Download or read book Effect of Rumen protected Choline on Milk Production and Reproduction in Holstein Cows on Two Commercial Dairy Farms written by Mason Carl Amundson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Rumen protected Choline Supplementation Or in Utero Exposure on Metabolism and Performance of Dairy Cows and Calves written by Henry Holdorf and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this dissertation was to improve the understanding of mechanisms behind the positive effects on milk production and health of rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation during the transition to lactation period and interrogate whether choline could benefit cattle in other stressful life stages. The objectives of the experiment presented in Chapter II were to 1) determine the impact of increasing dose of prepartum RPC supplementation on milk production and blood biomarkers in multiparous Holstein cows; 2) determine if there are continuous responses across a range of actual prepartum choline ion intakes. There was no benefit to milk production of increasing the prepartum dose of RPC, nor did milk production respond along a continuous range of prepartum choline ion intakes. There was a benefit of supplementing RPC at the current recommended dose (15 g choline ion/d) on energy corrected milk yield, consistent with previous research. This chapter also presented evidence that peripartum RPC supplementation may influence nutrient partitioning through altered insulin function and may improve gastrointestinal function. Chapter III presented the effects of maternal choline supplementation on early life performance of offspring. The objectives of the experiment presented were to 1) determine if increasing dose of late gestation RPC, supplemented to multiparous Holstein cows, would improve growth in calves; and 2) determine if in utero choline exposure alters DNA methylation patterns. In utero choline exposure improved the rate of growth and feed efficiency in female Holstein and male Holstein x Angus calves, while improving only feed efficiency in female Holstein x Angus calves. Consistent with results in adult cows presented in Chapter II, in utero choline exposure may have improved gastrointestinal function in Holstein calves. In utero choline exposure altered global DNA methylation patterns in male Holstein x Angus calves, representing a potential mechanism to explain phenotypic responses. Chapter IV interrogated the effects of supplementing RPC to multiparous Holstein cows under experimental heat stress. The objectives of this experiment were to 1) determine if supplementing RPC to heat stressed cows would improve milk production and 2) determine if supplementation was required prior to and during, or just during the heat stress insult, i.e., supplementation strategy. Either RPC supplementation strategy reduced the respiration response to heat stress compared to CTL. Supplementing RPC before and during heat stress improved milk production prior to and during heat stress while supplementation only during heat stress had no effect on milk yield. Supplementing RPC has the potential to improve performance of cattle in dairy production systems beyond the transition to lactation period. The potential for choline to impact gastrointestinal function should be further interrogated as a mechanism to explain the positive effects on performance.

Download or read book Supplementation of Rumen protected Forms of Methionine Betaine and Choline to Early Lactation Holstein Cows written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methionine (Met) is frequently the first limiting amino acid or co-limiting with lysine in dairy rations, and Met metabolism is closely linked to that of betaine and choline. Methionine, betaine, and choline are all degraded by microbes in the rumen, so rumen-protected (RP) forms were used to perform two experiments. The objective of these experiments was to investigate the impact of supplementing RP forms of methionine, betaine, and choline to a Met-limited total mixed ration (TMR) on performance, metabolism and ruminal fermentation in early lactation Holstein cows. Experiment 1 utilized 80 lactating Holstein cows from 21 to 91 days in milk (DIM) that were fed a corn silage-based TMR formulated to meet National Research Council (2001) recommendations, except the Met content was limited (42 gD). One of four supplements was blended into the TMR to produce four dietary treatments: 1.) control, 2.) 20 gD RP-Met, 3.) 45 gD RP-betaine, and 4.) 40 gD RP-choline. Calcium salts of fatty acids were used to protect the RP-betaine and RP-choline supplements and were added to the control and RP-Met supplements so that equal amounts of fat were supplied to all treatments. Consequently, dry matter (DM) intake, body weight, and body condition score were not significantly different among treatments (P> 0.2). The treatment by parity interaction tended to be different (P = 0.06) for milk yield with 44.3 kgD produced in multiparous (MP) cows fed RP-choline compared to MP cows fed all other treatments (37.8, 40.0, and 38.7, respectively) while there were no differences among treatments in primiparous cows. Cows fed RP-met or RP-choline had higher milk crude protein yield than cows fed control or RP-betaine (P = 0.02). However, there were no differences in milk fat yield or milk urea nitrogen (P> 0.2). Experiment 2 utilized 4 dual-flow continuous culture fermentors (700 ml) to determine the effects of supplementation of rumen-protected forms.

Download or read book Effects of Feeding Soybeans and Rumen Protected Choline During the Periparturient Period and Early Lactation on Production and Reproduction of Dairy Cows written by Wendy Ann Scheer Oelrichs and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Supplementing Rumen Protected Choline to Dairy During Transition Period Effect on Milk Production and Reproductive Performance written by Pawar Shivaji Pandurang and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Undegradable Protein Fed Prepartum on Subsequent Lactation Reproduction and Health in Holstein Dairy Cattle written by Robert John Van Saun and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Characterizing Choline Nutrition and Biology in the Dairy Cow written by William Andrew Myers (III) and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dairy cows transitioning from gestation to lactation develop fatty liver in response to excessive mobilization of free fatty acids (FA) from stored bodily triacylglycerol (TAG) reserves to meet the increased energy demand of lactation. Rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation may increase hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis to promote TAG secretion within very-low density proteins. Dietary FA and one-carbon donors such as choline may influence PC synthesis in cows with implications for health. Choline can also be degraded in the gastrointestinal tract in part to trimethylamine (TMA), which is oxidized in the liver to form trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). It has not been well- established in ruminants if FA of varying chain length can modulate hepatic PC production. The evaluation of RPC supplementation at various increasing doses and the quantification of lipoprotein TAG concentration in dairy cows has also not been thoroughly evaluated. The effects of TMAO on dairy cow's health has not yet been assessed as has been the case in non-ruminants including humans. In study 1, we abomasally infused (i) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (ii) PA + choline chloride (PA+C; 50 g/d choline ion), (iii) PA + L-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d L-serine), (iv) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (v) a docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (47.5% DHA of total fat) into 5 late lactation dairy cows. Infusion of DHA increased hepatic PC containing 4 or more double bonds (52 out of 61 PC; e.g., PC-14:0/22:6 or 22:0/20:4), relative to other treatments. Hepatic PC containing saturated FA were lowest for DHA-infused cows. While PA+C increased hepatic PC with moderate saturation, PA+C decreased highly unsaturated PC when compared to PA. A similar outcome was observed for cows infused PA+S. These data confirm that saturated FA, DHA, and one-carbon donors uniquely modify hepatic PC levels in lactating cows. In study 2, forty-one pregnant, non-lactating, multiparous Holstein cows were feed-restricted to consume ~31% of their net energy requirements for 9 d and fed RPC that provided 0 (control), 6.5, 12.9, 19.4, or 25.8 g/d of choline ions. We observed a significant linear increase in TAG-rich lipoprotein total TAG levels with choline ion supplementation. Majority of PC within the TAG-rich lipoprotein fraction increased linearly with increasing RPC (37 out of 55 PC; e.g. PC 38:5). A similar linear outcome was observed for TAG-rich lipoprotein TAG (106 out of 317 TAG). In liver, RPC increased PC (0 vs. rest; 40 out of 57 PC). Hepatic TAG was lowered by RPC (0 vs. rest; 17.5 vs. 13.6% of tissue DM). Our data support the likelihood that RPC increased hepatic PC synthesis and lipoprotein secretion to prevent liver TAG accrual in dairy cows. In study 3, we assessed the effects of TMAO on dairy cow markers of health and milk production. We continuously intravenously infused TMAO at 0, 20, 40, or 60 g/d for 6 d into eight early lactation Holstein cows in a 4 _ 4 replicated Latin square design. Plasma TAG, FA, and glucose concentrations were not modified by treatment. Serum albumin, total protein, globulin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, _-glutamyl transferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase concentrations were not modified by treatment. We did not observe any differences in markers of oxidative status: total glutathione, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, and the ratio of reduced: oxidized glutathione within plasma. Glucose tolerance or milk production were not modified by treatment. It appears that TMAO does not impair metabolic health in early lactation cows. Future research should investigate nutritional strategies to maximize choline bioavailability in order to decrease post-ruminal choline degradation.

Download or read book The Mother of Ville Marie written by and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Rumen Stability of Two Rumen protected Choline Products written by Jennifer Ann Lynch and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The goals of the modern dairy producer are much higher than those of past producers. Therefore, emphasis on vitamins and dietary supplements is required to ensure that dairy cows are healthy and are able to meet the high production demands placed upon them. This project is very much a part of this ultimate goal as it examines the effects two rumen-protected choline products have on the dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) disappearance in rumen digesta. In this experiment, 2 rumen-protected choline products, [ProCholine[TM] 50 (P-50), Probiotech, Inc., St-Eustache, QC, Canada; and Reashure®, Balchem Encapsulates, New Hampton, NY] were incubated in situ in 2 rumen cannulated cows. Dacron bags containing the product samples were placed into the rumen of each cow. Two bags per product (~ 2.5 g of product) per cow were removed at the same time intervals: 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. The material remaining in the bags after incubation were analyzed for DM (105oC oven overnight), N (Kjeldahl, strong acid method). DM analysis showed that Reashure® is a much more rumen-stable product, as its rate of disappearance was 1.15% per hour with a rumen degradation of 2.62% over 48 hours. ProCholine[TM] 50, however, had a 27.50% per hour disappearance and degraded 38.70% over 48 hours. Nitrogen analysis reaffirmed this trend: Reashure® had a 1.75%per hour rate of disappearance and a 12.54% degradation over 48 hours. Pro-Choline [TM] 50 had a 16.85% rate of disappearance and a 57.30% degradation over 48 hours.

Download or read book Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding written by R. John Wallace and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-07-11 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the dramatically rising sophistication of biological methods and products and the increasing use of recombinant DNA technology, now is an apt time to review the status of biotechnology in animal feeding. This book gives succinct yet comprehensive coverage of products of biotechnology and allied sciences used in animal feed and feeding industries. Particular emphasis is placed on: - Conservation and upgrading of feeds and feed components - Increasing the protein value of feeds - Antimicrobials - Microbial feed additives - Increasing the energy value of feeds. Moreover, increasing environmental concerns are reflected in chapters describing dietary products which may help to reduce environmental hazards from animal feeding enterprises. A discussion of social and legislative aspects relating to biotechnology and animal feeding rounds off this useful compilation of timely articles.

Download or read book The Effect of Liquid Rumen protected Lysine Supplementation on Lactation Performance of Holstein Cows written by Richardt Venter and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thirty high-producing multiparous Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized block design to compare a lysine deficient total mixed ration, which was sufficient in methionine, to the same diet supplemented with a rumen protected lysine product. The CPM-Dairy prediction model was used to estimate the nutrient requirements and adequacy or deficiency of amino acids. During the 21-day prepartum transition period, cows were fed 4 kg (dry basis) of the lysine deficient diet plus Eragrostis curvula hay ad lib. After calving, cows were fed the lysine deficient diet for the first three weeks and were then blocked according to the average production from day 19-21. Fifteen cows were allocated to each treatment and blocked into 15 groups of two each. Data on production parameters were analyzed for all cows and also separately for cows in the 10 highest production blocks. The experimental period was from day 22 to 120 postpartum. Lysine supplementation resulted in an optimal dietary lysine : methionine ratio in metabolisable protein of 7.2 : 2.4. Lysine supplementation did not affect dry matter intake, milk production, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, milk urea nitrogen, body weight or body condition score: but decreased the non-casein nitrogen and whey content of milk. Furthermore, milk casein, which is the milk nitrogen fraction most sensitive towards increased duodenal supply of lysine and methionine, was not affected. The rumen protected lysine product evaluated did not improve cow productivity, probably because the product was either unprotected from rumen degradation, or overprotected to the extent that the lysine was not available for absorption in the small intestine: or absorbed but could not be metabolised. Copyright.

Download or read book The Effects of Increased Metabolizable Protein in Fresh Dairy Cattle Throughout Peak Lactation written by Ethan Garrett Carder and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first few weeks after parturition in dairy cattle is a time marked by low, but increasing, feed intake and sharply increasing milk production. Because of low intake, nutrient density of the diet may need to be higher during this period to support increasing milk yields. We hypothesized that feeding higher levels of metabolizable protein (MP) and feeding supplemental rumen protected methionine and lysine would increase milk yield and protein concentration. The experiment consisted of 2 phases. Fifty-six Holstein cows (21 primiparous and 35 multiparous), starting at 3 DIM, were used in a randomized-block design with three diets (phase 1). At approximately 23 DIM, cows were moved into a free stall barn and fed the control diet (phase 2) to observe potential carry-over effects on production. Estimated DMI used in formulation was 17 kg/d. The treatments were control (16.5% CP, 10.9% RDP, 5.6% RUP, formulated for 25.1 kg/d MP allowable milk based on NRC model), high protein (HP; 18.5% CP,11.6% RDP, 6.9% RUP, 29.9 MP allowable milk), and amino acid treatment (MPAA; 17.5% CP, 10.5% RDP, 7.0% RUP 29.7 MP allowable milk). The MPAA diet included a proprietary spray-dried blood meal product (Perdue Agribusiness, Salisbury, MD) that provided 174 g/d and 62 g/d of dietary rumen-protected lysine and methionine, respectively, per the NRC model. The MP diet provided an estimated 156 g/d lysine and 45 g/d methionine, and the control diet provided 149 g/d lysine and 41 g/d methionine. Milk production and DMI were measured daily and milk was sampled for components on day 8, 15, and 20 during phase 1 and on day 30 during phase 2. Statistical model included parity, treatment, and week fixed effects, random effect of block, and cow as the experimental unit. In phase 1, treatment and treatment by parity interaction did not affect milk yield (33.6, 34.5, and 33.1 kg for Control, HP, and MPAA, respectively), DMI (17.8, 17.8, 18.5 kg/d for Control, HP, and MPAA, respectively), or milk protein yield (1.11 kg/d). Milk protein concentration was higher (3.30% vs 3.17% and 3.17%) for MPAA treatment as compared to the HP and control, respectively. Energy corrected milk (ECM) was higher (39.0 and 38.5 vs 35.2 kg) for MPAA and HP than for the control, respectively. MUN was higher (14.3 vs 12.7 and 11.5 mg/dl) for the Control compared to HP and MPAA. Plasma concentrations of Met were increased in HP and MPAA compared to the control, with MPAA being the highest. Plasma concentrations of 3-methylhistidine was decreased in HP and MPAA compared to the control. Production responses, for phases 1 and 2 combined, did not differ in HP and MPAA compared to the control. Overall, supplementing rumen-protected lysine and methionine with extra HP can increase ECM yield, milk protein concentration, and milk fat concentration and yield during the first 3 weeks of lactation.

Download or read book Effects of Dry Period Length on Milk Parameters Animal Health and Reproduction During the Subsequant Lactation in Holstein Dairy Cattle written by Rick Daniel Watters and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Lipoprotein Testing written by Nader Rifai and published by Amer. Assoc. for Clinical Chemistry. This book was released on 2000 with total page 848 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Feeding Rumen protected Methionine During Pre and Postpartum Period in Dairy Cows written by Mateus Zucato Toledo and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methionine (Met) is one of the most studied and characterized functional amino acid with several functions such as DNA methylation, synthesis of other molecules (e.g choline, polyamines, and carnitine,), and antioxidant balance. Thus, Met is an AA of potential interest during the periparturient period for dairy cows and may improve health, and consequently lactation and reproductive performance. The main hypothesis of this dissertation was that feeding rumen-protected Met (RPM) in a total mixed ration (TMR) during the pre- and postpartum period would increase plasma Met concentrations and improve lactation, reproductive performance, and health of dairy cows. The main projects were a collaboration between University of Wisconsin-Madison and Cornell University to enroll a large number (> 400) of cows in a pen-based design. Cows fed RPM had greater lactation performance via increased milk protein yield (overall +50 g) and concentration (+0.12 percentage units), and milk fat concentration (+0.10), but other lactation response variables were unaffected. In addition, cows fed RPM in the TMR had increased plasma Met during the periparturient period (+38%) and at a later stage of lactation (+86 to 105%) consistently throughout the day, with no changes in other AA. We observed no effect on overall reproductive efficiency, nor on the incidence of clinical health disorders. However, cows fed RPM had a reduced the number of cows with subclinical hypocalcemia on the day of parturition (-38%; UW only) and tended to have a reduced number of cows culled/sold (-32%; UW and CU). An analysis of the interaction of health disorders and RPM feeding showed that RPM feeding alleviated negative impacts of health disorders on production and reproduction. For example, feeding RPM increased milk protein production (+70 g) and reduced the time to pregnancy (mean decrease of 24 d) in cows with health disorders but not in cows without health disorders. In conclusion, feeding RPM during the pre- and postpartum period increased plasma Met and milk protein production. In contrast, feeding RPM did not reduce incidence of specific health disorders, except subclinical hypocalcemia, and did not produce any overall improvement in reproductive performance. Nevertheless, the results from these studies provided evidence to support a novel hypothesis that additional metabolizable Met, provides positive effects on production and reproduction but only in cows with health disorders and not in cows without health disorders. Since this concept was discovered during exploratory analysis of our results, important biological and practical implications and needs to be considered and thoroughly tested in future research on Met in reproduction.

Download or read book Ruminant Nutrition written by Robert Jarrige and published by John Libbey Eurotext. This book was released on 1989 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deals with feed evaluation systems, the nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock and the feeding value of a wide range of feedstuffs. This book lists about 800 typical forages, 65 crop residues and 120 concentrate and by-product feeds. It is suitable for teachers, specialist scientists and industrialists.

Download or read book Effect of Three Sources of Rumen protected Choline on Milk Production and Blood and Milk Choline Concentrations written by Rachel Elliott and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: