Download or read book Compression Wood in Gymnosperms Ecology of compression wood formation silviculture and compression wood written by Tore E. Timell and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 828 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Utilization of Residual Forest Biomass written by Pentti Hakkila and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An increase in the demand for wood results in improved recovery and less residual biomass in the forests. Paradoxically, interest in forest residue as a renewable source of raw material seems to be in a reverse ratio to its availability in a certain area. Finland and Sweden are probably more dependent on forestry and forest in dustries than any other developed countries in the world. A sufficiency of raw ma terial for integrated forest industries is vital for the national economy of both countries, and a great deal of attention is being paid to the long-term potential of unutilized biomass left behind in logging operations. Furthermore, since these countries possess no reserves of fossil fuels, and since their per-capita consump tion of primary energy is exceptionally high, they also consider unmerchantable forest biomass a realistic source of indigenous energy. A joint Nordic research project on harvesting and utilization of logging residue was carried out in 1969-1976 under the auspices of the Nordic Research Council on Forest Operations. This fruitful cooperation soon gave rise to related national projects in Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Denmark, stimulating further research and producing practical applications. Concurrently, particularly after the worldwide energy crisis in 1973, research on all aspects of utilization of forest bio mass mushroomed in the United States, Canada, and the Soviet Union. An ex plosive increase occurred in both the number and diversity of biomass studies.

Download or read book Agrindex written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 1224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Holzforschung written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 854 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Conservation of Wood Artifacts written by A. Unger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-08-29 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impetus for this book was the desire to systematically organize the extant literature on the conservation of cultural property made of wood, from its beginnings before the Christian Era to the year 2000. Various published reviews and monographs, including Holzkonservierung (Wood Conserva tion) published by the senior author in 1988, have appeared over the years, especially in English and in German. They have provided exemplary treat merit of individual areas or aspects of wood conservation, but a comprehen sive, up-to-date exposition of historic and current developments has been lacking. The diverse professional fields of the authors, as well as their insights into methods of conservation and restoration of wood artifacts in Europe, North America, and Asia provided a solid basis for the success of this under taking. One of the goals during the examination of the literature was that not only well-known conservators and scientists from countries that are leaders in wood conservation should be represented, but that less well-known, often not as readily accessible contributions should also be included. Only in this manner was it possible to draw a comprehensive picture of the national and international state of wood conservation. The Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts (AATA) of the Getty Institute were very helpful in our efforts to evaluate as many publications as possible.

Download or read book The Biology of Reaction Wood written by Barry Gardiner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-08 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a fundamental reference source on reaction wood for wood scientists and technologists, plant biologists, silviculturists, forest ecologists, and anyone involved in the growing of trees and the processing of wood. It brings together our current understanding of all aspects of reaction wood, and is the first book to discuss both compression wood and tension wood. Trees produce reaction wood to maintain the vertical orientation of their stems and the optimum angle of each branch. They achieve this by laying down fibre cell walls in which differences in physical and chemical structure from those of normal fibres are expressed as differential stresses across the stem or branch. This process, while of obvious value for the survival of the tree, causes serious problems for the utilisation of timber. Timber derived from trees containing significant amounts of reaction wood is subject to dimensional instability on drying, causing twisting, bending and splitting. It is also difficult to work as timber, and for the pulp and paper industry the cost of removing the increased amount of lignin in compression wood is substantial. This has both practical and economic consequences for industry. Understanding the factors controlling reaction wood formation and its effect on wood structure is therefore fundamental to our understanding of the adaptation of trees to their environment and to the sustainable use of wood. The topics covered include: -Morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of reaction wood -Cell-wall polymers in reaction wood and their biosynthesis -Changes in tree proteomes during reaction wood formation -The biomechanical action and biological functions of reaction wood - Physical and mechanical properties of reaction wood from the scale of cell walls to planks -The detection and characterisation of compression wood -Effects of reaction wood on the performance of wood and wood-based products - Commercial implications of reaction wood and the influence of forest management on its formation

Download or read book Cockroaches written by William J. Bell and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2007-07-27 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essential volume on the biology and behavior of these remarkable insects. “This transformative work will be an inspiration to students of entomology.” —Choice The cockroach is truly an evolutionary wonder. This definitive volume provides a complete overview of suborder Blattaria, highlighting the diversity of these amazing insects in their natural environments. Beginning with a foreword by Edward O. Wilson, the book explores the fascinating natural history and behavior of cockroaches, describing their various colors, sizes, and shapes, as well as how they move on land, in water, and through the air. In addition to habitat use, diet, reproduction, and behavior, Cockroaches covers aspects of cockroach biology, such as the relationship between cockroaches and microbes, termites as social cockroaches, and the ecological impact of the suborder. With over 100 illustrations, an expanded glossary, and an invaluable set of references, this work is destined to become the classic book on the Blattaria. Students and research entomologists can mine each chapter for new ideas, new perspectives, and new directions for future study. “Well-written . . . visually attractive . . . This book is much needed to educate biologists about the fascinating biology and diversity of cockroaches.” —Integrative and Comparative Biology “A must-have for any insect hobbyest.” —Allpet Roaches Forum “This contribution is an important source of information on cockroach natural history and diversity.” —The Quarterly Review of Biology “Suitable for researchers, students, and naturalists, chapters are topical, exploring the diversity of cockroaches.” —Southeastern Naturalist

Download or read book Growing Rare Plants written by Geoff Nichols and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Woodland Stewardship written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Plant Cell Walls written by Nicholas C. Carpita and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is a comprehensive collection of articles that cover aspects of cell wall research in the genomic era. Some 2500 genes are involved in some way in wall biogenesis and turnover, from generation of substrates, to polysaccharide and lignin synthesis, assembly, and rearrangement in the wall. Although a great number of genes and gene families remain to be characterized, this issue provides a census of the genes that have been discovered so far. The articles comprising this issue not only illustrate the enormous progress made in identifying the wealth of wall-related genes but they also show the future directions and how far we have to go. As cell walls are an enormously important source of raw material, we anticipate that cell-wall-related genes are of significant economic importance. Examples include the modification of pectin-cross-linking or cell-cell adhesion to increase shelf life of fruits and vegetables, the enhancement of dietary fiber contents of cereals, the improvement of yield and quality of fibers, and the relative allocation of carbon to wall biomass for use as biofuels. The book is intended for academic and professional scientists working in the area of plant biology as well as material chemists and engineers, and food scientists who define new ways to use cell walls.

Download or read book Wood and Tree Fungi written by Olaf Schmidt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-09-19 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an up-to-date overview of the various wood and tree fungi that damage trees, lumber, and timber. Special focus is given to identification, prevention, and remediation techniques, and the book bridges the gap between research and application. It covers the fundamentals of cytology and morphology. There is a more practical section describing damage by viruses and bacteria on trees. The habitats of wood fungi are described as well as tree care. Important tree pathogens and wood decay fungi are characterized for prevention and identification. The final section focuses on the positive effects of wood-inhabiting microorganisms.

Download or read book Attributes of Trees as Crop Plants written by Melvin G. R. Cannell and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Domestication. Perspectives on the evolutionary history of tree crops. The basis of selection, management and evaluation of multipurpose trees - an overview. Forest tree breeding and fruit tree breeding: strategies, achievements and constraints. Strategies for optimizing the yield of tree crops in suboptimal environments. Tree growth at cool temperaturea and prospects for improvement by breeding. The ideotype concept applied to forest trees. Definition and exploitation of forest tree ideotypes in Finland. The capacity for vegetative propagation in trees. The vegetative structure. Biometrical, structural and physiological relationships among tree parts. Dry matter partitioning in tree crops. Forest productivity in relation to carbon partitioning and nutrient cycling: a mathematical model. Prospects for manipulating vascular-cambium productivity and xylem-cell differentiation. Branching, crown structure and the control of timber production. Trees as producers of exudates and extractives. Trees as producers of fuel. Trees as fodder crops. Roots, symbionts and soils. Roots as a component of tree productivity. Improving tree crops using micro-organisms in designed systems. Trees as soil improvers in the humid tropics?. Exploiting tree crop-symbiont specificity. Flowering and fruiting. Promotion of flowering in the crops: different mechanisms and techniques, with special reference to conifers. Variability in flower initiation in forest trees. Reproduction behaviour of fruit tree crops and its implications for the manipulation of fruit set. Some attributes of nut-bearing trees of temperate forest origin. Trees in stands. Future fruit orchard design: economics and biology. Transpiration and assimilation of tree and agricultural crops: the 'omega factor'. The competition process in forest stands. Forest canopy design: biological models and management implications. Future forest design: economic aspects. Wood properties, and future requirements for wood products.

Download or read book Transport Processes in Wood written by J.F. Siau and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has a similar subject content to the author's previous Flow in Wood but with substantial updating due to the abundance of research in the wood science field since 1971. Several different concepts have been introduced, particularly in regard to wood-moisture relation ships. The role of water potential in the equilibria between wood and its humid and moist environments is considered. Two theories are introduced to explain the nonisothermal transport of bound water in the steady and unsteady states. As in the former text, the wood-. structure relationship is emphasized . . The author is especially grateful to Dr. C. Skaar for his careful and critical review of much of the manuscript and for the productive dis cussions of many of the concepts. Dr. T. E. Timell, the series editor, rendered major assistance in the preparation of Chap. 2 and in his editing of the manuscript. The author wishes to thank Dr. W. A. Cote, Mr. A. C. Day, and Mr. J. J. McKeon for providing electron micro graphs, Mr. G. A. Snyder for his photography of much of the art work, Dr. C. H. de Zeeuw for his advice in the field of wood anatomy, and Ms. Mary M. Siau for her careful rendition of the art work. Apprecia tion is extended to Miss Judy A. Barton and Mrs. Stephanie V. Micale for their work in typing and checking the manuscript. Mr. J. A.

Download or read book Smallholder HOPES horticulture People and Soil written by John Oakeshott and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The southern Philippines fruits and vegetables program was a collaborative research model jointly managed by ACIAR and the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD). These proceedings represent the results of nine projects covering a range of commodities and research areas, the ultimate goal of which was to contribute to economic growth in the southern Philippines and to improve the livelihoods of Filipino farmers and their families.

Download or read book Anagram Solver written by Bloomsbury Publishing and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anagram Solver is the essential guide to cracking all types of quiz and crossword featuring anagrams. Containing over 200,000 words and phrases, Anagram Solver includes plural noun forms, palindromes, idioms, first names and all parts of speech. Anagrams are grouped by the number of letters they contain with the letters set out in alphabetical order so that once the letters of an anagram are arranged alphabetically, finding the solution is as easy as locating the word in a dictionary.

Download or read book Concise English Interlingua Dictionary written by F. P. Gopsill and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ecology Global Insights and Investigations written by Peter Stiling, Dr. Ph.D. and published by McGraw-Hill Education. This book was released on 2014-02-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peter Stiling, co-author of Biology by Brooker et al., has introduced a new ecology text to the market. The main goal of this latest ecology text is to show how ecology is important in understanding global change. The book's main objective is to teach the basic principles of ecology and to relate these principles to many of the Earth's ecological problems. Users who purchase Connect Plus receive access to the full online ebook version of the textbook.