Download or read book The Discretionary Economy written by Marc Tool and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Discretionary Economy argues that we do in fact control our own political and economic destinies. As a community, we have discretion over policies that determine whether an economic process adequately provides for the necessities of life. We also determine who participates in normative public judgments and whether decisions distinguish between what is and what ought to be. Tool argues that we must continuously organize the institutional structures through which economic and political functions in the social process are carried on. We must exercise discretion by creating and modifying institutions that coordinate our behavior. To exercise discretion effectively requires that we employ distinctively American economic, political, and philosophical theory. In this volume, the pivotal twentieth-century contributors to this encompassing theory of political economy are Thorstein Veblen, John Dewey, Clarence Ayres, and R. Fagg Foster. This volume presents, in detail, their analytical and philosophical perspective on social change. A major purpose of this volume is to compare and contrast the American tradition with the traditions of capitalism, Marxism, and fascism, demonstrating that the former can resolve compelling economic and political problems and the latter two cannot. This book explains how to identify and analyze social, economic, and political problems confronted in all communities, and how to go about framing and implementing structural adjustments in the political economy. It will be of interest to students in non-traditional courses in political economy including institutional economics, contemporary social problems, economics and social policy, methodology, and contemporary economic thought.
Download or read book The Discretionary Economy written by Marc R Tool and published by Westview Press. This book was released on 1985-12-16 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tool (professor emeritus, California State University) introduces students to social, political, economic, and ecological problems, to ways of understanding the causes, and to creating institutional solutions. He analyzes the perspectives of Thorstein Veblen, John Dewey, Clarence Ayers, and R. Fagg Foster, comparing the American tradition with the traditions of capitalism, Marxism, and fascism, demonstrating that capitalism can most successfully resolve economic and political problems. Of interest to students in non-traditional courses in political economy and in economics and social policy. Originally published in 1979 by Goodyear Publishing Company. This edition contains a brief, new introduction by the author. c. Book News Inc.
Download or read book The Discretionary Economy written by Marc Tool and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Discretionary Economy argues that we do in fact control our own political and economic destinies. As a community, we have discretion over policies that determine whether an economic process adequately provides for the necessities of life. We also determine who participates in normative public judgments and whether decisions distinguish between what is and what ought to be. Tool argues that we must continuously organize the institutional structures through which economic and political functions in the social process are carried on. We must exercise discretion by creating and modifying institutions that coordinate our behavior. To exercise discretion effectively requires that we employ distinctively American economic, political, and philosophical theory. In this volume, the pivotal twentieth-century contributors to this encompassing theory of political economy are Thorstein Veblen, John Dewey, Clarence Ayres, and R. Fagg Foster. This volume presents, in detail, their analytical and philosophical perspective on social change. A major purpose of this volume is to compare and contrast the American tradition with the traditions of capitalism, Marxism, and fascism, demonstrating that the former can resolve compelling economic and political problems and the latter two cannot. This book explains how to identify and analyze social, economic, and political problems confronted in all communities, and how to go about framing and implementing structural adjustments in the political economy. It will be of interest to students in non-traditional courses in political economy including institutional economics, contemporary social problems, economics and social policy, methodology, and contemporary economic thought.
Download or read book Discretionary Economy written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fiscal Policy in the U S written by Glenn Follette and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-04 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the effects of the economy on the gov¿t. budget as well as the effects of the budget on the economy. Provides measures of the effects of automatic stabilizers on budget outcomes at the fed., state and local levels. At the fed. level, the deficit increases about 0.35% of GDP for each 1 percentage point deviation of actual GDP relative to potential GDP. For state and local gov¿t., the deficit increases by 0.1% of GDP. Examines the response of the economy to the automatic stabilizers by comparing the response to aggregate demand shocks. The authors find that federal policy actions are somewhat counter-cyclical while state and local policy actions have been somewhat pro-cyclical. Illustrations. This is a print on demand publication.
Download or read book Fisher Investments on Consumer Discretionary written by Fisher Investments and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-08-27 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fisher Investments On series is designed to provide individual investors, aspiring investment professionals, and students the tools necessary to understand and analyze investment opportunities—primarily for investing in global stocks. Each guide is an easily accessible primer to economic sectors, regions, or other components of the global stock market. While this guide specifically focuses on Consumer Discretionary, the basic investment methodology is applicable for analyzing any global sector, regardless of the current macroeconomic environment. Following a top-down approach to investing, Fisher Investments on Consumer Discretionary can help you make more informed decisions within the Consumer Discretionary sector. It skillfully addresses how to determine the optimal times to invest in Consumer Discretionary stocks and which Consumer Discretionary industries and sub-industries have the potential to perform well in various environments. Divided into three comprehensive parts—Getting Started, Consumer Discretionary Details, and Thinking Like a Portfolio Manager—Fisher Investments on Consumer Discretionary: Explains some of the sector’s key macro drivers—like consumer spending, income, and employment Shows how to capitalize on a wide array of macro conditions and industry-specific features to help you form an opinion on each of the industries within the sector Takes you through the major components of the 12 sub-industries within the global Consumer Discretionary sector and reveals how they operate Offers investment strategies to help you determine when and how to overweight specific industries within the sector Outlines a five-step process to help differentiate firms in this field—designed to help you identify ones with the greatest probability of outperforming Filled with in-depth insights and expert advice, Fisher Investments on Consumer Discretionary provides a framework for understanding this sector and its industries to help you make better investment decisions—now and in the future. With this book as your guide, you can gain a global perspective of the Consumer Discretionary sector and discover strategies to help achieve your investing goals.
Download or read book Fisher Investments on Consumer Discretionary written by Fisher Investments and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-07-06 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fisher Investments On series is designed to provide individual investors, aspiring investment professionals, and students the tools necessary to understand and analyze investment opportunities—primarily for investing in global stocks. Each guide is an easily accessible primer to economic sectors, regions, or other components of the global stock market. While this guide specifically focuses on Consumer Discretionary, the basic investment methodology is applicable for analyzing any global sector, regardless of the current macroeconomic environment. Following a top-down approach to investing, Fisher Investments on Consumer Discretionary can help you make more informed decisions within the Consumer Discretionary sector. It skillfully addresses how to determine the optimal times to invest in Consumer Discretionary stocks and which Consumer Discretionary industries and sub-industries have the potential to perform well in various environments. Divided into three comprehensive parts—Getting Started, Consumer Discretionary Details, and Thinking Like a Portfolio Manager—Fisher Investments on Consumer Discretionary: Explains some of the sector’s key macro drivers—like consumer spending, income, and employment Shows how to capitalize on a wide array of macro conditions and industry-specific features to help you form an opinion on each of the industries within the sector Takes you through the major components of the 12 sub-industries within the global Consumer Discretionary sector and reveals how they operate Offers investment strategies to help you determine when and how to overweight specific industries within the sector Outlines a five-step process to help differentiate firms in this field—designed to help you identify ones with the greatest probability of outperforming Filled with in-depth insights and expert advice, Fisher Investments on Consumer Discretionary provides a framework for understanding this sector and its industries to help you make better investment decisions—now and in the future. With this book as your guide, you can gain a global perspective of the Consumer Discretionary sector and discover strategies to help achieve your investing goals.
Download or read book The Role for Discretionary Fiscal Policy in a Low Interest Rate Environment written by Martin S. Feldstein and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although there is now widespread agreement in the economics profession that discretionary counter-cyclical'fiscal policy has not contributed to economic stability and may have actually been destabilizing at particular times in the past, there is one important condition when discretionary fiscal policy can play a constructive role: in a sustained downturn when aggregate demand and interest rates are low and when prices are falling or may soon be falling. This short note begins by summarizing the general case against using fiscal policy for stabilization. It next considers the argument for using a hyperexpansive' monetary policy to reduce the risk that a low rate of inflation will lead to a deflationary situation in which monetary policy becomes ineffective. Such a policy would increase the risk of asset price bubbles and of a misaligned exchange rate. Discretionary fiscal policy provides an alternative way to stimulate the economy when aggregate demand and interest rates are low and when prices are falling or may soon be falling. A stimulus can be achieved without increasing budget deficits if the fiscal policy acts by providing an incentive for increased private spending. Specific examples for the U.S. and Japan are considered
Download or read book The Budget Control Act and Trends in Discretionary Spending written by Congressional Research Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discretionary spending is provided and controlled through appropriations acts, which fund many of the activities commonly associated with such federal government functions as running executive branch agencies, congressional offices and agencies, and international operations of the government. Essentially all spending on federal wages and salaries is discretionary. Spending can be measured by budget authority (BA; what agencies can legally obligate the government to pay) or outlays (disbursements from the U.S. Treasury). This report mostly discusses trends in outlays. Federal spending in fiscal year (FY) 2014 was just over a fifth (20.3%) of the U.S. economy, as measured as a share of gross domestic product (GDP), which is close to its average share since FY1962. Discretionary spending accounted for 33% of total outlays in FY2014 ($3,504 billion), well below mandatory spending's share (60% of outlays in FY2014). Weak economic conditions in recent years as well as demographic trends have increased spending on mandatory income support and retirement programs, while policy makers have acted to constrain the growth of discretionary spending. As interest rates return to more normal levels as the recovery proceeds, net interest costs-6.6% of federal outlays in FY2014-are projected to rise. Discretionary spending's share of total federal spending has fallen over time largely due to rapid growth of mandatory outlays. In FY1962, discretionary spending accounted for 67% of total outlays and was the largest component of federal spending until the mid-1970s. Since then, discretionary spending as a share of federal outlays and as a share of GDP has fallen. Under current law projections, discretionary spending's share of GDP will fall to 5.2% in FY2024. Discretionary spending can be split into various categories to reflect broad national priorities or how federal spending decisions are made. In FY1962, discretionary spending was 12.7% of GDP, with defense spending making up 9.3% of GDP. In FY2014, discretionary spending was 6.8% of GDP, with defense spending (including war) totaling 3.5% of GDP. Defense spending can be divided between base budget and war expenditures, both of which grew sharply from FY2002 through FY2011. On average, defense outlays grew 6.8% per year in real terms from 2000 to 2010, while real non-defense discretionary outlays grew 5.6% per year. Discretionary spending has also been divided into security and non-security categories. Non-defense security spending rose sharply after 2001 and was 1.0% of GDP in FY2013, nearly twice its level before 2001.
Download or read book Economic Politics in the United States written by William R. Keech and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-10-14 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book shows how and why democracy has worked well or badly as measured by US macroeconomic performance.
Download or read book Enlarging economic doctrine written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Discretionary Spending written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Federal spending has changed, both in size and composition over the last 40 years. Total federal spending is now a larger percentage of the economy (as measured by gross domestic product -- GDP) than it was in 1965 (19.8% of GDP vs 17.2% of GDP). Mandatory spending (generally spending that result from laws other than appropriations acts, such as Social Security and Medicare), has grown substantially, both as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total spending to become, today, the largest component of federal spending. Mandatory spending, without significant changes to the programs composing it, will continue growing as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total outlays into the future. Discretionary spending (generally outlays that result from the budget authority provided in appropriations acts, such as defense, education, and transportation), and in particular its defense spending component, has shrunk over the last 40 years. Defense spending in 1965 dominated the budget, making up 43.2% of total spending. Total discretionary spending was 65.8% of total outlays. In 1965, defense spending was 7.4% of GDP and total discretionary spending was 11.3% of GDP. By 2004, defense spending had fallen to 19.8% of total spending and 3.9% of GDP. Total discretionary spending had fallen to 39.1% of total spending and 7.8% of GDP. Under President Bush's FY2006 budget proposals (February 2005) discretionary spending will continue falling as shares of total spending and of GDP over the next five years (if not longer). This report will not be updated.
Download or read book The Budget and Economic Outlook written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Economic and Budget Outlook written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Expansionary Austerity New International Evidence written by Mr.Daniel Leigh and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2011-07-01 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates the short-term effects of fiscal consolidation on economic activity in OECD economies. We examine the historical record, including Budget Speeches and IMFdocuments, to identify changes in fiscal policy motivated by a desire to reduce the budget deficit and not by responding to prospective economic conditions. Using this new dataset, our estimates suggest fiscal consolidation has contractionary effects on private domestic demand and GDP. By contrast, estimates based on conventional measures of the fiscal policy stance used in the literature support the expansionary fiscal contractions hypothesis but appear to be biased toward overstating expansionary effects.
Download or read book Discretionary Managerial Behavior written by T.V.S. Ramamohan Rao and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discretionary Managerial Behavior presents a quantification of the managerial behavior within decentralized organizations. The volume provides practical insights into the internal functioning of the firm, the relationships between the managers at different organizational echelons, and the conditioning effects of the organizational controls and the market environment external to the firm. It forms a basic contribution to the theoretical modeling, methodological and estimation procedures, and empirical insights into the nature and operation of managerial discretion in decentralized organizations. Both theoretical and empirical literature of organizational economics have not come to grips with the decision making process in such organizations. With this in perspective the volume describes four fundamentally new contributions. It presents: an approach to defining proximate objectives of managers at the divisional levels in a decentralized organization and the coordination by managers at higher levels, an approach to developing a modelling framework from a sound theoretical perspective in order to reflect the postulated behavior, an approach to defining an estimation technique to operationalize both (a) and (b) in a specific empirical context, and the richness of empirical insights which remained elusive for over thirty years. As such this study is an important step to make fundamental progress in the area of interface between business policy and microeconomic theory.
Download or read book Evolutionary Economics v 2 written by Marc R. Tool and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-12 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is part of a two-volume work intended to map the theoretical heartland of the institutionalist perspective on political economy. Volume II considers basic economic processes, institutions for stabilizing and planning economic activities, the role of power and accountability, and emerging global interdependence. Marc R. Tool is the editor of "Journal of Economic Issues".
