Download or read book Dynamic Pricing in the Presence of Strategic Consumer with Product and Intertemporal Substitution written by EunMi Lee and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study develops a dynamic pricing model with a quality substitutable product, taking into account strategic and myopic consumers. In each of the two periods, the firm can choose between offering a high quality product, a low quality product or both and the corresponding price for the product. Strategic consumers compare current utility with future utility in order to decide the time of purchase and the quality of the product in an attempt to maximize their utilities. Myopic consumers consider only current utility in purchasing of the products. We generate scenarios, prove whether a scenario is feasible and which scenario produces the best profit for the firm. Our result suggests that the firm obtains the best profit when it provides only high quality products in each of the two periods. In other words, the firm does not have to offer quality substitution as intertemporal substitution suffices to maximize the expected profit.

Download or read book Dynamic Pricing in the Presence of Strategic Consumers written by Mirko Kremer and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate the impact of strategic consumer behavior on retailers' dynamic pricing decisions. We present a stylized two-period model, and test the equilibrium predictions in a set of behavioral experiments in which human subjects played the role of pricing managers. Our main insight is that relative to equilibrium predictions, subjects underprice in the main selling season. Consequently, they sell more inventory and obtain higher revenue in that season. However, by doing so they significantly limit their ability to generate revenue in the markdown season, which, in the presence of strategic consumers is a major source of revenue.

Download or read book Dynamic Pricing Under Demand Uncertainty in the Presence of Strategic Consumers written by Yinhan Meng and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the effect of strategic consumer behavior on pricing, inventory decisions, and inventory release policies of a monopoly retailer selling a single product over two periods facing uncertain demand. We consider the following three-stage two-period dynamic pricing game. In the first stage the retailer sets his inventory level and inventory release policy; in the second stage the retailer faces uncertain demand that consists of both myopic and strategic consumers. The former type of consumers purchase the good if their valuations exceed the posted price, while the latter type of consumers consider future realizations of prices, and hence their future surplus, before deciding when to purchase the good; in the third stage, the retailer releases its remaining inventory according to the release policy chosen in the first stage. Game theory is employed to model strategic decisions in this setting. Each of the strategies available to the players in this setting (the consumers and the retailer) are solved backward to yield the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium, which allows us to derive the equilibrium pricing policies. This work provides three primary contributions to the fields of dynamic pricing and revenue management. First, if, in the third stage, inventory is released to clear the market, then the presence of strategic consumers may be beneficial for the retailer. Second, we find the optimal inventory release strategy when retailers have capacity limitation. Lastly, we numerically demonstrate the retailer's optimal decisions of both inventory level and the inventory release strategy. We find that market clearance mechanism and intermediate supply strategy may emerge as the retailers optimal choice.

Download or read book Dynamic Pricing in the Presence of Social Externalities and Reference price Effect written by Jafar Chaab and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dynamic Allocation and Pricing written by Alex Gershkov and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2024-06-11 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new approach to dynamic allocation and pricing that blends dynamic paradigms from the operations research and management science literature with classical mechanism design methods. Dynamic allocation and pricing problems occur in numerous frameworks, including the pricing of seasonal goods in retail, the allocation of a fixed inventory in a given period of time, and the assignment of personnel to incoming tasks. Although most of these problems deal with issues treated in the mechanism design literature, the modern revenue management (RM) literature focuses instead on analyzing properties of restricted classes of allocation and pricing schemes. In this book, Alex Gershkov and Benny Moldovanu propose an approach to optimal allocations and prices based on the theory of mechanism design, adapted to dynamic settings. Drawing on their own recent work on the topic, the authors describe a modern theory of RM that blends the elegant dynamic models from the operations research (OR), management science, and computer science literatures with techniques from the classical mechanism design literature. Illustrating this blending of approaches, they start with well-known complete information, nonstrategic dynamic models that yield elegant explicit solutions. They then add strategic agents that are privately informed and then examine the consequences of these changes on the optimization problem of the designer. Their sequential modeling of both nonstrategic and strategic logic allows a clear picture of the delicate interplay between dynamic trade-offs and strategic incentives. Topics include the sequential assignment of heterogeneous objects, dynamic revenue optimization with heterogeneous objects, revenue maximization in the stochastic and dynamic knapsack model, the interaction between learning about demand and dynamic efficiency, and dynamic models with long-lived, strategic agents.

Download or read book Inter Temporal Pricing with Strategic Customer Behavior written by Xuanming Su and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops a model of dynamic pricing with endogenous inter-temporal demand. In the model, there is a monopolist who sells a finite inventory over a finite time horizon. The seller adjusts prices dynamically in order to maximize revenue. Customers arrive continually over the duration of the selling season. At each point in time, customers may purchase the product at current prices, remain in the market at a cost in order to purchase later, or exit, and they wish to maximize individual utility. The customer population is heterogeneous along two dimensions: they may have different valuations for the product and different degrees of patience (waiting costs). We demonstrate that heterogeneity in both valuation and patience is important because they jointly determine the structure of optimal pricing policies. In particular, when high-value customers are proportionately less patient, markdown pricing policies are effective because the high-value customers would buy early at high prices while the low-value customers are willing to wait (i.e. they are not lost). On the other hand, when the high-value customers are more patient than the low-value customers, prices should increase over time in order to discourage inefficient waiting. Contrary to intuition, we find that strategic waiting by customers may sometimes benefit the seller: when low-value customers wait, they compete for availability with high-value customers and thus increase their willingness to pay. Our results also shed light on how the composition of the customer population affects optimal revenue, consumer surplus, and social welfare. Finally, we consider the long run problem of selecting the optimal initial stocking quantity.

Download or read book Cyclic Pricing with Strategic Waiting Customers and Population Dynamics written by Zheyi Li and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We consider continuous-time dynamic pricing in the presence of strategic waiting customers and their population dynamics. The firm makes the pricing decision with a finite menu of prices each time. Customers arrive at a constant rate with heterogeneous valuations. Customers purchase if the current price is less than their corresponding valuations. The remaining customers are strategic: they may leave or wait for future clearance sales, and the leaving rate can be population-contingent. The firm has the option to offer a clearance price to attract all waiting customers to purchase. We build a continuous-time model by exploiting impulse control. For a two-price menu, the optimal pricing policy is a cyclic pricing strategy that starts with a regular price and ends at a clearance price. For a multi-price menu, in contrast to the existing literature, we show that the optimal dynamic pricing policy can be either a textit{pump and dump cyclic} or textit{generalized pump and dump cyclic} strategy. Which strategy is optimal is determined by the sign of the effective marginal leaving rate. We provide analytical solutions for the cycle length and the optimal pricing path. Our results provide new explanations for the popularity of periodic clearance sales with penetration pricing and skimming pricing in practice. Our findings also provide guidelines on carrying out dynamic pricing with the customer leaving behaviors. Numerically, we show that ignoring cyclic pricing in the presence of strategic waiting customers can lead to a significant profit loss.

Download or read book Behavioral Consequences of Dynamic Pricing written by David Prakash and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-08-19 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital technologies are driving the application of dynamic pricing. Today, this pricing strategy is used not only for perishable products such as flights or hotel rooms, but for almost any product or service category. With dynamic pricing, retailers frequently adjust their prices over time to respond to factors such as demand, their supply and that of competitors, or the time of sale. Additionally, dynamic pricing allows retailers to take advantage of a large share of consumers' willingness to pay while avoiding losses from unsold products. Ultimately, this can lead to an increase in revenue and profit. However, the application of dynamic pricing comes with great challenges. In addition to the technological implementation, companies have to take into account that dynamic pricing can cause complex and unintended behavioral consequences on the consumer side. The key objective of this dissertation is to provide a deeper understanding of the impact of dynamic pricing on consumer behavior. To this end, this dissertation presents insights from four perspectives. First, how reference prices as a critical component in purchase decisions are operationalized. Second, how customers search for products priced dynamically, differentiated by business and private customers, as well as by different devices used for the search. Third, whether and how dynamic pricing influences the impact of internal reference prices on purchase decisions. Finally, this dissertation demonstrates that consumers perceive price changes as personalized in different purchase contexts, leading to reduced perceptions of fairness and undesirable behavioral consequences.

Download or read book Dynamic Pricing Strategies in the Presence of Demand Shifts written by Omar Besbes and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many factors introduce the prospect of changes in the demand environment that a firm faces, with the specifics of such changes not necessarily known in advance. If and when realized, such changes affect the delicate balance between demand and supply and thus current prices should account for these future possibilities. We study the dynamic pricing problem of a retailer facing the prospect of a change in the demand function during a finite selling season with no inventory replenishment opportunity. In particular, the time of the change and the postchange demand function are unknown upfront, and we focus on the fundamental trade-off between collecting revenues from current demand and doing so for postchange demand, with the capacity constraint introducing the main tension. We develop a formulation that allows for isolating the role of dynamic pricing in balancing inventory consumption throughout the horizon. We establish that, in many settings, optimal pricing policies follow a monotone path up to the change in demand. We show how one may compare upfront the attractiveness of pre- and postchange demand conditions and how such a comparison depends on the problem primitives. We further analyze the impact of the model inputs on the optimal policy and its structure, ranging from the impact of model parameter changes to the impact of different representations of uncertainty about future demand.

Download or read book New Developments in the Analysis of Market Structure written by International Economic Association and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These contributions discuss a number of important developments over the past decade in a newly established and important field of economics that have led to notable changes in views on governmental competition policies. They focus on the nature and role of competition and other determinants of market structures, such as numbers of firms and barriers to entry; other factors which determine the effective degree of competition in the market; the influence of major firms (especially when these pursue objectives other than profit maximization); and decentralization and coordination under control relationships other than markets and hierarchies.ContributorsJoseph E. Stiglitz, G. C. Archibald, B. C. Eaton, R. G. Lipsey, David Enaoua, Paul Geroski, Alexis Jacquemin, Richard J. Gilbert, Reinhard Selten, Oliver E. Williamson, Jerry R. Green, G. Frank Mathewson, R. A. Winter, C. d'Aspremont, J. Jaskold Gabszewicz, Steven Salop, Branko Horvat, Z. Roman, W. J. Baumol, J. C. Panzar, R. D. Willig, Richard Schmalensee, Richard Nelson, Michael Scence, and Partha Dasgupta

Download or read book Dynamic Pricing of Substitutable Products in the Presence of Capacity Flexibility written by Oben Ceryan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Firms that offer multiple products are often susceptible to periods of inventory mismatches where one product may face shortages while the other has excess inventories. In this paper, we study a joint implementation of price- and capacity-based substitution mechanisms to alleviate the level of such inventory disparities. We consider a firm producing substitutable products via a capacity portfolio consisting of both product dedicated and flexible resources and characterize the structure of the optimal production and pricing decisions. We then explore how changes in various problem parameters affect the optimal policy structure. We show that the availability of a flexible resource helps maintain stable price differences across products over time even though the price of each product may fluctuate over time. This result has favorable ramifications from a marketing standpoint as it suggests that even when a firm applies a dynamic pricing strategy, it may still establish consistent price positioning among multiple products if it can employ a flexible replenishment resource. We provide numerical examples for the price stabilization effect and discuss extensions of our results to a more general multiple product setting.

Download or read book Dynamic Pricing in a Distribution Channel in the Presence of Switching Costs written by Koray Cosguner and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We advance the literature on dynamic oligopoly pricing models in the presence of switching costs by additionally modeling the strategic pricing role of the retailer within the distribution channel. In doing this, we study the relative dynamic pricing implications of how current retail and wholesale prices for a brand must optimally take into account past and future demand, respectively, for the brand. Using scanner data from the cola market, we find that while the retailer exploits the benefit of inertial demand by appropriately increasing the retail profit margin, the cost of investing is borne entirely by the manufacturers. We use simulation studies to show how the retailer will lose its ability to leverage the benefits of inertial demand as consumers become more price sensitive. We also show that when inertia of the more price-sensitive customer segment increases, the aggregate welfare of consumers, the retailer, and manufacturers may increase.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Pricing Management written by Özalp Özer and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-06-07 with total page 976 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Pricing Management is a comprehensive guide to the theory and practice of pricing across industries, environments, and methodologies. The Handbook illustrates the wide variety of pricing approaches that are used in different industries. It also covers the diverse range of methodologies that are needed to support pricing decisions across these different industries. It includes more than 30 chapters written by pricing leaders from industry, consulting, and academia. It explains how pricing is actually performed in a range of industries, from airlines and internet advertising to electric power and health care. The volume covers the fundamental principles of pricing, such as price theory in economics, models of consumer demand, game theory, and behavioural issues in pricing, as well as specific pricing tactics such as customized pricing, nonlinear pricing, dynamic pricing, sales promotions, markdown management, revenue management, and auction pricing. In addition, there are articles on the key issues involved in structuring and managing a pricing organization, setting a global pricing strategy, and pricing in business-to-business settings.

Download or read book Intertemporal Pricing Supply Chain Design and Consumer Behavior written by Wenbo Cai and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation explores the interaction between consumer behaviors and the design, pricing and management of products and services. The dissertation is comprised of four chapters. The first chapter studies how a seller's pricing strategy can be affected by behaviors of non-fully rational consumers. These consumers are dynamically inconsistent and exhibit probabilistic decision making behaviors, which have been documented in experimental studies in economics and marketing literature. I show that consumers' dynamic inconsistency can explain why flexible pricing plans are offered by service providers. Moreover, when fully rational consumers and non-fully rational consumers co-exist, a single pricing scheme is optimal. Such a result complements existing literature in mechanism design, as classic models suggest the seller should use a menu of pricing plans to differentiate the consumers. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate that the same result hold when both types of consumers non-fully rational and under mild conditions. The second chapter examines how a seller should design the prices and qualities of products sold through his direct and indirect channels. I show that under the revenue sharing scheme, the seller's optimal design depends on consumers' sensitivities to price and quality. If the consumers are sufficiently sensitive, the seller should provide the product exclusively in the direct channel. If the consumers are sufficiently insensitive, the seller is better off providing a high quality product at a premium price in the direct channel while offering a low quality product in the indirect channel. Such quality differentiation can be eliminated in a profit sharing scheme. I also demonstrate that even when consumers are heterogeneous with privately observed sensitivities, offering a menu to induce self-selection may not be optimal for the seller's profit. In the third chapter, I use a two-period model to show that demand uncertainty can be the sole driver for the common practice of intertemporal pricing in the travel industry. Moreover, both increasing and decreasing pricing patterns can emerge as optimal strategies. I also identify the intrinsic incentive for service providers to deliberately create capacity shortage to induce early purchases. In the extended model, new arrivals are permitted in the second period enhance the competition. Contrary to intuition, the service provider's expected profit is hurt since the additional arrival exacerbates his price commitment issue and results consumers strategically delay their purchases. The last chapter investigates the effect of consumers' limited knowledge of products on their purchasing behavior. Though online retailers put intense effort in improving web functionalities over the years, some product attributes (product quality, user friendliness, fit to consumers' taste) cannot be communicated using the internet and must be examined physically by the consumers. Thus, their product valuations are not fully revealed until after they make the purchase. I show that when consumers are subject to both valuation uncertainty and future price uncertainty, their purchasing decisions are largely influenced by the return policies. A generous refund policy induces high-valued consumers to purchase early. However, it also invites some consumers to wait for the returns. This suggests that capacity rationing can be dampened. On the other hand, since neither the seller nor consumers can predict how many products will be returned, allowing consumer returns strengthens the seller's credibility in not committing to pre-announced prices. This implies that the additional source of valuation uncertainty can be desirable for the seller when dealing with forward-looking consumers. A rationale for retailers do not actively engage in recertifying or remanufacturing returned products is also provided: when returns are perceived as low-quality products, the retailers can facilitate market segmentation without creating new product lines.

Download or read book Dynamic Pricing for Heterogeneous Time Sensitive Customers written by Negin Golrezaei and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A core problem in the area of revenue management is pricing goods in the presence of strategic customers. We study this problem when customers are heterogeneous with respect to their initial valuations for the item and their time sensitivities, i.e., the customers differ in both their initial valuations and the rates at which their initial valuation decreases with delay in purchase. We characterize the optimal mechanism for selling durable goods in such environments and show that delayed allocation and dynamic pricing can be effective screening tools for maximizing firm profit. We also investigate the impact of production and holding costs on the optimal mechanism.

Download or read book Consumer Driven Demand and Operations Management Models written by Serguei Netessine and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-02 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important book is by top scholars in supply chain management, revenue management, and e-commerce, all of which are grounded in information technologies and consumer demand research. The book looks at new selling techniques designed to reach the consumer.

Download or read book Dynamic Pricing Under Social Learning with Strategic Consumers written by Manaswini Bhalla and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A monopolist uses prices as an instrument to influence consumers' belief about the unknown quality of its product. Consumers observe prices and sales in earlier periods to learn about the product. Every period they decide whether to consume the product or to wait for a lower price in future. We solve for the optimal price strategy of a monopolist. We show that for certain range of beliefs prices increase over the period of time. Per period profits increase over the period of time. We find that the firm encourages social learning for a greater range of beliefs and has greater expected revenue when it faces consumers that can delay their purchase decision versus when they can't.