Download or read book Direct Access by Spatial Position in Visual Memory 3 The Roles of Uncertainty About Position Target and Response in Information Retrieval written by Saul Sternberg and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Storage time has dramatic effects on the retrieval of visual information specified by location. In this study we use two new experimental procedures to assess the roles in the retrieval process of uncertainty about location, target, and response, and of changes in such uncertainty with storage time. In one procedure we provided advance information of the set of alternative locations that might be queried by the probe. Insofar as spatial uncertainty plays a role in processing of the probe, this manipulation would especially benefit small arrays, and should steepen the function that relates mean reaction time to array size. In a second procedure we provided advance information of the set of alternative target stimuli and responses. Insofar as stimulus uncertainty and response uncertainty play roles in generation of the response, this manipulation would also especially benefit small arrays, and should have a similar effect on the array-size function. In sharp contrast to these expectations, we found no effect of our manipulations on the time to retrieve information from visual memory. The results add support to an explanation of the effects of storage time which attributes them to the rapid transformation of an initial random-access visual memory into a sequential-access memory. Keywords: Psychology, Visual-information-processing, Reaction time, Visual memory. (kt).
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 984 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 1704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Behavior Society written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aerospace Medicine and Biology written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A selection of annotated references to unclassified reports and journal articles that were introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system and announced in Scientific and technical aerospace reports (STAR) and International aerospace abstracts (IAA).
Download or read book Use of Services for Family Planning and Infertility United States 1982 written by Gerry E. Hendershot and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 982 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1982 statistics on the use of family planning and infertility services presented in this report are preliminary results from Cycle III of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. Data were collected through personal interviews with a multistage area probability sample of 7969 women aged 15-44. A detailed series of questions was asked to obtain relatively complete estimates of the extent and type of family planning services received. Statistics on family planning services are limited to women who were able to conceive 3 years before the interview date. Overall, 79% of currently mrried nonsterile women reported using some type of family planning service during the previous 3 years. There were no statistically significant differences between white (79%), black (75%) or Hispanic (77%) wives, or between the 2 income groups. The 1982 survey questions were more comprehensive than those of earlier cycles of the survey. The annual rate of visits for family planning services in 1982 was 1077 visits /1000 women. Teenagers had the highest annual visit rate (1581/1000) of any age group for all sources of family planning services combined. Visit rates declined sharply with age from 1447 at ages 15-24 to 479 at ages 35-44. Similar declines with age also were found in the visit rates for white and black women separately. Nevertheless, the annual visit rate for black women (1334/1000) was significantly higher than that for white women (1033). The highest overall visit rate was for black women 15-19 years of age (1867/1000). Nearly 2/3 of all family planning visits were to private medical sources. Teenagers of all races had higher family planning service visit rates to clinics than to private medical sources, as did black women age 15-24. White women age 20 and older had higher visit rates to private medical services than to clinics. Never married women had higher visit rates to clinics than currently or formerly married women. Data were also collected in 1982 on use of medical services for infertility by women who had difficulty in conceiving or carrying a pregnancy to term. About 1 million ever married women had 1 or more infertility visits in the 12 months before the interview. During the 3 years before interview, about 1.9 million women had infertility visits. For all ever married women, as well as for white and black women separately, infertility services were more likely to be secured from private medical sources than from clinics. The survey design, reliability of the estimates and the terms used are explained in the technical notes.
Download or read book Transformations of Short Term Visual Memory written by Saul Sternberg and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the Final Report of research supported by a contract entitled 'Transformations of Short-Term Visual Memory.' After a section on Short-term dynamics of visual representation: Background and previous research, the report provides a synopsis of the principal research supported by the contract, under the following headings: Technical advances, Principal phenomena in the spatial probe paradigm, Comparison of visual and tactical probes, The roles of uncertainty about position, target, and response in information retrieval, The effect of memory load on the time to name an element indicated by a spatial probe, Nature of the transformation process, Comparison of the time course of slope and intercept changes with probe delay, Test of direct access by color, Comparison of naming of a marked element with location-specific matching, Location-specific matching of digits versus unfamiliar and nameless shapes, Relation of the rapid transformation of small arrays to the decay of iconic memory of large arrays, and Plans for use of event-related potentials (ERPs) to monitor the rapid transformation. Keywords: Psychology, Information processing, Visual, Memory, Reaction time.
Download or read book Visuo spatial Working Memory written by Robert H. Logie and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Representation of the visual and spatial properties of our environment is a pivotal requirement of everyday cognition. We can mentally represent the visual form of objects. We can extract information from several of the senses as to the location of objects in relation to ourselves and to other objects nearby. For some of those objects we can reach out and manipulate them. We can also imagine ourselves manipulating objects in advance of doing so, or even when it would be impossible to do so physically. The problem posed to science is how these cognitive operations are accomplished, and proffered accounts lie in two essentially parallel research endeavours, working memory and imagery. Working memory is thought to pervade everyday cognition, to provide on-line processing and temporary storage, and to update, moment to moment, our representation of the current state of our environment and our interactions with that environment. There is now a strong case for the claims of working memory in the area of phonological and articulatory functions, all of which appear to contribute to everyday activities such as counting, arithmetic, vocabulary acquisition, and some aspects of reading and language comprehension. The claims for visual and spatial working memory functions are less convincing. Most notable has been the assumption that visual and spatial working memory are intimately involved in the generation, retention and manipulations of visual images. There has until recently been little hard evidence to justify that assumption, and the research on visual and spatial working memory has focused on a relatively restricted range of imagery tasks and phenomena. In a more or less independent development, the literature on visual imagery has now amassed a voluminous corpus of data and theory about a wide range of imagery phenomena. Despite this, few books on imagery refer to the concept of working memory in any detail, or specify the nature of the working memory system that might be involved in mental imagery. This essay follows a line of reconciliation and positive critiquing in exploring the possible overlap between mental imagery and working memory. Theoretical development in the book draws on data from both cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology. The aim is to stimulate debate, to address directly a number of assumptions that hitherto have been implicit, and to assess the contribution of the concept of working memory to our understanding of these intriguing core aspects of human cognition.
Download or read book A Direct Access Memory Strength Model written by Alison H. Anderson and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of the Frontal Eye Field in Gating and Maintaining Object Signals in Short term Memory written by Kelsey Lynne Clark and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spatial attention is known to gate entry into short-term memory, and some evidence suggests that spatial signals may also play a role in binding features or protecting object representations during memory maintenance. To examine a potential role for spatial signals in maintaining object short-term memory, the activity of neurons in the Frontal Eye Field (FEF) of macaque monkeys was recorded during an object-based delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task. In this task monkeys were trained to remember an object identity over a brief delay, irrespective of the locations of the sample or target presentation. FEF neurons exhibited visual, delay, and target period activity, including selectivity for sample location and target location. Delay period activity represented the sample location throughout the delay, despite the irrelevance of spatial information for successful task completion. Furthermore, neurons continued to encode sample position in a variant of the task in which the matching stimulus never appeared in their response field. FEF neurons also exhibited target-position-dependent anticipatory activity immediately prior to target onset, suggesting that the monkeys can predict target position within blocks. These results show that FEF neurons maintain spatial information during short-term memory, even when that information is irrelevant for task performance. Despite the robust delay period activity we observed in FEF during the DMS task, we found little further evidence to support the theory that this activity contributes to object memory maintenance. Noise correlations were present between pairs of simultaneously recorded FEF and IT neurons during the sample and early delay periods, but did not persist into the second half of the delay period, despite the continued elevation of firing rates in both regions throughout the delay. The most direct method of assessing the contribution of the FEF delay period activity observed during the DMS task to object memory was the pharmacological elimination of that activity and evaluation of the impact on task performance. Inactivation of FEF with muscimol produced spatially localized deficits on the memory guided saccade task, but did not selectively impair object memory performance for sample stimuli appearing in the mnemonic scotoma.
Download or read book Computation and Neural Systems written by Frank Eeckman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1993-07-31 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational neuroscience is best defined by its focus on understanding the nervous systems as a computational device rather than by a particular experimental technique. Accordinlgy, while the majority of the papers in this book describe analysis and modeling efforts, other papers describe the results of new biological experiments explicitly placed in the context of computational issues. The distribution of subjects in Computation and Neural Systems reflects the current state of the field. In addition to the scientific results presented here, numerous papers also describe the ongoing technical developments that are critical for the continued growth of computational neuroscience. Computation and Neural Systems includes papers presented at the First Annual Computation and Neural Systems meeting held in San Francisco, CA, July 26--29, 1992.
Download or read book Introduction to Information Retrieval written by Christopher D. Manning and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-07-07 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Class-tested and coherent, this textbook teaches classical and web information retrieval, including web search and the related areas of text classification and text clustering from basic concepts. It gives an up-to-date treatment of all aspects of the design and implementation of systems for gathering, indexing, and searching documents; methods for evaluating systems; and an introduction to the use of machine learning methods on text collections. All the important ideas are explained using examples and figures, making it perfect for introductory courses in information retrieval for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in computer science. Based on feedback from extensive classroom experience, the book has been carefully structured in order to make teaching more natural and effective. Slides and additional exercises (with solutions for lecturers) are also available through the book's supporting website to help course instructors prepare their lectures.
Download or read book Dynamic Thinking written by Gregor Schöner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book describes a new theoretical approach--Dynamic Field Theory (DFT)--that explains how people think and act"--
Download or read book The Cognitive Neuroscience of Working Memory written by Naoyuki Osaka and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is only relatively recently that it has been possible to study the neural processes that might underlie working memory, leading to a proliferation of research in this domain. This volume brings together leading researchers from around the world to summarise current knowledge of this field.
Download or read book The Prefrontal Cortex written by Joaquin M. Fuster and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1997 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tactical Display for Soldiers written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-01-17 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the human factors issues associated with the development, testing, and implementation of helmet-mounted display technology in the 21st Century Land Warrior System. Because the framework of analysis is soldier performance with the system in the full range of environments and missions, the book discusses both the military context and the characteristics of the infantry soldiers who will use the system. The major issues covered include the positive and negative effects of such a display on the local and global situation awareness of the individual soldier, an analysis of the visual and psychomotor factors associated with each design feature, design considerations for auditory displays, and physical sources of stress and the implications of the display for affecting the soldier's workload. The book proposes an innovative approach to research and testing based on a three-stage strategy that begins in the laboratory, moves to controlled field studies, and culminates in operational testing.
