate filters written by Matteo Carrara and published by Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG. This book was released on 2011 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diesel particulate matter is widely considered as a possible human carcinogen. Several classes of organic components such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons can adsorb on the soot surface. Although diesel particulate filters (DPFs) have been designed and implemented to reduce these and other harmful diesel emissions, the particle loaded filters may act as a rection chamber for side reactions whose products could possibly offset the positive effects of the DPF itself. Scope of the present dissertation was to explain to which extent modern DPFs could support the formation of highly toxic and mutagenic NPAHs by nitration of pre-existing PAHs. In addition, the use of biofuels and biofuel blends in different vehicles was investigated with respect to the effects on NPAHs emission.
Download or read book Effects of catalytic reactors on diesel exhaust composition written by W. F. Marshall and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Bureau of Mines report discusses tests conducted with four different catalytic reactor designs to determine the influence of exhaust treatment systems on emissions from diesel engines. Although there were significant differences in oxidation effectiveness at light to intermediate engine loads., all four catalysts were very effective in reducing emissions at heavy loads. Compositional determinations included carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, aldehydes, sulfur dioxide, sulfates, and particulate loading. Particulate size, exhaust odor intensity, and the character of the unburned hydrocarbon component were also determined.
Download or read book Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by IARC Monographs on the Evaluat. This book was released on 2015-06-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of diesel and gasoline engine exhausts, and of 10 nitroarenes found in diesel engine exhaust: 3,7-dinitrofluoranthene, 3,9-dinitrofluoranthene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, 1,8-dinitropyrene, 6-nitrochrysene, 2-nitrofluorene, 1-nitropyrene, 4-nitropyrene, and 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Diesel engines are used for transport on and off roads (e.g. passenger cars, buses, trucks, trains, ships), for machinery in various industrial sectors (e.g. mining, construction), and for electricity generators, particularly in developing countries. Gasoline engines are used in cars and hand-held equipment (e.g. chainsaws). The emissions from such combustion engines comprise a complex and varying mixture of gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides), particles (e.g. PM10, PM2.5, ultrafine particles, elemental carbon, organic carbon, ash, sulfate, and metals), volatile organic compunds (e.g. benzene, formaldehyde) and semi-volatile organic compounds (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) including oxygenated and nitrated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Diesel and gasoline engines thus make a significant contribution to a broad range of air pollutants to which people are exposed in the general population as well as in different occupational settings. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of environmental or occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts (including those associated with the mining, railroad, construction, and transportation industries) and to 10 selected nitroarenes. -- Back cover.
Download or read book Impact of Diesel Fuel Aromatics on Particulate PAH and Nitro PAH Emissions written by Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology and published by Canadian Petroleum Products Institute = Institut canadien des produits pétroliers. This book was released on 1994 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of an Advanced Oxidation Catalytic Converter and a Catalyzed Particulate Filter on the Emissions from a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine written by Venkata R. Lakkireddy and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Environmental Fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Particles written by Daekyun Kim and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of an Oxidation Catalytic Converter on Emissions from a Low Sulfur Fueled Diesel Engine written by Gregory M. Pataky and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Organic Chemical Characterization Of Primary And Secondary Biodiesel Exhaust Particulate Matter written by John Kasumba and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel use and production has significantly increased in the United States and in other parts of the world in the past decade. This change is driven by energy security and global climate legislation mandating reductions in the use of petroleum-based diesel. Recent air quality research has shown that emission of some pollutants such as CO, particulate matter (PM), SO2, hydrocarbons, and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is greatly reduced with biodiesel. However, studies have also shown that some unregulated emissions, such as gas-phase carbonyls, are increased with biodiesel combustion. Very limited research has been done to investigate the particle-phase carbonyl and quinone emissions from biodiesel combustion. Also, very limited studies have investigated the ozone oxidation of biodiesel exhaust PM. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are found in high abundance in biodiesel exhaust PM. The presence of these FAMEs in biodiesel exhaust PM can potentially alter the kinetics of the reactions between ozone and particle-phase PAHs. In this study, an Armfield CM-12 automotive light-duty diesel engine operated on a transient drive cycle was used to generate PM from various waste vegetable oil (WVO) and soybean biodiesel blends (containing 0%, (B00), 10% (B10), 20% (B20), 50% (B50), and 100% (B100) biodiesel by volume). The primary PM emissions were sampled using Teflon-coated fiberfilm filters. Laboratory PAHs, FAMEs, and B20 exhaust PM were exposed to ~0.4 ppm ozone for time periods ranging from 0-24 hours in order to study the effect of FAMEs and biodiesel exhaust PM on the ozonolysis of PAHs. Organic chemical analysis of samples was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). PAHs, carbonyls, FAMEs, and n-alkanes were quantified in the exhaust PM of petrodiesel, WVO and soybean fuel blends. The emission rates of the total PAHs in B10, B20, B50, and B100 exhaust PM decreased by 0.006-0.071 ng/μg (5-51%) compared to B00, while the emission rates for the FAMEs increased with increasing biodiesel content in the fuel. The emission rates of the total n-alkanes in B10, B20, B50, and B100 exhaust PM decreased by 0.5-21.3 ng/μg (4-86%) compared to B00 exhaust PM. The total emission rates of the aliphatic aldehydes in biodiesel exhaust PM (B10, B20, B50, and B100) increased by 0.019-2.485 ng/μg (36-4800%) compared to petrodiesel. The emission rates of the total aromatic aldehydes, total aromatic ketones, and total quinones all generally decreased with increasing biodiesel content in the fuel. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, the pseudo-first order ozone reaction rate constants of all the PAHs decreased by 1.2-8 times in the presence of the FAMEs. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were the only PAHs detected in the B20 exhaust PM, and their ozone reaction rate constants were about 4 times lower than those obtained when the PAHs alone were exposed to ozone. The findings of this study indicate that there are both positive and negative effects to emissions associated with biodiesel use in light-duty diesel engines operating on transient drive cycle.
