Download or read book Direct Taxes Under the Constitution written by Charles Jesse Bullock and published by . This book was released on 1900 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Direct Taxes Under the Constitution written by Charles Jesse Bullock and published by . This book was released on 1900 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Apportionment of Direct Taxes Under the Constitution written by Joseph M. Dodge and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under the U.S. Constitution as amended by the Sixteenth Amendment, any federal tax that is a quot;direct taxquot; (which is not an quot;income taxquot;) must be apportioned among the states in accordance with the respective populations of the various states. The purpose of this Article to solve the riddle of what is a quot;direct taxquot; that is subject to the apportionment requirement. Since the apportionment requirement can only apply inequitably across the nation, the correct labeling of any federal tax (other than an income tax) as a quot;direct taxquot; amounts to the proverbial quot;kiss of death,quot; as no such tax will be enacted. Recent commentary has staked out positions on this issue that I consider to be incorrect. Bruce Ackerman argues that that the Thirteenth Amendment (abolishing slavery) effectively repealed the apportionment-of-direct-tax clauses. Calvin Johnson argues that quot;direct taxquot; means only a tax capable (without effort) of being lt;igt;fairlylt;/igt; apportioned among the states in accordance with population, namely, a capitation tax or a tax on the states (a requisition). At the other end of the spectrum, Erik Jensen argues that quot;direct taxquot; means any personal tax other than an income tax. I argue, on the basis of constitutional text, the formation of the constitution, post-ratification history, function, historical evolution, and judicial doctrine that quot;direct taxquot; encompasses only (1) capitation (head) taxes, (2) requisitions, and (3) taxes on real estate. The apportionment requirement made quot;politicalquot; sense in the Framing period by linking the representation of states with the taxation of states, and also appeared to serve some narrow instrumental concerns. However, the theory is skewed, mainly because states are not really taxed as states, and states (as states) are only tenuously represented in Congress. Also, although apportionment dealt with some instrumental concerns, it aggravated others. I conclude that (apart from requisitions and head taxes), apportionment makes sense only with respect to real estate taxes, which is the nearest tax to a state tax. I also conclude that a real estate tax cannot be bootstrapped into validity as an quot;income tax.quot; Nevertheless, federal taxes on personal property and imputed income from real estate are constitutional, if endowment taxes are not.
Download or read book Direct Taxes and the Federal Constitution written by Charles Jesse Bullock and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Farmer s Tax Guide written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Taxation written by Jeff Mapua and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2014-07-15 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though we all depend upon the programs, services, and infrastructure taxes provide, few of us are happy to pay them. Presented here is the long and rich history of taxation in America, a national saga of fierce debate, violent rebellion, and all-out revolution. Threaded throughout this history of taxation are the many real-world challenges and protests that led to precedent-setting court cases, constitutional amendments, and our modern tax system. Supports Common Core standards for the analysis of seminal U.S. documents, loaded as it is with primary source images, actual transcripts of court decisions, and relevant constitutional text and interpretation.
Download or read book Direct Taxes in the Constitution written by Hamilton P. Richardson and published by . This book was released on 1899 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Taxation and Taxes in the United States Under the Internal Revenue System 1791 1895 written by Frederic C. Howe and published by . This book was released on 1896 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Memorandum on the Taxes Described as direct in the Constitution of the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Taxing Power written by Erik M. Jensen and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2005-01-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Constitution contains several limitations on the national taxing power. These limitations are almost always ignored due to the assumption that Congress is unconstrained in imposing taxes. The Taxing Power proves that assumption faulty by illustrating the importance of such limitations as the uniformity rule, the direct-tax apportionment rule, and the Export Clause. By looking at the historical origins of these limitations, Jensen argues that they are essential parts of the Constitution and should be taken seriously, as the founders intended. This full-scale treatment of the subject is a timely reminder that the national taxing power is not absolute. In the last decade the Supreme Court has begun to see the Export Clause as an important factor in taxation. This has opened the door for other limitations to be considered, making this work of utmost importance in the study of taxation.
Download or read book The Direct Taxes of the Constitution written by Eugene Quay and published by . This book was released on 1912 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Income Tax Root of All Evil written by Frank Chodorov and published by Ludwig von Mises Institute. This book was released on 1954 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Taxation of Government Bondholders and Employees written by United States. Department of Justice and published by . This book was released on 1938 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Direct Taxes And The Federal Constitution written by Charles Jesse Bullock and published by Sagwan Press. This book was released on 2015-08-26 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Download or read book United States Code written by United States and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 1506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The United States Code is the official codification of the general and permanent laws of the United States of America. The Code was first published in 1926, and a new edition of the code has been published every six years since 1934. The 2012 edition of the Code incorporates laws enacted through the One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, the last of which was signed by the President on January 15, 2013. It does not include laws of the One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, enacted between January 2, 2013, the date it convened, and January 15, 2013. By statutory authority this edition may be cited "U.S.C. 2012 ed." As adopted in 1926, the Code established prima facie the general and permanent laws of the United States. The underlying statutes reprinted in the Code remained in effect and controlled over the Code in case of any discrepancy. In 1947, Congress began enacting individual titles of the Code into positive law. When a title is enacted into positive law, the underlying statutes are repealed and the title then becomes legal evidence of the law. Currently, 26 of the 51 titles in the Code have been so enacted. These are identified in the table of titles near the beginning of each volume. The Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives continues to prepare legislation pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 285b to enact the remainder of the Code, on a title-by-title basis, into positive law. The 2012 edition of the Code was prepared and published under the supervision of Ralph V. Seep, Law Revision Counsel. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the contributions by all who helped in this work, particularly the staffs of the Office of the Law Revision Counsel and the Government Printing Office"--Preface.
Download or read book The Stakeholder Society written by Bruce Ackerman and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2008-10-01 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A quarter century of trickle-down economics has failed. Economic inequality in the United States has dramatically increased. Many, alas, seem resigned to this growing chasm between rich and poor. But what would happen, ask Bruce Ackerman and Anne Alstott, if America were to make good on its promise of equal opportunity by granting every qualifying young adult a citizen's stake of eighty thousand dollars? Ackerman and Alstott argue that every American citizen has the right to share in the wealth accumulated by preceding generations. The distribution of wealth is currently so skewed that the stakeholding fund could be financed by an annual tax of two percent on the property owned by the richest forty percent of Americans. Ackerman and Alstott analyze their initiative from moral, political, economic, legal, and human perspectives. By summoning the political will to initiate stakeholding, they argue, we can achieve a society that is more democratic, productive, and free. Their simple but realistic plan would enhance each young adult's real ability to shape his or her own future. It is, in short, an idea that should be taken seriously by anyone concerned with citizenship, welfare dependency, or social justice in America today.
Download or read book Amending Constitution Relative to Taxes on Incomes Inheritances and Gifts written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
