Download or read book Discrimination of Human and Non human Fecal Sources with Rapid Methods in Coastal Waters and Sediments written by Amity Gayle Zimmer-Faust and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial contamination in coastal waters is an important public health and economic problem worldwide. It is common for the sources as well as the environmental fate and transport of fecal contamination in recreational waters to be unknown making it difficult to mitigate the input and to understand the relative health risk associated with a given water body. A comprehensive understanding of sources and bacterial dynamics is needed for effective mitigation and management of microbial contaminants. The main objectives of this study were to identify sources of fecal contamination to a chronically impaired Southern California watershed, to demonstrate applicability of microbial source tracking (MST) tools, including source-specific markers for discrimination of human and non-human sources, to evaluate the fate of fecal contaminates in coastal sediments, and to develop and optimize immunomagnetic separation/adenosine triphosphate (IMS/ATP) assays for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination. A three-year MST study was conducted to help explain elevated levels of surfzone fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) at Topanga State Beach, a critically impaired Southern California Beach. This study investigated sources of FIB to the Topanga watershed and the applicability of using MST technology longer time scales. MST markers effectively elucidated temporal and seasonal trends in fecal bacterial levels, and dog and gull marker appeared to be a significant sources to Topanga lagoon and Topanga State Beach. However, a lack of correlation between FIB and marker measurements was noted, and dog marker and FIB levels did not covary when compared at different Southern California beaches. Sediments were found to play an important and variable role in environmental fate of MST markers and FIB. Variable decay was observed for different indicators and in different sediments, with differences noted even within one watershed. The human HF183 marker was useful for providing evidence of recent inputs of human fecal contamination and behaved similarly to the molecular marker for Campylobacter (qCAMP) and FIB in brackish sediments. The general Bacteroides (GB3) and enterococci (ENT1A) markers were more conservative and under certain circumstances had comparable decay to culturable FIB. Application of a suite of markers may be necessary for effective evaluation of sediment fecal bacterial levels. Moreover, differences were observed between relative decay amongst the different sediments tested, illustrating the need for more routine sediment monitoring. IMS/ATP assays provided useful information regarding fecal contamination levels and measurements made had a consistent relationship with measurements made by standard methods. IMS/ATP utilizes paramagnetic beds and target-specific antibodies to isolate target organisms. Following isolation, adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is extracted from the target population and quantified. The Cov-IMS/ATP method rapidly measured viable enterococci in complex surface waters, providing a useful eld tool for assessment of coastal water quality and for identi cation of hot spots of fecal contamination. An inversely-coupled (Inv-IMS/ATP) assay for detection of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was developed and applied for rapid detection of human-associated fecal contamination. The Inv-IMS/ATP assay yielded measurements of viable B. thetaiotaomicron that were comparable to the HF183 human marker in complex source waters impacted with both wastewater and runoff, and the Inv-IMS/ATP assay was able to effectively differentiate between surface waters impacted with adequately and inadequately treated wastewater. IMS/ATP assays show promise for rapid evaluation of recreational water quality in areas where access to more expensive methods is limited and in areas where water quality is unpredictable. This research highlights the difficulties and complexities associated with effective tracking and management of microbial contaminates in the coastal environment. Additional research evaluating relative aging of molecular markers and relative contributions from different sources is needed to fully interpret field-based source marker data. Sediments were shown to have an important and variable role in fate of fecal contaminants in the environment. Additional studies are needed evaluating how watershed models can most effectively be adapted to include a sediment compartment and how different sources of fecal contamination and source markers decay in sediments with variable characteristics. IMS/ATP assays showed promise and can be successfully applied in complex waters for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination; additional verification of assay performance is needed at complex sites impacted with multiple sources.
Download or read book Evaluation and Performance of Rapid Methods for Identifying and Tracking Sources of Fecal Pollution in Coastal Watersheds written by Vanessa Thulsiraj and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fecal contamination of coastal waters is known to degrade the environment and poses a health risk to recreational beach users. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are used around the world to assess water quality and characterize fecal contamination. Elevated levels of FIB have been linked to health risks in epidemiological studies. However, some limitations exist with this indicator. FIB cannot be used to identify the specific sources as they originate from both human and animal sources. FIB may also persist and regrow in the environment. In order to effectively remediate the cause of pollution and characterize the hazards at chronically impaired beaches it is necessary to measure indicators that can provide information about the sources of the general fecal pollution. Tracking pollution sources at impaired beaches is critical to ensuring the health of coastal watersheds and reducing the incidence of swimming related illness. Molecular methods have gained popularity to identify and detect sources of fecal contamination using host-associated markers. The work presented here addresses areas warranting further research in the state of the science of water quality monitoring. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate that host-associated markers exhibit similar limits of detection in different water types and are robust in environmental field applications. Additionally, we provide a cost-benefit analysis and provide water quality managers with information supporting the inclusion of molecular methods in current monitoring practices. This body of work also presents novel methods for rapid and viability-based detection of recent fecal contamination with propidium monoazide (PMA-qPCR) and a field portable method covalently-linked IMS/ATP technique (Cov-IMS/ATP). In Chapters 3 and 4, we present results on optimization and specificity of the Cov-IMS/ATP. We evaluated the performance of Cov-IMS/ATP at three different watersheds for rapid quantification of enterococci, and show this method to be a robust tool in assessing water quality at complex sites. This work also addresses drawbacks of traditional qPCR to quantify viable fecal contamination. We validate the PMA-qPCR method and demonstrate its performance in detecting recent fecal contamination in environmental waters. Use of these methods demonstrates a new framework that can enhance current microbial source tracking studies and water quality monitoring.
Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking written by Jorge W. Santo Domingo and published by Emerging Issues in Food Safety. This book was released on 2007 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a state-of-the-art review of the current technology and applications being utilized to identify sources of fecal contamination in waterways. - Serves as a useful reference for researchers in the food industry, especially scientists investigating etiological agents responsible for food contamination. - Provides background information on MST methods and the assumptions and limitations associated with their use. - Covers a broad range of topics related to MST, including environmental monitoring, public health and national security, population biology, and microbial ecology. - Offers valuable insights into future research directions and technology developments.
Download or read book Fecal Contamination Source Identification Methods in Surface Water written by Debby Sargeant and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Use of Spatial Sampling and Microbial Source tracking Tools for Understanding Fecal Contamination at Two Lake Erie Beaches written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Protecting Drinking Water written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid, potentially-automatable extraction of filter retentates has allowed quantitative detection of the unique biomarker for human fecal contamination, coprostanol, and the signature lipid biomarkers for total cellular biomass, viable cellular biomass, lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin). This method may be integrated with DNA based gene probe analysis for specific strains and enzyme activities. Not only does the analysis provide for detection of injured and non-culturable microbes but it also provides biomarkers characteristic of microbes exposed to biocides and disinfectants that can be utilized to monitor effectiveness of water mitigation/treatment. The analysis schemes involve filtration of the water or direct extraction of biofilms in sidestream chambers, supercritical fluid and/or liquid extraction, derivatization, and analysis of ''signature'' patterns by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Signature lipid biomarkers of interest are diglycerides, steroids including coprostanol and its isomers, poly-[beta]- hydroxyalcanoates (PHA), phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA), and the lipopolysaccharide lipid A hydroxy fatty acids. PLFA found in polar lipid fractions estimate total viable cellular biomass, whereas the total cellular biomass can be calculated from diglyceride/phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids ratios. Furthermore, direct evidence of mitigation/treatment effectiveness can be ascertained by detection of diglycerides, respiratory quinones, PHA, and PLFA markers indicative of metabolic stress and toxicity such as trans monoenoic PLFA as well as oxirane and dicarboxylic fatty acids derived from the PLFA.
Download or read book Environmental Health Perspectives written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 1566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-06-19 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent and forecasted advances in microbiology, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry have made it timely to reassess the current paradigm of relying predominantly or exclusively on traditional bacterial indicators for all types of waterborne pathogens. Nonetheless, indicator approaches will still be required for the foreseeable future because it is not practical or feasible to monitor for the complete spectrum of microorganisms that may occur in water, and many known pathogens are difficult to detect directly and reliably in water samples. This comprehensive report recommends the development and use of a "tool box" approach by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and others for assessing microbial water quality in which available indicator organisms (and/or pathogens in some cases) and detection method(s) are matched to the requirements of a particular application. The report further recommends the use of a phased, three-level monitoring framework to support the selection of indicators and indicator approaches.Â
Download or read book Waterborne Zoonoses written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2004 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals (both wild and domestic) to humans. A significant number of emerging and re-emerging waterborne zoonotic pathogens have been recognised over recent decades, such as SARS, E. coli, campylobacter and cryptosporidium. This publication assesses current knowledge about waterborne zoonoses and identifies strategies and research needs for anticipating and controlling future emerging water-related diseases, in order to better protect the health of both humans and animals. It is based on the discussions of a workshop held in the United States in September 2003, which included 29 experts from 14 countries and diverse disciplines including microbiology, water epidemiology, medicine, sanitary engineering, food safety and regulatory policy.
Download or read book National Beach Guidance and Required Performance Criteria for Grants written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Technique for Detecting Sources of Human Pollution in Water Using an Enterococcus Biomarker written by Tracie Michelle Jenkins and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Marine Anthropogenic Litter written by Melanie Bergmann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-01 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how man-made litter, primarily plastic, has spread into the remotest parts of the oceans and covers all aspects of this pollution problem from the impacts on wildlife and human health to socio-economic and political issues. Marine litter is a prime threat to marine wildlife, habitats and food webs worldwide. The book illustrates how advanced technologies from deep-sea research, microbiology and mathematic modelling as well as classic beach litter counts by volunteers contributed to the broad awareness of marine litter as a problem of global significance. The authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research, which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of microscopic plastic particles in marine organisms and habitats. In 16 chapters, authors from all over the world have created a universal view on the diverse field of marine litter pollution, the biological impacts, dedicated research activities, and the various national and international legislative efforts to combat this environmental problem. They recommend future research directions necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this environmental issue and the development of efficient management strategies. This book addresses scientists, and it provides a solid knowledge base for policy makers, NGOs, and the broader public.
Download or read book Fecal Pollution in Coastal Waters written by Joon Ha Kim and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Indicators for Determining the Sources and Extent of Fecal Contamination in Coastal Waters written by Donald Sinclair McCorquodale and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Identification of Human Fecal Pollution in Two Coastal Urban Streams Using Human Sorbitol fermenting Bifidobacteria written by Christopher A. Sommers and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sources Fate and Transport of Fecal Indicator and Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Coastal Environments written by Marisol Cira and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial contamination of coastal waters is a global environmental and public health concern. However, monitoring and tracking of microbial contaminants may require technical expertise and may be costly and labor-intensive. Thus, to address this environmental issue in both developed and developing countries, current methods need to be cross-validated, and more accessible methods need to be proposed. Therefore, this dissertation investigates the sources, fate, and transport of fecal indicator and antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal watersheds. This dissertation utilizes culture-, molecular-, and satellite-based techniques to provide cross comparison. Additionally, this dissertation implements these techniques into course-based research experiences (CREs) for graduate students to assess whether CREs influence graduate students' confidence and interest in research. In chapter 1, a team of collaborators from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the University of Pennsylvania, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Health the Bay investigate oceanic responses to the 2018 Woolsey Fire using in-situ data of fecal indicator bacteria and satellite-derived data of turbidity. Chapter 2 examines commercially available garden products as sources of antibiotic resistance genes. In Chapter 3, researchers from UCLA and the Autonomous University of Baja California evaluate the effects of reclaimed water irrigation on antibiotic resistance gene levels in a coastal agricultural region in Mexico. Further, chapter 4 and 5 implement traditional and novel culture- and molecular-based methods to quantify antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes to examine the microbial burden hospital sewage discharges to the sewershed and to assess impacts of urbanization by comparing an urbanized watershed to an adjacent natural watershed. Lastly, chapter 6 incorporates these methods into a CRE for graduate students. Ultimately, this dissertation showcases the utility of equitable research methodologies in the field and the classroom.
