Download or read book Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-12-15 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is part of an effort to review what is known about the determinants of fertility transition in developing countries and to identify lessons that might lead to policies aimed at lowering fertility. It addresses the roles of diffusion processes, ideational change, social networks, and mass communications in changing behavior and values, especially as related to childbearing. A new body of empirical research is currently emerging from studies of social networks in Asia (Thailand, Taiwan, Korea), Latin America (Costa Rica), and Sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Ghana). Given the potential significance of social interactions to the design of effective family planning programs in high-fertility settings, efforts to synthesize this emerging body of literature are clearly important.
Download or read book The Role of Diffusion Processes in Fertility Change in Developing Countries written by Committee on Population and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-04-12 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes presentations and discussions at the Workshop on the Social Processes Underlying Fertility Change in Developing Countries, organized by the Committee on Population of the National Research Council (NRC) in Washington, D.C., January 29-30, 1998. Fourteen papers were presented at the workshop; they represented both theoretical and empirical perspectives and shed new light on the role that diffusion processes may play in fertility transition. These papers served as the basis for the discussion that is summarized in this report.
Download or read book The Role of Diffusion Processes in Fertility Change in Developing Countries written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-03-29 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes presentations and discussions at the Workshop on the Social Processes Underlying Fertility Change in Developing Countries, organized by the Committee on Population of the National Research Council (NRC) in Washington, D.C., January 29-30, 1998. Fourteen papers were presented at the workshop; they represented both theoretical and empirical perspectives and shed new light on the role that diffusion processes may play in fertility transition. These papers served as the basis for the discussion that is summarized in this report.
Download or read book Australia s Fertility Transition written by Helen Moyle and published by ANU Press. This book was released on 2020-02-03 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most countries in Europe and English-speaking countries outside Europe experienced a fertility transition, where fertility fell from high levels to relatively low levels. England and the other English-speaking countries experienced this from the 1870s, while fertility in Australia began to fall in the 1880s. This book investigates the fertility transition in Tasmania, the second settled colony of Australia, using both statistical evidence and historical sources. The book examines detailed evidence from the 1904 New South Wales Royal Commission into the Fall in the Birth Rate, which the Commissioners regarded as applying not only to NSW, but to every state in Australia. Many theories have been proposed as to why fertility declined at this time: theories of economic and social development; economic theories; diffusion theories; the spread of secularisation; increased availability of artificial methods of contraception; and changes in the rates of infant and child mortality. The role of women in the fertility transition has generally been ignored. The investigation concludes that fertility declined in Tasmania in the late 19th century in a period of remarkable social and economic transformation, with industrialisation, urbanisation, improvements in transport and communication, increasing levels of education and opportunities for social mobility. One of the major social changes was in the status and role of women, who became the driving force behind the fertility decline.
Download or read book The Role of Diffusion Processes in Fertility Change in Developing Countries written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Population and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economic Development and Structural Change written by University of Edinburgh. Department of Economics and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compilation of conference papers presented at an international seminar on problems of economic development and changes in economic structures in countries of Africa south of Sahara - covers trade, education, trade agreements, economic aid, monetary policy, retail trade of fishery products, productivity, employment policy, budgetary policy, etc. UNCTAD mentioned, references and statistical tables. Conference held in edinburgh 1968 April 7 to 10.
Download or read book Africa s Demographic Transition written by David Canning and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015-10-22 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Africa is poised on the edge of a potential takeoff to sustained economic growth. This takeoff can be abetted by a demographic dividend from the changes in population age structure. Declines in child mortality, followed by declines in fertility, produce a 'bulge' generation and a large number of working age people, giving a boost to the economy. In the short run lower fertility leads to lower youth dependency rates and greater female labor force participation outside the home. Smaller family sizes also mean more resources to invest in the health and education per child boosting worker productivity. In the long run increased life spans from health improvements mean that this large, high-earning cohort will also want to save for retirement, creating higher savings and investments, leading to further productivity gains. Two things are required for the demographic dividend to generate an African economic takeoff. The first is to speed up the fertility decline that is currently slow or stalled in many countries. The second is economic policies that take advantage of the opportunity offered by demography. While demographic change can produce more, and high quality, workers, this potential workforce needs to be productively employed if Africa is to reap the dividend. However, once underway, the relationship between demographic change and human development works in both directions, creating a virtuous cycle that can accelerate fertility decline, social development, and economic growth. Empirical evidence points to three key factors for speeding the fertility transition: child health, female education, and women's empowerment, particularly through access to family planning. Harnessing the dividend requires job creation for the large youth cohorts entering working age, and encouraging foreign investment until domestic savings and investment increase. The appropriate mix of policies in each country depends on their stage of the demographic transition.
Download or read book Completing the Fertility Transition written by and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2009 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series focuses on population studies carried out by the United Nations, its specialized agencies and other organizations. This issue deals with the guidelines for the projection of fertility. The publication aims to increase understanding of likely fertility trends in the diverse countries of the world.
Download or read book The Second Demographic Transition Fact Or Fiction written by R. L. Cliquet and published by Council of Europe. This book was released on 1991-01-01 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book From Death to Birth written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-01-12 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last 35 years or so have witnessed a dramatic shift in the demography of many developing countries. Before 1960, there were substantial improvements in life expectancy, but fertility declines were very rare. Few people used modern contraceptives, and couples had large families. Since 1960, however, fertility rates have fallen in virtually every major geographic region of the world, for almost all political, social, and economic groups. What factors are responsible for the sharp decline in fertility? What role do child survival programs or family programs play in fertility declines? Casual observation suggests that a decline in infant and child mortality is the most important cause, but there is surprisingly little hard evidence for this conclusion. The papers in this volume explore the theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions of the fertility-mortality relationship. It includes several detailed case studies based on contemporary data from developing countries and on historical data from Europe and the United States.
Download or read book The Demographic Transition written by Jean-Claude Chesnais and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demographic transition constitutes one of the most fundamental modern historical changes; people live much longer, have fewer children, and experience higher mobility. This book examines the basic mechanisms behind the modernisation of demographic behaviour. The author has marshalled an impressive array of statistical material relating to sixty-seven countries, half of them less developed countries. Most of the tables are time-series, covering many decades and sometimes go back to the nineteenth, and even eighteenth centuries. The whole sweep of western experience is dealt with here impartially. Though technically sophisticated, the book also covers issues of interpretation and analysis. The author puts forward a number of challenging propositions: mortality decrease is shown to necessarily precede fertility and decline, so-called execptions being simply false exceptions. He shows how the decline of fertility is dependent on important and manifold social transformations. The strong connections between international migration and the course of demographic transition are demonstrated, as is the fact that less developed countries are following the same general patterns as MDCs. There is also discussion of why the theory of demographic transition must include the effect of population changes on the economic progress of society.
Download or read book Understanding Demographic Transitions written by Claude Diebolt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-24 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book studies the process of demographic transition which has played a key role in the economic development of Western countries. The special focus is on France, which constitutes the first clear case of fertility decline in Europe. The book analyzes the reasons behind this phenomenon by examining the evolution of demographic variables in France over the past two hundred years. To better understand the reasons of the changing patterns of demographic behavior, the authors investigate the development of the female labor force, study educational investments, and explore the evolution of gender roles and relations.
Download or read book Fertility Decline and Background Independence written by Shuichirou Ike and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-08-03 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book the author maintains that fertility declines independently of its “background”. Normally, fertility decline is thought to occur as a result of alteration in the socioeconomic background such as the decline of the infant mortality rate, urbanization, the level of literacy, and so on. This point of view has been regarded as equivalent to “demographic transition”. However, the concept of demographic transition is so superficial, naïve and unscientific that it should be applied merely to the ostensible demographic phenomena, not to the mechanisms of fertility decline. The author regards this way of thinking, i.e., that the occurrence of fertility decline is dependent on socioeconomic background, as the “background dependence” of fertility decline. On the contrary, there is considerable counterevidence to the background dependence of fertility decline. The argument is made that background dependence lacks positive evidence and predictability and consequently, is falsifiable. That decisive counterevidence is introduced in this book. The author revives the diffusion hypothesis of fertility decline at the point of the number of children per couple as the reaction–diffusion process in a mathematical equation. Fertility decline in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries occurred as a reaction–diffusion process independent of socioeconomic background. In Japan as well, fertility (the number of children per couple) declined independently of background. This book provides ample evidences persuasively demonstrating this independence of fertility in Japan. The occurrence of marriage is also independent of socioeconomic background. Thus the author formalizes the marriage function as an integral equation of marriage probability, as a result, it demonstrates a better fit with the observed data than does any other marriage function. Occurrence of marriage is almost solely dependent on the density of marriages that occur in a given subspace.
Download or read book Beyond Six Billion written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-10-11 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is rapid world population growth actually coming to an end? As population growth and its consequences have become front-page issues, projections of slowing growth from such institutions as the United Nations and the World Bank have been called into question. Beyond Six Billion asks what such projections really say, why they say it, whether they can be trusted, and whether they can be improved. The book includes analysis of how well past U.N. and World Bank projections have panned out, what errors have occurred, and why they have happened. Focusing on fertility as one key to accurate projections, the committee examines the transition from high, constant fertility to low fertility levels and discusses whether developing countries will eventually attain the very low levels of births now observed in the industrialized world. Other keys to accurate projections, predictions of lengthening life span and of the impact of international migration on specific countries, are also explored in detail. How good are our methods of population forecasting? How can we cope with the inevitable uncertainty? What population trends can we anticipate? Beyond Six Billion illuminates not only the forces that shape population growth but also the accuracy of the methods we use to quantify these forces and the uncertainty surrounding projections. The Committee on Population was established by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1983 to bring the knowledge and methods of the population sciences to bear on major issues of science and public policy. The committee's work includes both basic studies of fertility, health and mortality, and migration; and applied studies aimed at improving programs for the public health and welfare in the United States and in developing countries. The committee also fosters communication among researchers in different disciplines and countries and policy makers in government, international agencies, and private organizations. The work of the committee is made possible by funding from several government agencies and private foundations.
Download or read book The Decline of Fertility in Europe written by Ansley Johnson Coale and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-14 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarizes the major findings of the Princeton European Fertility Project. The Project, begun in 1963, was a response to the realization that one of the great social revolutions of the last century, the remarkable decline in marital fertility in Europe, was still poorly understood. Originally published in 1986. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Download or read book The Revolution in Asian Fertility written by Richard Leete and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1993 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The countries of Asia, whose combined populations in 1990 totalled 3.1 billion (59 per cent of the world's total), have completed, or are in the midst of, a remarkable revolution in reproductive behaviour - a dramatic shift away from high and relatively uncontrolled child-bearing to a situation where most couples control their reproductive behaviour. This revolution has transcended political, social, economic, cultural, and religious boundaries, and its speed and momentum are historically unprecedented. Partly because of these factors, partly because Asian fertility is a key determinant of world population growth, and partly because the causes of the earlier Western fertility decline are still not fully understood, the Asian reproductive revolution is of great importance and interest to planners and social scientists. This book is the first major attempt to chart and explain the Asian fertility transition and to assess its implications. It begins by examining the relevance of current fertility transition hypotheses to the Asian context. It makes a comprehensive analysis of the evidence - including regional and ethnic variations within countries and comparisons of similar cultural groups in different countries - and challenges conventional theories of population change. It demonstrates how the transition has important implications for social, economic, and welfare policies, and how Asian governments have responded so far. The book concludes by arguing that, based on the Asian experience, an adequate theory of demographic transition must include three separate elements; socio-economic change, the availability and legitimation of family planning, and the pressure exerted by government.
Download or read book Demographic Transition Theory written by John C. Caldwell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-21 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has a strong theoretical focus and is unique in addressing both mortality and fertility over the full span of human history. It examines the demographic transition in the change in the human condition from high mortality and high fertility to low mortality and low fertility. It asks if fluctuating populations is a new phenomenon, or if there has long been an inherent tendency in Man to maximize survival and to control family size.
